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Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Effect of adult mallard age on avian reproductive tests

Author(s)
Gile, Jay D. and S. Mark Meyers
Pages
751-56
Year
Volume
15
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CHLORPYRIFOS no effect fertility and hatchability of eggs, and duckling survival to 14 days Not Reported Juvenile 24 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 and 11 months old Laboratory
Citation:

Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides

Author(s)
Fleming, James W.
Pages
215-229
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DICROTOPHOS, FENTHION 68-78% maximal brain acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition compared to control (after 3 days treatmentt) Not Reported Juvenile 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 day old Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary exposure to methyl parathion on egg laying and incubation in mallards

Author(s)
Bennett, Richard S., Bill A. Williams, Dave W. Schmedding, and Jewel K. Bennett
Pages
501-507
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLPARATHION 2/12 when treatment initiated during early incub.; 2/11 when treatment initiated during late incub. incidence of adult mortality during incubation compared with controls Female Adult 12 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 mo Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION increased when treatment initiated during early or late incub. incidence of nest abandonment compared with controls Female Adult 12 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
472-485
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION decreased @ 125 (aqueous), 14.0 (oil) lb/acre embryo weight by day 18 of incubation compared with controls Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
DIAZINON, MALATHION, PARATHION decreased @ all doses brain or plasma cholinesterase activity in embryos or hatchlings compared to controls Not Reported Embryo, Hatchling 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Louis Sileo and Helen C. Murray
Pages
128-136
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
EPN decreased @ 90, 270 ppm food consumption and body weight compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
EPN increased @ all doses incidence of hyperactivity, ataxia, and/or paralysis compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
Citation:

The effects of DDT, DDE and their sulfonated derivatives on eggshell formation in the mallard duck

Author(s)
Kolaja, Gerald J.
Pages
697-701
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) see citation figure of eggshell thickness over 30 d period (significant differences noted at various times) Female Adult 20/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of chronic ingestion of south Louisiana crude oil on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Szaro, Robert C., Michael P. Dieter, Gary H. Heinz and John F. Ferrell
Pages
426-436
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS increase @ 0.025 - 5% pathological release of ornithine carbamyltransferase from kidney Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 0-8 wks post-hatch Laboratory
CRUDE OILS increase @ 5% incidence of degeneration of kidney tubules Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 0-8 wks post-hatch Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 931,000 shot/acre or 2 #four pellets spleen weight and total white blood cell counts versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Sacramento Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 3.47 (1.38), blood; 32.16 (11.60), liver; 114.78 (28.96), femur @ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentration in liver, femur and blood Male Adult 11 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphorothioic acid-o-ethyl-o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and Louis Sileo
Pages
284-294
Year
Volume
73
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
EPN decreased @ 108 ug/g brain protein content versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
EPN decreased @ 36 (cholineserase only), 108 ug/g plasma alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase activities, and uric acid Not Reported Embryo 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.49 (+/-0.10); lead-iron: 0.23 (+/- 0.04) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 3.53 (+/- 1.43); lead-iron: 1.42 (+/- 0.65) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
35-40
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
XYLENE no effect embryo survival, size, and incidence of abnormalities through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary mercury and lead on eggshell thickness in mallards

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A., Richard K. Tucker and R.H. Hudson
Pages
5-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased with both treatments eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 78.2 (carcass); 61.6 (egg); 4.1 (brain) ppm, wet wt DDE residues in whole carcass, egg contents, and brain Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Interactive effects of arsenate, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Caroline J. Sanderson, Leonard J. LeCaptain, Eugene Cromartie and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
55-62
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ARSENATE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 60 ppm Se incidence of ducklings with histopathological lesions versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
ARSENATE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 60 ppm Se, 200 ppm As growth rate of body weight versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
Citation:

Acid precipitation and food quality: effects of dietary Al, Ca, and P on bone and liver characteristics in American black ducks and mallards

Author(s)
Sparling, Donald W.
Pages
281-288
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ALUMINUM SULFATE see table Ca, Al, P concentrations in femur for different treatments after 2 and 10 wks of treatment Not Reported Juvenile 12-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
ALUMINUM SULFATE decreased on LL and LH diets femur mass and mean breaking force (LL, LH vs. NN diets) after 2 wks of treatment Not Reported Juvenile 12-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Cain, Brian W. and Ellen A. Pafford
Pages
737-745
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
NICKEL SULFATE decreased @ all doses (by 60 d of age) weight:length of humerus Female Juvenile 36 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
NICKEL SULFATE no effect organ wt:body wt ratios Both Male and Female Juvenile 36 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of methylmercury on approach and avoidance behavior of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H.
Pages
554-564
Year
Issue
5
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE increased @ 0.5, 3 ppm changes in avoidance behavior (frightening stimulus) Not Reported Juvenile 319 (control); 339 (0.5 ppm); 158 (3 ppm) Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of seleno-L-methionine, seleno-DL-methionine, high selenium wheat, and selenized yeast to mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., David J. Hoffman and Leonard J. LeCaptain
Pages
93-99
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 30 ppm as Se-met or yeast, or 15 ppm as wheat food consumption compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 25 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 day Laboratory
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 30 ppm as Se-met or yeast body weight compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 25 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 day Laboratory
Citation:

Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Gary H. Heinz and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
263-271
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 40 ppm (25%) mortality compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
SELENITE, SODIUM increased @ 40 ppm (12.5%) mortality compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary cadmium on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Cain, Brian W., Lou Sileo, J. Christian Franson and John Moore
Pages
286-297
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE 0.10 (@ 0 ppm), 10.13 (@ 5 ppm), 16.25 (@ 10 ppm), 42.21 (@ 20 ppm) ppm, wet wt mean Cd concentrations in liver by 12 wks of treatment Not Reported Juvenile 12 birds per timexdose treatment day old Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
CADMIUM CHLORIDE no effect body weight, liver weight, and femur density compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 12 birds per timexdose treatment day old Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Caroline J. Sanderson, Leonard J. LeCaptain, Eugene Cromartie and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
288-294
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 15 ppm Se (with or w/out B), and 1000 ppm B hematocrits and hemoglobin concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE 10.8 (@ 15 ppm Se), 56.0 (@ 60 ppm) ppm Se, wet wt
11.0 (@ 1000 ppm B) ppm B, wet wt 		geometric mean Se and B concentrations in liver Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Methylmercury: Reproductive and behavioral effects on three generations of mallard ducks

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H.
Pages
394-401
Year
Issue
2
Volume
43
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE ppm, wet wt: 0.79-0.86 (egg); 0.89-1.62 (liver); 1.52-1.82 (kidney); 9.03-11.17 (primary feathers); 0.67-0.83 (breast muscle); 0.44-0.59 (brain); 0.51-0.65 (ovary) mean concentration of Hg in tissues (ranges are for 3 generations) Female Adult 3-14 birds/tissue x generation group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE no effect body weight versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 14 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

Author(s)
McEwan, E. H. and A.F. Koelink
Pages
27-31
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CRUDE OILS increased with light, moderate and heavy oiling thermal conductance of feathers and body heat loss versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of DDE on the Ca metabolism of the duck eggshell gland and its subcellular fractions; Relations to the functional stage

Author(s)
Lundholm, C.E.
Pages
5-12
Year
Volume
78
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect plasma calcium concentration Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 25% decrease @ 40 mg/kg calcium content of secreted fluid in the shell gland, compared to control Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of boron on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Michael B. Camardese, Leonard J. Lecaptain
Pages
335-346
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID decrease @ 1600 ppm hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, compared to controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 10 animals/pen; 3 pens/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
BORIC ACID increase @ 100, 400, 1600 ppm plasma triglyceride concentration (21-42% increase, compared to controls) Both Male and Female Juvenile 10 animals/pen; 3 pens/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
Citation:

Oil and related toxicant effects on mallard immune defenses

Author(s)
Rocke, T.E., T.M. Yuill and R.D. Hinsdill
Pages
343-352
Year
Volume
33
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FUEL OILS decrease @ 4.0, 7.0, 12.0 ml/kg/d mean spleen index (spleen wt./body wt.) Male Adult 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
COREXIT 9527 no effect % mortality, compared to controls Male Adult 6/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Mallard egg quality: Enhancement by low levels of petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons

Author(s)
Vangilder, Larry D. and Tony J. Peterle
Pages
17-23
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease egg hatchability (# eggs hatching/# fertile eggs), compared to controls Female Adult 20 hens/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) no effect onset of laying, egg production, egg fertility and egg hatchability, compared to controls Female Adult 20 hens/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of white phosphorus to waterfowl: Acute exposure to mallards

Author(s)
Sparling, Donald W., Mary Gustafson, Patrice Klein and Natalie Karouna-Renier
Pages
187-197
Year
Volume
33
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) increased above 4.3 mg/kg bw liver to body weight ratio versus controls Not Reported Adult 4-5 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Reproductive success and nest attentiveness of mallard ducks fed Aroclor 1254

Author(s)
Custer, Thomas W. and Gary H. Heinz
Pages
313-318
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254 no effect body and liver weights of parents and offspring versus controls Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 22 pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds: Dietary exposure, tissue concentrations and macroscopic effects

Author(s)
Albers, Peter H., D. Earl Green and Caroline J. Sanderson
Pages
468-485
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 80 ppm mortality versus controls Male Adult 21/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of boron and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival

Author(s)
Stanley, Thomas R., Jr., Gregory J. Smith, David J. Hoffman, Gary H. Heinz, and Roger Rosscoe
Pages
1124-1132
Year
Issue
7
Volume
15
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE no effect due to added Se onset of egg laying, eggshell thickness, egg weight, egg fertility, embryo deformities versus controls Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 14 pairs/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, L. Sileo, D.J. Audet, and L.J. LeCaptain
Pages
323-333
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS no effect body weight versus controls Male Adult 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets approx. 5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot administered to game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Kelly, M.E., S.D. Fitzgerald, R.J. Aulerich, R.J. Balander, D.C. Powell, R.L. Stickle, W. Stevens, C. Cray, R.J. Tempelman and S.J. Bursian
Pages
673-687
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS reduced for lead shot body weight versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine interactions on health and reproduction in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., and David J. Hoffman
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE 7.6(0.26) ppm, egg, 6.0(0.31) ppm, fem. liver, 9.6(0.95) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se; 9.3(0.85) ppm, egg, 9.2(1.61) ppm, female liver, 114(25.3) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se + 10 ppm Hg mean(SE) wet wt concentration of Se in egg and liver of treated birds Both Male and Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
185-215
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS no effect histopathological lesions in gonads, liver, kidneys versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 males, 20 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on several immune functions in mallards.

Author(s)
Fairbrother, A. and J. Fowles
Pages
836-844
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 3.5 mg/L (selenite) or 2.2 mg/L (selenomethionine) serum ALT enzyme activity versus controls n high selenite and selenomethionine groups. Male Adult Controls = 24
Treated = 8 		laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Behavior of mallard ducklings from adults exposed to selenium

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H. and L.G. Gold
Pages
863-865
Year
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect distance run in 2 seconds from a fright stimulus vs controls Not Reported Chick 32, 14, 14, 14, 11 in the 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ppm groups Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 days Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of age on sensitivity: Acute oral toxicity of 14 pesticides to mallard ducks of several ages

Author(s)
Hudson, R.H., R.K. Tucker and M.A. Haegele
Pages
556-561
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ALDICARB 4.44 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of DDT on eggshell quality and calcium adenosine triphosphatase

Author(s)
Kolaja, Gerald J. and David E. Hinton
Pages
699-704
Year
Volume
3
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDT (4,4'-) decreased eggshell quality (R-value) versus controls Female Adult 5 hens; 19 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of cadmium ingestion and food restriction on energy metabolism and tissue metal concentrations in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Author(s)
Di Giulio, R.T. and P.F. Scanlon
Pages
433-444
Year
Volume
37
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE no effect plasma glucose, NEFA, urea, or uric acid versus controls Male Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets 32 weeks Laboratory
CADMIUM CHLORIDE increased @ 10, 50 ug/g diet liver cadmium concentration versus controls Male Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets 32 weeks Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of lindane on eggshell characteristics and calcium level in the domestic duck

Author(s)
Chakravarty, Sampa and Pulak Lahiri
Pages
245-258
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LINDANE decrease @ 20 mg/kg 7x or 3x/wk calcium concentration in plasma and shell gland mucosa and density and size of eggshell pores Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Fecundity and progeny growth following subacute insecticide ingestion by the mallard

Author(s)
Muller, H.D. and D.C. Lockman
Pages
239-241
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARATHION decrease eggshell thickness, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dicofol on mallard eggshell quality

Author(s)
Bennett, Jewel K., Stephen E. Dominguez and William L. Griffis
Pages
907-912
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DICOFOL no effect mean daily food consumption rate (169.8 g food/kg body weight) Female Adult 4-8/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Dieldrin and DDT effects on reproduction and some hepatic mixed-function oxidases in the mallard duck

Author(s)
Davison, K.L. and J.L. Sell
Pages
302-314
Year
Volume
2
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DIELDRIN 0.3 ug/g dry wt. @ 0 ppm; 0.9 - 5.0 @ 1 ppm; 4.1 - 40.1 @ 5ppm; 6.1 - 78.5 @ 10 ppm dieldrin concentrations in egg dry matter ranging from 0-14 d to 330 - 343 d sampling periods at 4 dietary doses Female Adult 18/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lindane, paraquat, toxaphene and 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
79-86
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PARAQUAT 1.5 lbs AI/acre (slope = 1.66) for exposure of 3d embryo; 2.5 lbs AI/acre (slope = 1.40) for exposure of 8d embryo LC50 Not Reported Embryo 30/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8d of development Laboratory
Citation:

Bioconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides to hazardous levels by amphibians

Author(s)
Hall, Russell J. and Elizabeth Kolbe
Pages
853-860
Year
Issue
4
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PARATHION 100% @ 5mg/L percent mortality Not Reported Juvenile 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
Citation:

Dietary toxicity tests with mallards, simulating residue decline of chlorpyrifos and avoidance of treated food

Author(s)
Kenaga, E.E., R.J. Fink and J.B. Beavers
Pages
36-44
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CHLORPYRIFOS 357 ppm 11 day dietary LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Histopathologic alterations in shell gland accompanying DDT-induced thinning of eggshell

Author(s)
Kolaja, Gerald J. and David E. Hinton
Pages
225-231
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDT (4,4'-) 13.8% decrease eggshell thickness, compared to controls Female Adult 3/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary vanadium in mallard ducks

Author(s)
White, Donald H. and Michael P. Dieter
Pages
43-50
Year
Volume
4
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
VANADYL SULFATE no effect body weight and food consumption compared among groups Both Male and Female Adult 5 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Sublethal effects of chronic lead ingestion in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
929-937
Year
Volume
1
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD NITRATE decreased @ 25 ppm/3 wks, 5 ppm/12 wks delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in blood versus controls Male Adult 20/dose; 5/dose x time group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of low dietary levels of methyl mercury on mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H.
Pages
386-392
Year
Issue
4
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE decreased @ 3 ppm mean egg weight compared to controls Female Adult 10 females, 3 males/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity and estimated water quality criteria values in mallard ducklings exposed to pentachlorophenol

Author(s)
Nebeker, A.V., W.L. Griffis and G.S. Schuytema
Pages
33-36
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PENTACHLOROPHENOL decrease @ 961 ug/g total body weight, compared to control; reported as the LOAEL for the study Not Reported Juvenile 6/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 4 d Laboratory

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

Selenium toxicosis in three California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)

Author(s)
Edwards, William C., D. L. Whitenack, J. W. Alexander and M. A., Solangi
Pages
568-570
Year
Issue
6
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS 36.11 - 88.4 ug/g wet wt (liver); 7.12 - 32.8 ug/g wet wt (kidney) selenium concentration range in liver and kidney of dead animals Not Reported Not Reported 3 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Environmental contaminants in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus: a toxicological assessment

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., David G. Noble, John E. Elliot, James D. Somers, and Gary Erickson
Pages
244-254
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DIELDRIN review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3 and 10 mg/L mean body weight of larvae Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-38 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Possible mechanisms for sensitivity to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in eastern screech-owls and American kestrels

Author(s)
Vyas, N.B., L.A. Thiele, S.C. Garland
Pages
151-157
Year
Volume
120
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CARBOFURAN increased at 63.4, 126.8, 253.6 ppm mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION decreased to 10% of control levels brain cholinesterase activity of birds that died Both Male and Female Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Developmental Toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, Clifford P. Rice, John D. Eisemann, Randy K. Hines, James W. Spann, and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
188-200
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) no effect hematocrit and hemoglobin values versus controls Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, John D. Eisemann, and James W. Spann
Pages
747-757
Year
Issue
4
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 2.3, 23, 233 ng/g incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and effects on reproduction in captive American kestrels fed selenomethionine

Author(s)
Santolo, Gary M., Julie T. Yamamoto, Jacqueline M. Pisenti, Barry W. Wilson
Pages
502-511
Year
Issue
2
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE blood Se concentration = 1.307 + 0.852(diet Se concentration) relation between Se concentrations in blood (dry wt) and diet (dry wt) Male Adult 40 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival, growth, and accumulation of ingested lead in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Christian J. Franson, Oliver H. Pattee, Christine M. Bunck and Allen Anderson
Pages
89-94
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) increase at all doses
1.4, 3.5, 5.5 ppm at 25, 125, 625 mg/kg bw, respectively 		liver lead concentration Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Enzymatic changes in the oviduct associated with DDE-induced eggshell thinning in the kestrel, Falco sparverius

Author(s)
Bird, David M., David B. Peakall and David S. Miller
Pages
22-24
Year
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease eggshell thickness Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Prey-Capturing Ability of American Kestrels Fed DDE and Acephate or Acephate Alone

Author(s)
Rudolph, S. G., J. G. Zinkl, D. W. Anderson and P. J. Shea
Pages
367-372
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) decrease for both treatments median serum cholinesterase activity 24 hr post-dose Not Reported Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE thins eggshells of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N., and Richard D. Porter
Pages
737-738
Year
Volume
227
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at 10 ppm mean eggshell thickness Female Adult 8-10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Secondary poisoning hazard of fenthion to American kestrels

Author(s)
Hunt, K. A., D.M. Bird, P. Mineau and L. Shutt
Pages
84-90
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FENTHION 77.9-92% range of brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition (relative to control) in birds that died Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) effects on hepatic mixed function oxidases and porphyria in birds - II. American kestrel

Author(s)
Elliot, J.E., S.W. Kennedy, D. Jeffrey and L. Shutt
Pages
141-145
Year
Issue
1/2
Volume
99
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 105 aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet

Author(s)
Lowe, Peter T. and Rey C. Stendell
Pages
519-522
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1248 18.5 ug/g (5.1SD), PCBs; 0.10 ug/g (0.03 SD), dieldrin;1.02 ug/g (0.39 SD), DDE @ 3.0 ug/g mean carcass concentrations, wet wt Both Male and Female Adult 8 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival, growth, and histopathological effects of paraquat ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee and Christine M. Bunck
Pages
495-500
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARAQUAT no effect percent increase over controls in lung to body weight ratio Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Citation:

Influence of feeding chlorocholine chloride and glyphosine on selected immune parameters in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Olson, Leon J. and Ronald D. Hinsdill
Pages
103-114
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CHLOROCHOLINE CHLORIDE increase @ 1-80 mg/kg thymus weight to bw ratios Female Adult 12/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Acute toxicities of toxaphene and endrin to larvae of seven species of amphibians

Author(s)
Hall, Russell J. and Douglas M. Swineford
Pages
331-336
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
TOXAPHENE (POLYCHLORINATED CAMPHENES) 99 ug/l (95% CL: 71-116 ug/l) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 220 animals Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Teratogenesis, toxicity and bioaccumulation in frogs exposed to dieldrin

Author(s)
Schuytema, Gerald S., Alan V. Nebeker, William L. Griffis and Karsten N. Wilson
Pages
332-350
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN 360 - 900 range of bioconcentration factors; calculated by dividing the whole body tissue dieldrin concentration by water dieldrin concentration Not Reported Tadpole 20 animals/replicate; 4 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
Citation:

3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) toxicity and heptic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in larval and adult bullfrogs

Author(s)
Kane, Andrew S., Wesley W. Day, Renate Reimschuessel and Michael M. Lipsky
Pages
51-60
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (3-, LAMPRECIDE) 0.95 mg/l (95% CL: 0.72 - 1.14) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets Gossner stages 33-38 Laboratory
Citation:

The use of simultaneous multiple species acute toxicity test to compare the relative sensitivities of aquatic organisms to mercury

Author(s)
McCrary, J.E. and M.G. Heagler
Pages
73-81
Year
Volume
A32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
MERCURIC CHLORIDE 63.36 96 hour LC50 (95% Confidence Interval); based on measured concentrations ug Hg/L Not Reported Not Reported 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Toxicity of mine drainage to embryonic and larval boreal toads (Bufonidae: Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Porter, Kenneth R and Dean E. Hakanson
Pages
327-331
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1976
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ZINC SULFATE increase @ 39 mg/l 100% mortality reported Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Effects of diet and cold exposure on captive female mourning doves dosed with lead shot

Author(s)
Marn, Carolyn M., Ralph E. Mirarchi and Michael E. Lisano
Pages
589-594
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 65.4-123.2 ug/g, dry wt mean lead concentrations in femur (greater accumulation with mixed seed vs. pelleted diet) Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histologic and ultrastructural lesions of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) poisoned by lead shot

Author(s)
Kendall, Ronald J., Patrick F. Scanlon and Hugo P. Veit
Pages
952-956
Year
Issue
6
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) high degree of lesions present histological exam for hemosiderin loading in liver Not Reported Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the metabolic rates of mourning doves exposed to low ambient temperatures

Author(s)
Tori, Gildo M. and Larry P. Mayer
Pages
678-682
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254 decreased at 40 ppm body temperature at a range of ambient temperatures Male Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of certain insecticides to the bobwhite quail and mourning dove

Author(s)
Dahlen, James H.,and Arnold O. Haugen
Pages
477-481
Year
Issue
4
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ALDRIN 15-17 mg/kg median lethal dosage Not Reported Not Reported 21 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Comparative acute oral toxicity of para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) in mammals and birds

Author(s)
Savarie, Peter J., Huo Ping Pan, David J. Hayes, Jerry D. Roberts, Gary J. Dasch, Robert Felton and Edward W. Schafer, Jr.
Pages
122-126
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARA-AMINOPROPIOPHENONE > 400 mg/kg LD50 Not Reported Not Reported 2/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
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