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American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Developmental Toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, Clifford P. Rice, John D. Eisemann, Randy K. Hines, James W. Spann, and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
188-200
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 50,250,1000 ng/g bw hepatic monooxygenase activities versus controls Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) in ng/g, wet wt: 156 (@ 50 ng/g), 380 (@ 250 ng/g), 1098 (@1000 ng/g) concentration in liver Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) positive correlation relationship between hepatic PCB 126 concentrations and ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, John D. Eisemann, and James W. Spann
Pages
747-757
Year
Issue
4
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 233 ng/g percent hatching success, percent pipped versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 233 ng/g liver weight, radius and femur length versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 2.3, 23, 233 ng/g incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 100, 1000 ng/g percent hatching success, percent pipped versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 1000 ng/g humerus length versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 100, 1000 ng/g incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls to Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Elliot, John E., Sean W. Kennedy, Angela Lorenzen
Pages
57-75
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 77 liver weight (as percent of body weight) versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with Aroclor 1254 coproporphyrin levels in liver versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 77 liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) decreased with PCB 153 liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 126 liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254 increased after 4 or 12 weeks aminopyrine N-demethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254 decreased after 4 weeks liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and effects on reproduction in captive American kestrels fed selenomethionine

Author(s)
Santolo, Gary M., Julie T. Yamamoto, Jacqueline M. Pisenti, Barry W. Wilson
Pages
502-511
Year
Issue
2
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE blood Se concentration = 1.307 + 0.852(diet Se concentration) relation between Se concentrations in blood (dry wt) and diet (dry wt) Male Adult 40 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE egg Se concentration = 1.307 + 0.852(diet Se concentration) relation between Se concentrations in egg (dry wt) and diet (dry wt) Female Adult 53 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 6 or 12 ppm Se food consumption versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect percent of pairs that laid eggs, number of fertile pairs and egg hatchability versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect egg mass, width, length, and volume versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE reduced @ 12 ppm Se ratio of # fertile eggs to total # eggs laid versus 6 ppm Se group Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect incidence of embryo deformities versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect chick mass and size at hatch, and chick survival to fledging versus controls Both Male and Female Adult, Juvenile 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition mammal (82%), insect (16%), other (2%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 116 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo
Citation:

The effect of vegetative cover on foraging strategies, hunting success and nesting distribution of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R.
Pages
14-20
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 50 individuals in 175 km2 Both Male and Female Adult 1 study area agricultural lands, woodlots, meadows Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.0 three year mean fledging rate number of fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Clutch or Litter Size 5.1 mean clutch size over 3 years eggs per nest Female Adult 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Population Density 0.06 mean pair density in study area (194 km2) pairs per km2 Both Male and Female Adult 5 years rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Citation:

A study of factors affecting nesting raptor populations in urban ares, Sacramento County, California - 1974

Author(s)
Vincenty, Joseph A., III
Pages
1-21
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report No. 74-5
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.2 fledging rate per successful nest fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 17 American River; oak woodlands, grasslands, residential Exposure Factor Datasets Sacramento
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Hatching Success 79 mean hatchability measured over 4 years % Both Male and Female Hatchling 157 boxes Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Breeding behavior of the American kestrel (sparrow hawk)

Author(s)
Willoughby, Ernest J. and Tom J. Cade
Pages
75-96
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28.4 mean incubation period in captivity d Both Male and Female Embryo 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 3.66 mean clutch size in captivity eggs Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding Laboratory
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 dorsal surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 11-07 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 1832 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 20 number of individual kestrels counted annually on study site individuals/1476 sq km Both Male and Female Adult 4 years Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth of body components in parent- and hand-reared captive kestrels

Author(s)
Bird, David M. and Robert G. Clark
Pages
77-84
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Growth Rate 0.250 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Male Nestling 11 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Growth Rate 0.239 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Female Nestling 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 113.4 average body weight g Male Adult 25 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 120.2 average body weight g Female Adult 26 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 5.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Food consumption of a sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Wing, Leonard and Anne H. Wing
Pages
168-170
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 43.6 average and range of daily caloric intake (food provided ad libidum) cal/d Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets sedentary, injured Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Population Density 1 density of nesting pairs pair/1.1 mi^2 Both Male and Female Adult 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 eggs/clutch Female Adult 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 2 percent of eggs that failed to hatch % Not Reported Nestling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Nesting May 20 to Jul 20 period from earliest egg laying date to date of latest brood departure Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Jun 20-Jun 22 dates of earliest and latest hatching Not Reported Nestling 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals mi^2 Not Reported Adult 8 birds Superior Township Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (6.0%), meadow mice (78.9%), shrews (1.3%), pocket gopher (1.0%), uinta ground squirrel (0.3%), sm-med sized birds (5.7%), insects (59.9%) percent occurrence of prey items in pellets during nesting % Not Reported Not Reported 299 pellets from 8 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day g Both Male and Female Not Reported 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets captive Laboratory

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on captive mourning dove survivability and reproduction

Author(s)
Buerger, Theodore T., Ralph E. Mirarchi and Michael E. Lisano
Pages
1-8
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
LEAD (elemental) no effect mortality Female Adult 25 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decreased hatchability Not Reported Hatchling 25 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 198.2 ug/g, dry wt lead concentration in bone Not Reported Adult 10 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 39.9 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of diet and cold exposure on captive female mourning doves dosed with lead shot

Author(s)
Marn, Carolyn M., Ralph E. Mirarchi and Michael E. Lisano
Pages
589-594
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 2.80-4.98 ug/g, dry wt mean lead concentrations in liver (greater accumulation with mixed seed vs. pelleted diet) Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 65.4-123.2 ug/g, dry wt mean lead concentrations in femur (greater accumulation with mixed seed vs. pelleted diet) Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histologic and ultrastructural lesions of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) poisoned by lead shot

Author(s)
Kendall, Ronald J., Patrick F. Scanlon and Hugo P. Veit
Pages
952-956
Year
Issue
6
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) light lesions present histological exam of acid-fast intranuclear inclusions of cells of kidney proximal convoluted tubules Not Reported Not Reported 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 58.35 and 214.71 ug/g, dry wt lead concentrations in livers of dosed birds Not Reported Not Reported 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) high degree of lesions present histological exam of acid-fast intranuclear inclusions of cells of kidney proximal convoluted tubules Not Reported Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) light to moderate lesions histological exam for hemosiderin loading in liver Not Reported Not Reported 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 639.43 and 345.95 ug/g, dry wt lead concentration in kidneys of treated birds Not Reported Not Reported 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 178.81 ug/g, dry wt lead concentration in liver Not Reported Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 1,297.57 ug/g, dry wt lead concentration in kidneys Not Reported Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) high degree of lesions present histological exam for hemosiderin loading in liver Not Reported Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Tissue lead concentrations and blood characteristics of mourning doves from southwestern Virginia

Author(s)
Kendall, Ronald J. and Patrick F. Scanlon
Pages
269-272
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Not Reported Not Reported 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on free-ranging mourning doves

Author(s)
Carrington, Mary E., and Ralph E. Mirarchi
Pages
173-179
Year
Volume
43
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
LEAD (elemental) no effect post-dosing survival of free-ranging radio-transmittered birds Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 26 treated birds, 29 control birds Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the blood of mourning doves dosed with lead

Author(s)
Castrale, John S., and Mark Oster
Pages
265-272
Year
Volume
102
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) increased at 1, 4 shots mortality Both Male and Female Adult 10 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decreased at all doses delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)activity in blood Both Male and Female Adult 10 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on mourning dove reproduction and circulating progesterone levels

Author(s)
Koval, P.J., T.J. Peterle and J.D. Harder
Pages
663-670
Year
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254 increased at 10 ppm interval from nest occupation to egg-laying Female Adult 10-13/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Avian nesting success and diversity in conventionally and organically managed apple orchards

Author(s)
Fluetsch, Kimberly M. and Donald W. Sparling
Pages
1651-1659
Year
Issue
10
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION), DIMETHOATE, ENDOSULFAN, METHYLPARATHION, PARATHION, PERMETHRIN, THIRAM, ZIRAM decreased in conventional orchards daily survival rates Not Reported Nestling 29 conventional nests York Springs, Adams Co. Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Avian populations in herbicide treated brush fields

Author(s)
Beaver, Donald L.
Pages
543-553
Year
Issue
3
Volume
93
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4,5-) increased post-application from 1 to 4.1 birds per 40 ha population density Adult 9 censuses pre- and post-spray Truckee area Toxicity Factor Datasets Nevada
Citation:

Effects of urban pesticide applications on nesting success of songbirds

Author(s)
Brehmer, Paul M. and Raymond K. Anderson
Pages
352-359
Year
Volume
48
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
ACEPHATE, CARBARYL, DIAZINON no effect brain cholinesterase activity Both Male and Female Nestling 37 nests Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties Toxicity Factor Datasets
CARBARYL decreased at 1196 ppm carbaryl plasma cholinesterase activity Both Male and Female Nestling 37 nests Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties Toxicity Factor Datasets
ACEPHATE, CARBARYL, DIAZINON no effect percent nest success, eggs hatched, and nestlings fledged Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 37 nests Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Toxicity of Zectran insecticide to several wildlife species

Author(s)
Tucker, Richard K. and D. Glen Crabtree
Pages
1307-1310
Year
Issue
6
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MEXACARBATE 2.83 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 mo Laboratory

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

The gaseous metabolism of large wild birds under aviary life

Author(s)
Benedict, Francis G., and Edward L. Fox
Pages
511-534
Publisher
American Philosophical Society
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 75 average basal metabolism (heat production) cal/kg/d Not Reported Adult 1 bird (3 measurements) Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition cunner (59.7%), winter flounder (15.5%), sculpin (2.4%), rock eel (0.3%), American eel (6.6%), pollack (9.8%), mummichog (5.8%) frequency by weight of fish regurgitated by adult cormorants Both Male and Female Adult 17 samples Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
350-356
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Metabolic Rate oxygen consumption during brooding period (to about 2 wks of age) cm^3/g BW/hr Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isle of Shoals (43 deg. 00'N, 70 deg 35'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas

Author(s)
Campo, Joseph J., Bruce C. Thompson, John C. Barron, Raymond Telfair, II, Phil Durocher and Steve Gutreuter
Pages
135-144
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Dietary Composition shad (26.1%), large roughfish (2.5%), small forage species (1.2%), catfish (9.6%), bass (16.5%), sunfish (15.0%), crappies (5.6%), other fishes (23.3%) percent occurence of prey items by weight in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 420 cormorants east TX Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.3 kg Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 420 cormorants east TX Exposure Factor Datasets 0.02 SE
Citation:

Nesting phenology of the double-crested cormorant

Author(s)
Kushlan, James A. and Linda C. McEwan
Pages
201-206
Year
Issue
2
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting year-round time during which active nests were observed Both Male and Female Adult 30 colonies south FL Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Environmental influences on the energetics and behavior of anhingas and double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Henneman, Willard W., III
Pages
201-216
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 74 measured at night over temperature range -10 to 45 C cm^3 O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate minimal metabolic rate measured over a range of incident radiation (0-700 watts/m^2) cm^3 O2/g BW/hr Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 5 cormorants Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Brood size and chick position as factors influencing feeding frequency, growth, and survival of nestling double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus

Author(s)
Leger, Claire and Raymond McNeil
Pages
351-361
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.120 rate of growth from hatch to fledge Not Reported Juvenile 33 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.017 SD
Body Weight - Mean 34.7 g Not Reported Hatchling 33 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 2.96 SD
Body Weight - Mean 1900.5 mean asymptotic weight of fledglings g Not Reported Fledgling 33 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 189.8 SD
Food Ingestion Rate 4.30 mean frequency of daily feeding of first hatched chick of a brood feedings/d Not Reported Juvenile 64 observations Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.90 SD
Food Ingestion Rate mean meal weight of chicks aged 5-37 days g Not Reported Juvenile 2 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 12/46 number died/number hatched Not Reported Juvenile 14 nests Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Daily activity budgets and movements of winter roosting double-crested cormorants determined by biotelemetry in the Delta region of the Mississippi

Author(s)
King, D. Tommy, James F. Glahn and Keith J. Andrews
Pages
152-157
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Foraging Distance 15.7 mean distance travelled from night roost to foraging site km Both Male and Female Adult 33 birds Mississippi River Delta Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 17-08 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 4174 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Breeding success of double-crested cormorants in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Author(s)
Stenzel, Lynne E., Harry R. Carter, R. Philip Henderson, Steven D. Emslie, Mark J. Rauzon, Gary W. Page, and Patrick Y. O'Brien
Pages
216-224
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April-June period during which nest initiations were observed Both Male and Female Adult 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.98 +/- 0.07 to 1.78 +/- 0.06 mean number of chicks fledged/nest (over 3 years) Both Male and Female Fledgling 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.1+/- 0.1 to 3.2+/- 0.1 mean number of eggs/nest (over 3 years) Female Adult 263-312 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 76% proportion of nests in which at least one egg hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 1056 nests San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Characteristics of a rapidly increasing colony of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Lake Ontario: Population Size, Reproductive Parameters and Band Recoveries

Author(s)
Weseloh, D.V. Chip and Peter J. Ewins
Pages
443-456
Year
Issue
2
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Clutch or Litter Size range in mean clutches in ground nests (across 4 years) Female Adult 34-127 nests/colony Lake Ontario (43 deg 53'N, 76 deg 24'W) Exposure Factor Datasets spring
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.14 mean number of young produced/active nest (across 10 yrs) Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Lake Ontario (43 deg 53'N, 76 deg 24'W) Exposure Factor Datasets spring
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OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment