Birds
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TERBUFOS | no effect | occurence of pesticide metabolites in fecal-urate samples | Not Reported | Not Reported | 29 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| TERBUFOS | decreased (>2 standard deviations of control mean) in 3 samples | plasma cholinesterase activity after pesticide applications | Not Reported | Not Reported | 6 samples | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIPHACINONE | 4.1-5.5 mg | doses resulting in symptoms and death in 2/3 birds within 14 days | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIPHACINONE | increased | time to coagulation in blood sampled 3 days after treatment ended | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHLOROPHACINONE | no effect | occurence of external bleeding or internal abnormalities after removal from treated diet | Not Reported | Adult | 1 owl | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRYCHNINE | increased | occurence of errors (compared with pre-test values) in a reversal learning test | Not Reported | Adult | 1 bird | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| STRYCHNINE | increased | occurence (compared with pre-dose values) of uncoordinated movement, tremors, loss of perching ability and ability to stand on the ground | Not Reported | Adult | 1 bird | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| STRYCHNINE | increased | occurence (compared with pre-dose values) of uncoordinated movement, tremors, loss of perching ability and ability to stand on the ground | Not Reported | Adult | 1 bird | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | negative correlation | relationship between residue in plasma and survival | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6 birds (contaminated sites), 10 birds (uncontaminated sites) | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DIELDRIN | no effect | productivity in contaminated versus uncontaminated sites | Both Male and Female | Adult | 3-4 nests on contaminated sites; 5-9 nests on uncontaminated sites | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DIELDRIN | no effect | daily survival rates on uncontaminated versus contaminated sites | Not Reported | Adult | 9 birds on contaminated sites; 11 birds on uncontaminated sites | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DIELDRIN | no effect | daily and interval survival estimates on uncontaminated versus contaminated sites | Not Reported | Juvenile | 14 birds on contaminated sites; 41 birds on uncontaminated sites | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDRIN, BRODIFACOUM, CARBOFURAN, CHLORDANE, DIELDRIN, ENDRIN, FAMPHUR, FENTHION, PHORATE, STRYCHNINE | review | summaries of mortality due to organochlorine, anticholinesterase, anticoagulant, strychnine pesticides | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA, USA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ENDRIN | breast muscle=0.02 ppm, wet wt | tissue endrin residues | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1 animal | Wenatchee | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia), Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| CARBARYL, CARBOFURAN, DDE (4,4'-) | review | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBARYL | increased at 0.56 kg/ha (2, 8-9 d. post-spray) | whole carcass concentration of carbaryl | Not Reported | Not Reported | 8-9 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| CARBARYL | no effect | whole carcass lipid content | Not Reported | Not Reported | 6-13 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| CARBARYL | no effect | brain acetylcholinesterase activity | Not Reported | Not Reported | 6-13 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no correlation with DDE residues in eggs | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 12 eggs | McHenry and Billings Counties | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEPTACHLOR | no effect | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 6 nests | Columbia Basin | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| HEPTACHLOR | no effect | mean clutch size | Female | Adult | 6 nests | Columbia Basin | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRYCHNINE | decrease | adult body weight | Both Male and Female | Adult | 27 pr | Saskatchewan | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| STRYCHNINE | no effect | chick mass index | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 27 pr | Saskatchewan | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 7% decrease | eggshell thickness compared with pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 20 eggs | Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | no effect | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 8 eggs (reference), 12 eggs (treatment) | NE Oregon, SE Washington, Idaho | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) | review | concentrations of chemicals in eggs and diet associated with mortality and eggshell thinning (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIELDRIN | review | concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIELDRIN | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | review | concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | review | concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| OXYCHLORDANE | review | concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| HEXACHLOROBENZENE | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | review | concentrations in brain and liver associated with mortality (various avian species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various avian species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 12.7 +/- 8.7 ppm (wet wt), 253 +/- 160 ppm (lipid wt) | mean (+/-SE) DDE concentration in eggs | Female | Adult | 10 eggs | Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| DDE (4,4'-) | 21% decrease | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1940 museum specimens | Female | Adult | 21 eggs from 12 clutches | Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 12.1% | percent eggshell thinning (as indicated by Ratcliffe Index) compared to pre-1947 eggs | Not Reported | Embryo | 39 eggs | Mid-Atlantic coastal and urban breeding sites | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 11% decrease | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 112 eggs | eastern U.S. coast | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1248, AROCLOR 1254, AROCLOR 1260, DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS | no effect | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 9 eggs | urban nest sites | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 13.1% and 13.6% decreases in tundrius and anatum ssp. | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 21 and 34 eggs for tundrius and anatum ssp. | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | review | eggshell thickness compared to that of pre-1945 eggs | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | GLOBAL |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | review | mortality in conjunction with pesticide use and residues in birds | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA, UNITED KINGDOM, USA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 7.4-8.3% | percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 3-7 eggs/year | Amchitka | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-) | 16.8-24.9% | percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 3-11 eggs/year | Colville, Yukon, Tanana Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 2.4-25.0 (DDE); 0.5-10.6 (PCBs); 0.2-4.2 (Hg) | residues in eggs (ppm, wet wt) | Female | Adult | 5 eggs (from 5 nests) | Gulf of California | Toxicity Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | +2 to 16% | percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 5 eggs (from 5 nests) | Gulf of California | Toxicity Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 8.31 (1.67-45.63; PCBs); 4.45 (0.76-28.05; DDE); 0.36 (0.05-1.80; dieldrin) | geometric mean (range) residues in eggs, ppm, wet wt | Female | Adult | 20 eggs | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 15% | percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-DDT reference eggs | Female | Adult | 20 eggs | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 0.12 (0-2.59; PCBs); 0.06 (0-2.70; DDE); ND (0-0.06; dieldrin) | geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of nestlings | Not Reported | Juvenile | 79 nestlings | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | males: 0.15 (0-3.27; PCBs); 0.31 (0.05-1.95; DDE); 0.03 (0-0.30; dieldrin) females: 0.87 (0-6.82; PCBs); 0.63 (0-4.23; DDE); 0.04 (0-0.37; dieldrin) |
geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of adult birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 26 males, 34 females | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | liver: 1.58-59.45, PCBs; 0.99-18.84, DDE; 0.06-0.79, dieldrin breast: 0.35-57.30, PCBs; 0.30-16.95, DDE; 0-0.19, dieldrin |
range of residues in liver and breast muscle (ppm, wet wt) of 22-31 day old nestlings found dead | Not Reported | Juvenile | 7 birds | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | no effect | number of viable eggs or young versus "normal" nest success | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15 nests | Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 0.9-7.2 (DDT); 10.4-41.8 (DDE); 0.9-3.4 (DDD); 0.3-2.0 (dieldrin); 0.2-1.2 (heptachlor epoxide) | range of concentrations in eggs (ppm, wet wt) | Female | Adult | 7 eggs | Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) | mean residue concentrations in fat (ppm, wet wt) | Female | Adult | 9 birds | Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets | nesting | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 15.8% | mean eggshell thinning compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs | Female | Adult | 78 eggs | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | log DDE in eggs = 0.9723 + 0.8506(log DDE in plasma); r = 0.66 | log-log relationship between DDE in plasma of female birds and DDE in eggs | Female | Adult | 10 females | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 1.89 (1.27-2.43) -6.96 (3.28-13.37) ppm, wet wt | annual mean (range) concentrations in eggs | Female | Adult | 3-6 eggs/year | Amchitka Island | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-) | 7.5% decrease | eggshell thickness compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs | Female | Adult | 3-6 eggs/year | Amchitka Island | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 21.7% decrease (tundra population); 16.8% decrease (taiga population); 7.5% decrease (Aleutian population) | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 23 eggs (tundra pop.); 14 eggs (taiga pop.); 11 eggs (Aleutian pop.) | Colville River (tundra); Yukon River (taiga); Amchitka Island (Aleutian) | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN | 48.0 (DDE), 3.35 (DDD), 1.02 (DDT), 1.45 (dieldrin) | mean concentrations of pesticides in eggs (ppm, dry weight) | Female | Adult | 2 eggs | Yukon River | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN | 622.0 (DDE), 25.4 (DDD), 25.3 (DDT), 6.20 (dieldrin) | mean concentrations of pesticides in fat (ppm, dry weight) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 birds | Yukon River | Toxicity Factor Datasets | breeding |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 6.4-33 ppm, dry wt | range of concentrations in whole addled eggs | Female | Adult | 5 eggs from 3 clutches | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| DDE (4,4'-) | 14.2% | percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 26 breeding attempts | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | negative correlation | correlation of heptachlor epoxide concentration in eggs and eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 38 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | |
| DDE (4,4'-) | 21:0.09 | ratio of average concentration of DDE in eggs to average concentration of DDE in prey items | Female | Adult | 12 prey species, pooled samples of 7-10 individuals | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | eggshell thickness index = 1.799 - 0.243(log DDE) | linear regression of eggshell thickness index vs. log DDE concentration in eggs | Female | Adult | 295 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | eggs were addled and/or deserted | UNITED KINGDOM | |
| MERCURY (elemental) | brood size = 0.848 - 0.635(log DDE) - 0.271(log Hg) | linear regression of brood size vs mercury and DDE concentrations in eggs | Female | Adult | 60 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | UNITED KINGDOM | ||
| DDE (4,4'-) | productivity = 1.412 - 0.724(log DDE) | linear regression of productivity (mean number of young raised per pair) vs. log DDE concentration in eggs | Both Male and Female | Adult | 14 pairs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | UNITED KINGDOM | ||
| DDE (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 15 ppm DDE, 0.7 ppm heptachlor epoxide | concentrations in eggs associated with population recovery | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 550 eggs from 469 clutches | Toxicity Factor Datasets | UNITED KINGDOM |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 11.4% | percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-DDT reference eggs | Female | Adult | 8 nests | Kola Peninsula | Toxicity Factor Datasets | RUSSIA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY (elemental) | 2.80 - 10.60 ppm, dry wt (females) 3.70 - 8.95 ppm, dry wt (males) |
range of concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers | Both Male and Female | Adult | 3 sample periods; 1-9 birds/sample period | Southern Sweden | Toxicity Factor Datasets | SWEDEN |
| MERCURY (elemental) | 6.90-29.50 ppm, dry wt (females) 12.10 ppm, dry wt (males) |
concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers | Both Male and Female | Adult | 20 females, 1 male | Northern Sweden | Toxicity Factor Datasets | SWEDEN |
| MERCURY (elemental) | 2.79 (3.10) ppm, dry wt | mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers | Not Reported | Juvenile | 3 nests | Southern Sweden | Toxicity Factor Datasets | SWEDEN |
| MERCURY (elemental) | 8.31(2.59) ppm, dry wt | mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers | Not Reported | Juvenile | 3 nests | Northern Sweden | Toxicity Factor Datasets | SWEDEN |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 16% | percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 13 eggs | South Australia | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | eggshell thickness index = 1.888 - 0.281(log DDE) | linear regression of eggshell thickness index and DDE content of eggs | Female | Adult | 137 eggs | Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| DDE (4,4'-) | productivity = 1.79 - 0.04(DDE) | linear regression of productivity (number of young fledged per site) and DDE concentrations in eggs | Both Male and Female | Adult | 9 eggs | Tasmania | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | review | data correlating eggshell thinning and DDE concentrations in eggs | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | GLOBAL |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no relation | linear regression of eggshell thickness and DDE concentration in eggs | Female | Adult | 35 eggs | Victoria | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 2 eggs, 1 nest | Toxicity Factor Datasets | ECUADOR |
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | increased at 1 mg/kg | latency to formation of natural prey killing behaviors | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10-11/dose | collected in San Diego County, CA | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day post-hatch (begin) | Laboratory |
| DIELDRIN | increased at 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/kg/d | rate of mortality compared with controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10-11/dose | collected in San Diego County, CA | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day post-hatch (begin) | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 3.09 (0.09 SE) ppm, wet wt | concentration in eggs | Not Reported | Embryo | 20 clutches, 104 eggs | southern IL | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-) | y = 92.610 - 2.412 log x | linear negative correlation of egg DDE concentration and shell thickness | Not Reported | Embryo | 20 clutches, 104 eggs | southern IL | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-) | decreased | eggshell thickness index compared with reference samples collected in 1875-95 | Not Reported | Embryo | 20 clutches, 104 eggs | southern IL | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) | see figure | figure showing concentration of DDT and metabolites in skin and brains before and after application | Not Reported | Not Reported | 27 birds (3-4/sampling time) | 3.2 km NE of Davis | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Yolo |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) | 293.43-820.93 ppm, lipid weight | concentrations of DDT, DDE, DDD (combined) in skin and brains, 2 years post-application | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 birds | 3.2 km NE of Davis | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Yolo |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | review | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | increased | loss of eggs, nestlings, fledglings and adults post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | significantly earlier | timing of nesting season termination in pairs post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | significantly increased (138.5% +/- 86.1 SD) | percent increase in breeding territory size post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAZINON | 38% | mortality of eggs and nestlings (control 21 %) | Not Reported | Embryo, Nestling | 9 nests | Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| DIAZINON | 27% (43% SD) | % reduction of blood serum cholinesterase compared to untreated | Not Reported | Not Reported | 20-29 sparrows | Christmas tree farms; Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| DIMETHOATE | 34% (27% SD) | mean reduction in blood serum cholinesterase activity compared to untreated | Male | Adult | 15-20 sparrows | Christmas tree farms; Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIMETHOATE | 3.4 | weight loss (3.4 g over experiment period; controls gained 0.43 g) | g | Not Reported | Not Reported | 7 treated; 7 control | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | Laboratory | |
| DIMETHOATE | significant reduction of mean daily activity levels (perch hopping) | Not Reported | Not Reported | 7 treated; 7 control | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FONOFOS, TERBUFOS | no effect | survival of banded individuals, pre- versus post-application, up to 50 days post-application | Both Male and Female | Adult | 88 males, 44 females (treatment); 69 males, 27 females (control) | southwestern Ontario | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| FONOFOS, TERBUFOS | no effect | reproductive parameters (reproductive success, clutch size, number of unhatched eggs, number of young fledged/nest) of nests located on edges of sprayed fields | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 60 treatment, 32 control nests | southwestern Ontario | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
