Birds
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FENTHION | increased @ all doses | mortality versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased | plasma enzyme activities indicative of hepatotoxicity versus controls | Not Reported | Nestling | 9-11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 1-Day 10 | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | increased after 4 or 12 weeks | aminopyrine N-demethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities versus controls | Female | Adult | 4/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | y = 7.77 + 7.44x | growth rate from day 3-16 | Female | Nestling | Not Reported | Sagehen Creek Field Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Nevada, Sierra |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | 0.42 | mean caloric consumption per g body weight per day (wet weight basis) | kcal/g/day | Male | Adult | 2 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalation Rate | 35.4 | mean resting respiratory rate | #/min | Not Reported | Adult | 4 | Exposure Factor Datasets | crippled, non-releasable | 3.21 SD | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.602 | mortality rate estimate for banded individuals | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 118 | throughout USA and Canada | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.035 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0.06 | mean pair density in study area (194 km2) | pairs per km2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 years | rural and urban lands | Exposure Factor Datasets | Breeding |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 120.2 | average body weight | g | Female | Adult | 26 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | 5.3 SE | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 4.1 | mean brood size (13 sample years) | young/nest | Not Reported | Juvenile | 37 successful nests | Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | female fertility or productivity, egg weight and size | Female | Adult | 25 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | increased at 1, 4 shots | mortality | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMINOPYRIDINE (4-) | 150 ppm | dose at which 50% mortality was observed | Not Reported | Adult | 7/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 93+ | age of puberty attainment | d | Female | Yearling | 91 birds | east-central area | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 99.3 | mean body weight | g | Female | Adult | 6 birds | southeastern area | Exposure Factor Datasets | 155.1 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | September | period of departure for fall migration | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Gray Lodge State Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 58.5% | weighted mean annual mortality of banded doves | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 1,179 birds | near Savage | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 250-330 | density of breeding pairs | pairs/220 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | 220 acres | Lewis, Cass County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 7.7 | average body weight | g | Not Reported | Hatchling | 15 nests | near Orondo, Douglas County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0 days (hatch) |
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRYCHNINE | decrease | adult body weight | Both Male and Female | Adult | 27 pr | Saskatchewan | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | breeding season density based on roadside censuses | birds/mi^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Imperial Valley | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mammals (50), insects (108), birds (1) | number of prey items found in sample pellets | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 39 pellets | Crooked River National Grassland | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 70 | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 40 birds | Oakland Airport | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalation Rate | 39.7 | average resting inhalation rate | per minute | Not Reported | Adult | 60 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.16 SE | Laboratory |
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TERBUFOS | decreased (>2 standard deviations of control mean) in 3 samples | plasma cholinesterase activity after pesticide applications | Not Reported | Not Reported | 6 samples | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | 0.07 +/- 0.03 ppm (uncontaminated site); 0.34 +/- 0.21 ppm (contaminated site) | mean (+/- SE) concentrations in plasma | Not Reported | Adult | 2 birds on contaminated sites; 5 birds on uncontaminated sites | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | 115 | weight consumed per day on an all chick diet | g/d | Not Reported | Adult | 4 owls | Exposure Factor Datasets | 16.9 SD | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 9/16 | fraction of nests that sucessfully raised at least one nestling to the age of 4 weeks | successful nests/total nests | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16 nests | Pima and Pinal Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 1 | density of nesting pairs | pair/3 mi^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 nests | Jackson Hole | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | mean number of fledglings produced per successful nest | fledglings/nest | Not Reported | Fledgling | 11-17 nests (3 study years) | southern Green County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | increased at 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/kg/d | rate of mortality compared with controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10-11/dose | collected in San Diego County, CA | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day post-hatch (begin) | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.8 | average clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 64 clutches | Archbold Biological Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.8 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foraging Distance | 9.2 | maximum distance travelled from a cabbage palm to a prey item on ground | m | Not Reported | Adult | 21 territories | Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | late Feb (begin), April (peak) | time of nesting activity | Both Male and Female | Adult | 133 pairs | Lawton, Comanche County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | average number of hatchlings per nest, 2 years | hatchlings/nest | Not Reported | Hatchling | 27-52 pairs/yr | eastern Ontario, Quebec | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | review | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, USA |
Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | positive correlation | Hg concentration in brain correlation with P and K concentrations in blood | Not Reported | Adult | 11 birds | Clear Lake, Tule Lake, Eagle Lake | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Lake, Lassen, Siskiyou |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | estimated initial weights | g | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 4 birds | Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (collection site) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | decreased at 276, 672, 1606 ng/kg | Mean yolk weight of eggs | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 5-12 eggs/dose | Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Lake Ontario | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY (elemental), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 7.98 ppm wet wt mercury | concentration in liver | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 birds | Lake Pointsett, Dry Lake | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) | 28.3 pg/g bw gained (wet wt) | pg TCDD equivalents accumulated per gram of body weight gained (from eggs to largest chicks) | Not Reported | Nestling | 20 chicks | North Channel, Lake Huron | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) | increased @ all doses | hepatic EROD activity in treated embryos versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 83-86 eggs/treatment | Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | 0.120 | rate of growth from hatch to fledge | Not Reported | Juvenile | 33 chicks | Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.017 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 1900 | asymptotic weight of nestlings | g | Not Reported | Nestling | Not Reported | Duck Island, Isle of Shoals | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEXACARBATE | 3.0 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 12 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 - 5 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD ACETATE | decreased | ALAD enzyme activity versus controls | Male | Adult | 10 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | no effect | fertility, hatchability and duckling weight | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RADIONUCLIDES | see citation | table of mean concentrations of 6 radionuclides (238Pu, 239Pu, 241Am, 242Cm, 244Cm, 90Sr) in 6 mallard tissue types | Not Reported | Adult | 7-15 | leaching ponds, Test Reactor Area, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1242 | decrease @ 150 ppm | body weight at 6, 8 and 12 wks of treatment | Female | Adult | 12 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DICOFOL | increase @ 100 ug/g | incidence of cracked and soft shelled eggs | Female | Adult | 4-8/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | decrease | plasma prolactin levels during oviposition, early incubation and post-natal care | Female | Adult | 5-12/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 10 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | behavior of offspring; latency in response to approach a maternal call and distance travelled from a frightening stimulus | Female | Adult | 4 adults/dose; 141-175 offspring/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 10 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | 200.7 (coeff. of variation 22.3%) | 5 day dietary LC50 | Not Reported | Juvenile | 8-10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 5 days | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARATHION | 9% @ 1 mg/L | brain acetylcholinesterase activity compared with controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 weeks old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | decreased @ all doses | body weight gain by 8 days compared with controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAZINON | 74 (day 3), 79 (day 8) lb/acre LC50 | LC50, exposed on day 3 or 8 of incubation | Not Reported | Embryo | 30/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 3 or 8 of incubation | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARATHION | 4/36 | mortality incidence by 20 hrs post-dose | Not Reported | Juvenile | 36/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEPTOPHOS | decreased @ all doses | activity of brain and plasma cholinesterase, and brain neurotoxic esterase compared with controls | Female | Juvenile | 6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 20 wks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254, DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | food consumption rate (181 g/d) compared to control (173 g/d) | Female | Adult | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | egg weight, length or breadth, compared to control | Female | Adult | 21-25/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased @ 2 #four shot | spleen plaque forming cell counts, % packed cell volume versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16 (2 #four shot) 63 (field exposure) |
Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Sacramento | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPN | decreased @ 36 (cholineserase only), 108 ug/g | plasma alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase activities, and uric acid | Not Reported | Embryo | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | lead only: 3.53 (+/- 1.43); lead-iron: 1.42 (+/- 0.65) ppm, wet wt | lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) | Female | Adult | control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 mos | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD NITRATE | decreased @ 25 ppm/3 wks, 5 ppm/12 wks | delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in blood versus controls | Male | Adult | 20/dose; 5/dose x time group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 78.2 (carcass); 61.6 (egg); 4.1 (brain) ppm, wet wt | DDE residues in whole carcass, egg contents, and brain | Female | Adult | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | 0.03 (@ 0 ppm), 0.02 (@ 2 ppm), 0.72 (@ 20 ppm) 8.47 (@ 200 ppm) ppm, wet wt | mean Cd concentrations in testes (ppm, wet wt) by 90 days | Male | Adult | 5 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | first year | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALUMINUM SULFATE | increased to 61% @ 1000 (LL), 100% @ 5000 (LL) | mortality versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12-14/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NICKEL SULFATE | no effect | bill length | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 36 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SALINE WATER | decreased @ 20,000 and 21,500 umhos/cm | body weight by day 14 versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE | 9.10 (whole body), 4.46 (carcass), 16.5 (liver), 17.6 (kidney) ppm, wet wt | mean Hg concentrations after 2 wk exposure | Male | Adult | 3-5 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | increased to 4.8 (@ 10 ppm), 26.0 (@ 20 ppm), 68.0 (@ 40 ppm) ppm, wet wt | Se concentrations in livers after 6 wks of treatment | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | increased @ 20 ppm | incidence of kidney lesions by 12 wks of treatment compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12 birds per timexdose treatment | day old | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 15 ppm Se (with and w/out B), 1000 ppm B | incidence of plasma chemistry changes versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARSENATE, SODIUM | increased @ 100 ppm ( 0.4 ppm, dry wt), 300 ppm (0.8 ppm, dry wt) | accumulation of arsenic in brain tissue (geometric means in parentheses) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 30 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | decreased @ 1, 5 uL/egg | bill length of both sexes | Both Male and Female | Hatchling | 65 eggs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 days | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | nasal gland and kidney Na-K-ATPase activity, following exposure to 100% seawater | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 4-5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3-5 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | increase @ 1 and 3% | daily food intake rate | Male | Juvenile | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 wks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID | Egg; 3 ug/g @ 30 ppm, 13 ug/g @ 300 ppm, 49 ug/g @ 1000 ppm: Liver; 15 ug/g @ 300 ppm, 33 ug/g @ 1000 ppm: Brain; 14 ug/g @ 300 ppm, 41 ug/g @ 1000 ppm | boron concentrations in adult tissues (geometric mean; ug/g dry weight). | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10-20/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | 0.105 | growth rate | g/day per g body mass | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 42 | Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain | Exposure Factor Datasets | SPAIN |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | Feb. - Mar. | time of laying | Female | Adult | 3 breeding pairs | Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Baja California | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | May - June | time of laying | Female | Adult | 19 | Thelon River, Northwest Territories | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | range of annual mortality rates over 3 years, corrected for known movements | % | Female | Adult | 7-11 recaptured birds/yr | Colville, Sagavanirktok, Yukon, and Tanana Rivers | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | review | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | USA |
Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 6.5 | average size of clutches existing in North American museum collections | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 411 clutches | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.4 SD | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, USA |
Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.68 | mean first clutch size | eggs | Female | Adult | 31 nests | Toledo, Wooster, OH | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.1 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 36.4% | percent of young fledged of total eggs laid | Not Reported | Fledgling | 272 eggs, 91 nests | Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat (total or %) | 1 (8%) to 2.4 (20%) | total fat mass in birds with 8% or 20% fat-free body mass | g | Not Reported | Adult | 8-42 captures per habitat type | Rio Grand Nature Center (35deg07'N, 106deg41'W); Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (33deg48'N, 106deg52'W) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 72.8 | density estimate on an ungrazed plot by point count using an exponential polynomial model | birds/40 ha | Not Reported | Not Reported | 43 birds | San Joaquin Experimental Range | Exposure Factor Datasets | Madera | 50.1-95.5 95% CI |
Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | period from hatching to leaving nest | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 8 birds | Lawrence | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO, USA |
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory Size | 9.1 | territory width across sloughs | m | Both Male and Female | Adult | 64 sample areas | Suisun Bay; San Francisco Bay; San Pablo Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa | breeding |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | with & without suppl. food | Male | Adult | 23 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 56-108 d | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 73 | survival; no suppl. food; survival fledgling to independence | % | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | 29 pairs without suppl. food | Mandarte island | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | 412 (foxtail); or 468 (smartweed); or 85 (hemp); or 3943 (pigweed) | estimated number of seeds per hour required at 0 degrees C for active individuals | seeds/hour | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | active | Laboratory |
Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mourning dove | item found in stomach analysis | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1 bird | New Mexico State Hwy 26 | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | grain (30.8), weed seed (5.3), miscell. vegetable (0.6), Coleoptera (21.3), Orthoptera (20.3), Lepidoptera (12.2), Hemiptera (1.7), Hymenoptera (5.6), Diptera (0.1), Arachnida (0.2), miscell. insects (1.9) | percent contribution to the diet by volume, based on stomach content analyses | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | ~2,000 stomachs | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | body weight of captive adult | g | Not Reported | Adult | 1 bird | Tarpon Key | Exposure Factor Datasets |
