Aquatic birds

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Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in western grebes from Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark and Jessop B. Low
Pages
754-760
Year
Issue
6
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 61.5 ppm DDE, 5.2 ppm DDD, wet wt mean concentration in visceral fat Not Reported Adult 18 birds Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 0.55 ppm DDE, 0.07 ppm DDD, wet wt mean concentration in blood Not Reported Adult 16 birds Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs to reproductive success

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J.
Pages
15-33
Year
Issue
1
Volume
28
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 3 ug/g level in eggs associated with impaired reproductive success (successful nests fledged at least one chick) Both Male and Female Juvenile 156 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hatching success of brown pelican eggs after contamination with oil

Author(s)
Parnell, James F., Mark A. Shields and Dargan Frierson, Jr.
Pages
22-24
Year
Volume
7
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
FUEL OILS decrease hatching success (proportion of eggs hatched per clutch) of oiled versus control eggs Not Reported Embryo 61-205 eggs Cape Fear River Toxicity Factor Datasets

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants

Author(s)
Anderson, Daniel W., Joseph J. Hickey, Robert W. Risebrough, Donald F. Hughes, and Robert E. Christensen
Pages
91-112
Year
Volume
83
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS negative correlation correlation of egg concentration of DDE and est. PCB's and shell thickness and weight Female Adult 35 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS decreased 8.3% compared with pre-1940 reference measurements eggshell thickness Female Adult 35 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in wild cormorants, pelicans, their eggs, food and environment

Author(s)
Greichus, Yvonne A. Greichus and R.J. Emerick
Pages
321-328
Year
Issue
6
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
MERCURY (elemental), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 0.24 ppm wet wt PCBs concentration in carcass Not Reported Juvenile 5 birds Lake Pointsett, Dry Lake Toxicity Factor Datasets 2-4 wks old
MERCURY (elemental), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 14 Ratio of concentration in carcass (0.64 ppm wet wt mercury) to dietary concentration (fish) Not Reported Adult 10 carcasses Lake Pointsett, Dry Lake Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes

Author(s)
Jones, P.D., J.P. Giesy, J.L. Newsted, D.A. Verbrugge, J.P. Ludwig, M.E. Ludwig, H.J. Auman, R. Crawford, D.E. Tillitt, T.J. Kubiak, and D.A. Best
Pages
192-209
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) 31.3 mean biomagnification factor for eggs from forage fish Female Adult 12 eggs/site x 5 sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) 162.4 pg/g bw gained (wet wt) pg TCDD equivalents accumulated per gram of body weight gained (from eggs to largest chicks) Not Reported Nestling 20 chicks Green Bay, Lake Michigan Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs prior to incubation

Author(s)
Powell, Debra, Richard J. Aulerich, John C. Meadows, Don E. Tillitt, Mary E. Kelly, Kenneth L. Stromborg, Mark J. Melancon, Scott D. Fitzgerald, and Steven J. Bursian
Pages
2035-2040
Year
Issue
10
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) 4.0 ug/kg egg (0.8-7.2) LD50 (95% confidence limits) Not Reported Embryo 83-86 eggs/treatment Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) 177 ug/kg egg (77-264) LD50 (95% confidence limits) Not Reported Embryo 83-86 eggs/treatment Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

DDE, PTH, and Eggshell Thinning in Mallard, Pheasant and Ring Dove

Author(s)
Haseltine, S., K. Uelbelhart, T. Peterle and S. Lustick
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect serum calcium after PTH injection versus controls Female Adult 6 hens; 45 total eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Field results using cholinesterase reactivation techniques to diagnose acute anticholinesterase poisoning in birds and fish

Author(s)
Stansley, William
Pages
315-321
Year
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
BENDIOCARB decreased (73%) percent inhibition of post-mortem brain cholinesterase activity compared to control Not Reported Adult 4 ducks Toxicity Factor Datasets dead
Citation:

Fecundity and progeny growth following subacute insecticide ingestion by the mallard

Author(s)
Muller, H.D. and D.C. Lockman
Pages
239-241
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARATHION no effect egg production and fertility, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARATHION no effect % hatchability, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparison of the effects of seleno-L-methionine, seleno-D,L-methionine, and selenized yeast on reproduction in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H. and David J. Hoffman
Pages
169-175
Year
Volume
91
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced with seleno-L-methionine duckling survival compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group, 10 pairs/control group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced with seleno-D,L-methionine, seleno-L-methionine, or selenized yeast number of 6-day-old ducklings produced per female versus controls Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 15 pairs/treatment group, 10 pairs/control group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of aqueous and dietary exposure of dieldrin on survival, growth and bioconcentration in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Nebeker, Alan V., William L. Griffis, Thomas W. Stutzman, Gerald S. Schuytema, Lori A. Carey and Susan M. Scherer
Pages
687-699
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN 29.5 ug/g diet (14 - 28 ug/g, 95% CI) 24-d LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 - 25 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN 16.4 ug/g diet 24-d LOAEL based on growth impairment Not Reported Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 - 25 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dicofol on mallard eggshell quality

Author(s)
Bennett, Jewel K., Stephen E. Dominguez and William L. Griffis
Pages
907-912
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect mean daily food consumption rate (166.4 g food/kg body weight) Female Adult 5-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Accumulation and excretion of Cl36 DDT in mallard and lesser scaup duck

Author(s)
Dindal, Daniel L.
Pages
74-92
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) see citation table of DDE, DDD and DDT residues in 21 tissues following varying times after application Not Reported Not Reported 1-6/sample Sandusky Bay, Port Clinton Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Subacute dietary toxicities of dicrotophos and dieldrin in time-replicated trials with young ring-necked pheasants and mallards

Author(s)
Hill, E.F.
Pages
105-120
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DICROTOPHOS 101.8 (coeff. of variation = 21.6%) 5 day dietary LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 8-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 5 days Laboratory
DIELDRIN 155.8 (coeff. of variation = 16.0%) 5 day dietary LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 8-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 5 days Laboratory
Citation:

Bioconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides to hazardous levels by amphibians

Author(s)
Hall, Russell J. and Elizabeth Kolbe
Pages
853-860
Year
Issue
4
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION 90.6% @ 5 mg/L brain acetylcholinesterase activity compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
ACEPHATE 0% @ 5 mg/L percent mortality Not Reported Juvenile 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of asulam in wildlife species: Acute toxicity to birds and fish

Author(s)
Ingham, Brian and Michael A. Gallo
Pages
194-199
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ASULAM 10% @ 4000 mg/kg percent mortality after 21 days Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
ASULAM decreased @ all doses food consumption compared with controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
472-485
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION increased @ 125 lb/acre cumulative mortality by day 18 compared with controls Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
MALATHION 118 (day 3), 101 (day 8) lb/acre LC50, exposed on day 3 or 8 of incubation Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Recovery of cholinesterase activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James and Steven P. Bradbury
Pages
885-897
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FONOFOS 67.1% (4.9 SE) brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 36/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
MALATHION 67% (11.6 SE) brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 36/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Louis Sileo and Helen C. Murray
Pages
128-136
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEPTOPHOS decreased @ 270, 540 ppm body weight compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
LEPTOPHOS increased @ all doses incidence of CNS lesions (demyelination, axonal degeneration in spinal cord) compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Tissue residues of lindane in domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) following its repeated oral administration

Author(s)
Mandal, Aditya, Jagadbandhu Chakrabarti and Pulak Lahiri
Pages
56-57
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
LINDANE serum (0.50); fat (1.14); muscle (0.82); kidney (0.28); liver (0.21); brain (0.13) ppm @ 20 mg/kg 7x/wk mean lindane residue levels Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets laying Laboratory
Citation:

Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste crankcase oil on bird's eggs

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., William C. Eastin, Jr. and Martha L. Gay
Pages
230-241
Year
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS increase @ 2-15 ul/egg incidence of survivors with abnormalities versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets days 2-18 of incubation Laboratory
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 15 ul/egg red blood cell and liver ALAD activity and hemoglobin concentration, compared to controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets days 2-16 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 931,000 shot/acre or 2 #four pellets spleen weight and total white blood cell counts versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Sacramento Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 3.47 (1.38), blood; 32.16 (11.60), liver; 114.78 (28.96), femur @ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentration in liver, femur and blood Male Adult 11 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphorothioic acid-o-ethyl-o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and Louis Sileo
Pages
284-294
Year
Volume
73
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
EPN decreased @ 12 ug/g (82%); 36 ug/g (77%); 108 ug/g (70%) percent survival versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
EPN decreased @ 12, 36, 108 ug/g brain weight, acetylcholinesterase activity, neurotoxic esterase activity versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 10.22 (+/- 1.46); lead-iron: 3.38 (+/- 0.56) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in bone (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.71 (+/- 0.25); lead-iron: 0.31 (+/- 0.06) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
35-40
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ACETONE decreased @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 0 survival @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of 15 common environmental pollutants on eggshell thickness in mallards and coturnix

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A. and Richard K. Tucker
Pages
98-102
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ARSENITE, SODIUM decreased @ 100 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histopathologic efffects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks

Author(s)
White, Donald H., Mack T. Finley and John F. Ferrell
Pages
551-558
Year
Volume
4
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE increased @ 200 ppm incidence of kidney lesions versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 10 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets first year Laboratory
CADMIUM CHLORIDE increased @ 200 ppm incidence of testes alterations (atrophy, decreased spermatogenesis) versus controls Male Adult 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets first year Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of arsenate on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Camardese, Michael B., David J. Hoffman, Leonard J. LeCaptain and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
785-795
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ARSENATE, SODIUM increased @ 100 ppm ( 0.3 ppm, dry wt), 300 ppm (1.3 ppm, dry wt) arsenic concentrations in liver (geometric means in parentheses) Both Male and Female Juvenile 30 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary nickel on mallards

Author(s)
Eastin, William C., Jr. and Thomas J. O'Shea
Pages
883-892
Year
Volume
7
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
NICKEL SULFATE 1.94 (kidney), 0.52 (liver), 0.139 (blood), 68.06 (feathers) ppm, wet wt mean tissue concentrations @ 800 ppm Ni in diet Both Male and Female Adult 6 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic effects of natural saline waters on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Mitcham, S.A. and G. Wobeser
Pages
45-50
Year
Issue
1
Volume
24
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SALINE WATER increased plasma protein levels; serum osmolality; salt, kidney and adrenal gland size versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 10 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 d Laboratory
SALINE WATER increased @ 67,000 umhos/cm (100%), 35,000 umhos/cm (100%), 21,500 umhos/cm (78%), and 20,000 umhos/cm (60%) mortality versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 10 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 d Laboratory
Citation:

Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in the mallard, Anas platyrynchos

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and John M. Moore
Pages
453-462
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased @ 9, 27, 90 ug Hg % survival by day 18 of incubation versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 80 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets incubation day 3 Laboratory
Citation:

Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Gary H. Heinz and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
263-271
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENITE, SODIUM increased @ 40 ppm hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 20, 40 ppm hepatic protein concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Sublethal effects of cadmium ingestion on mallard ducks

Author(s)
Di Giulio, Richard T. and Patrick F. Scanlon
Pages
765-771
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE no effect food consumption compared to controls Not Reported Adult 12 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
CADMIUM CHLORIDE decreased @ 450 ppm liver aldolase activity, plasma triiodothyronine levels Not Reported Adult 12 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Caroline J. Sanderson, Leonard J. LeCaptain, Eugene Cromartie and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
288-294
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 60 ppm Se (100% mort.) survival versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 15 ppm Se body, liver, and spleen weight; tarsus length versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of age on sensitivity: Acute oral toxicity of 14 pesticides to mallard ducks of several ages

Author(s)
Hudson, R.H., R.K. Tucker and M.A. Haegele
Pages
556-561
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MEXACARBATE 3.16 (2.17-4.61), 4.11 (2.70-6.26), 3.61 (2.37-5.49), 3.23 (2.72-3.85), 2.72(2.28-3.23) LD50's determined at ages 48 hr, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d and 60 d, respectively (95% CI in parenth.) Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, or 6 mos Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 27.8 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 36 hours Laboratory
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 9.78 (6.31-15.2), 3.71 (2.50-5.48), 3.71, 4.81 (2.57-8.99) LD50's determined at ages 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, and 6 mos, respectively (95% CI in parenth.) Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, or 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman and L.G. Gold
Pages
561-568
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE no effect tarsus length, 10th primary length, heart weight versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENITE, SODIUM 18(4.8) ppm, wet wt @ 40 ppm; 6.9(2.07) ppm, wet wt @ 80 ppm mean liver concentrations (SE) in ducklings fed selenite that died Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparison of game-farm and wild-strain mallard ducks in accumulation of methylmercury

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H.
Pages
379-386
Year
Volume
3
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE 0.51-0.54 ppm blood, 2.07-2.41 ppm kidney, 2.35-2.26 ppm liver, 0.74-0.97 ppm breast muscle, 0.47-0.51 ppm brain, 0.88 ppm eggs @ 0.5 ppm in diet range of mean Hg (ppm wet-weight) concentrations in wild-strain males and females Both Male and Female Adult 6-9 (9 breeding pairs/dose) Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Ingestion of petroleum by breeding mallard ducks: Some effects on neonatal progeny

Author(s)
Gorsline, J. and W.N. Holmes
Pages
147-153
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CRUDE OILS increase @ 1% and 3% hepatic microsomal naphthalene metabolism (nmol/min/mg protein), compared to control, in adult females and in neonatal ducklings hatched from eggs laid by females (1% Prudhoe Bay dose level was not significantly different for neonates). Female Adult 6 adults/dose; 5-20 neonates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic effects of boron on mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Smith, Gregory J. and Velora P. Anders
Pages
943-950
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
BORIC ACID increase @ 1000 ppm % embryo mortality (day 15 to hatch) and duckling mortality (hatch to day 7) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11-23/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
BORIC ACID decrease @ 300, 1000 ppm body weight of hatchlings, compared to controls Both Male and Female Hatchling 11-23/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dispersant and crude oil ingestion on mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos)

Author(s)
Eastin, W.C. Jr. and B.A. Rattner
Pages
273-278
Year
Volume
29
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease hematocrit and plasma cholesterol concentration, compared to control (based on treatment means at 3, 6, 9 wks) Not Reported Juvenile 25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 4 d Laboratory
COREXIT 9527 no effect body weight Not Reported Juvenile 25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 4 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of sewage sludge on the immune defenses of mallards

Author(s)
Goldberg, D.R. and T.M. Yuill
Pages
209-217
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SEWAGE SLUDGE increase @ 20% Milorganite or Metrogro liver cadmium concentrations; compared to controls Male Adult 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic dietary toxicity of strychnine: bobwhite quail are less sensitive than mallard ducks.

Author(s)
Sterner, R.T., C.A. Pederson, B.R. Helsten, and M.J. Goodall
Pages
498-505
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) decreased @ 484.2, 972.0 ug/g (nominal concentrations) food consumption during first week of treatment versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) decreased @ 235.0, 484.2, 972.0 ug/g (nominal concentrations) body weight versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Response of ducks to glyphosphate-induced habitat alterations in wetlands

Author(s)
Linz, George M., Dage C. Blixt, David L. Bergman and William J. Bleier
Pages
38-44
Year
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
GLYPHOSATE increased @ 50, 90 percent population density 2 years post-spray versus controls Not Reported Not Reported 3-6 sample wetlands/treatment near Lakota (48deg03'N, 98deg21'W) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds: Dietary exposure, tissue concentrations and macroscopic effects

Author(s)
Albers, Peter H., D. Earl Green and Caroline J. Sanderson
Pages
468-485
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE increased in birds that died incidence of macroscopic abnormalities versus controls Male Adult 21/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 40 ppm incidence of macroscopic abnormalities of muscles, claws and feathers versus controls Male Adult 21/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of boron and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival

Author(s)
Stanley, Thomas R., Jr., Gregory J. Smith, David J. Hoffman, Gary H. Heinz, and Roger Rosscoe
Pages
1124-1132
Year
Issue
7
Volume
15
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced @ 900 ppm B body weight and growth at 0, 7,and 14 days post-hatch versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 14 pairs/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced @ 7 ppm Se body weight and weight gain at 7 and 14 days post-hatch versus 3.5 ppm Se group Both Male and Female Juvenile 14 pairs/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, L. Sileo, D.J. Audet, and L.J. LeCaptain
Pages
323-333
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS reduced @ 1284 ug/g hematocrit versus controls Male Adult 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets approx. 5 mo Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS increased @ 642 and 1284 ug/g occurrence of renal tubular nuclear inclusion bodies versus controls Male Adult 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets approx. 5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot administered to game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Kelly, M.E., S.D. Fitzgerald, R.J. Aulerich, R.J. Balander, D.C. Powell, R.L. Stickle, W. Stevens, C. Cray, R.J. Tempelman and S.J. Bursian
Pages
673-687
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS reduced for lead shot body weight versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine interactions on health and reproduction in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., and David J. Hoffman
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE 7.6(0.26) ppm, egg, 6.0(0.31) ppm, fem. liver, 9.6(0.95) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se; 9.3(0.85) ppm, egg, 9.2(1.61) ppm, female liver, 114(25.3) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se + 10 ppm Hg mean(SE) wet wt concentration of Se in egg and liver of treated birds Both Male and Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
185-215
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS no effect histopathological lesions in gonads, liver, kidneys versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 males, 20 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Erythrocyte d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in mallard ducks: Duration of inhibition after lead shot dosage.

Author(s)
Dieter, M.P. and M.T. Finley
Pages
621-625
Year
Issue
3
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) increased blood Pb concentrations versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 per sex laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets 8 months Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and elimination in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., G.W. Pendleton, A.J. Krynitsky and L.G. Gold
Pages
374-379
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4e^-0.037t
muscle: C = 5.6e^-0.023t
liver at peak body burden: C = 22.6e^-0.246t + 2.5 e^-0.008t
muscle at peak body burden: C = 6.4e^-0.029t
Loss phase for blood at peak body burden: C = 12.0e^-0.071t 		selenium depuration equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral effects of dieldrin exposure in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Sharma, R.P., D.S. Winn and J.B. Low
Pages
43-53
Year
Issue
1
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN increased @ 10 ppm (liver only), 30 ppm (brain only) brain and liver weight to body weight ratios versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-25 per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 75 days Laboratory
Citation:

Lead poisoning in six captive avian species

Author(s)
Beyer, W.N., J.W. Spann, L. Sileo and J.C. Franson
Pages
121-130
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD ACETATE decreased % packed cell volume versus controls Male Adult 10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of lindane on eggshell characteristics and calcium level in the domestic duck

Author(s)
Chakravarty, Sampa and Pulak Lahiri
Pages
245-258
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LINDANE 18-21% decrease @ 20 mg/kg 7x or 3x/wk eggshell thickness, compared to control Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of ingested petroleum on the plasma prolactin levels during incubation and on the breeding success of paired mallard ducks

Author(s)
Cavanaugh, K.P., A.R. Goldsmith, W.N. Holmes and B.K. Follett
Pages
335-341
Year
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS increase length of reproductive cycle; due to prolonged phase of gonadal maturation Female Adult 17 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 10 mo Laboratory
Citation:

DDE: Interference with extra-renal salt excretion in the mallard

Author(s)
Friend, M., M.A. Haegele and R. Wilson
Pages
49-53
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 36-67% decrease @ 10-1000 ppm salt gland excretion volume, compared to controls Male Not Reported 12/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Some effects of DDE and PCB on mallards and their eggs

Author(s)
Risebrough, Robert W. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
508-513
Year
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect food consumption rate (174 g/d) compared to control (173 g/d) Female Adult 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary mercury and lead on eggshell thickness in mallards

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A., Richard K. Tucker and R.H. Hudson
Pages
5-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased @ 40 ppm DDE eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Acid precipitation and food quality: inhibition of growth and survival in black ducks and mallards by dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus

Author(s)
Sparling, Donald W.
Pages
281-288
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ALUMINUM SULFATE decreased @ 1000 ppm Al (LH, LL), 5000 ppm Al (NN) body weight growth versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 12-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Cain, Brian W. and Ellen A. Pafford
Pages
737-745
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
NICKEL SULFATE increased @ 800, 1200 ppm incidence of clinical signs and mortality Both Male and Female Juvenile 36 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Genetic response of mallards to toxic effects of methyl mercuric chloride

Author(s)
Prince, H.H.
Pages
31-40
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased hatchability versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 29 pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE feeding and plasma osmoregulation in ducks, guillemots and puffins

Author(s)
Miller, David S., William B. Kinter, David B. Peakall and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
231
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 10.6 +/- 2.2 ppm nasal gland, 16.1 +/- 5.1 ppm liver, 5.8 +/- 1.1 ppm kidney, 1.9 +/- 0.1 ppm brain @ 100 ppm diet mean (+/- SE) DDE levels (ppm wet weight) Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Gorsline, J. and W.N. Holmes
Pages
765-777
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 3% plasma corticosterone concentration, compared to control Male Juvenile 24/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James, Elwood F. Hill and Jeffrey J. Momot
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRIMETHYLTIN CHLORIDE increase @ 5, 50 ppm % mortality (100% mortality within 5 d for 50 ppm dose), compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-4 d Laboratory
Citation:

Kinetics of selenium incorporation into tissues of female mallard ducks

Author(s)
Wilson, David S., Peng Zhang, Rong He, Ron Ota, Stanley T. Omaye
Pages
51-60
Year
Volume
122
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENITE, SODIUM figure/table figures and tables of selenium concentration over time (% of administered dose) Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

The toxicity of p,p'-DDT to the clapper rail

Author(s)
Van Velzen, Aldeen and J.F. Kreitzer
Pages
305-309
Year
Issue
2
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDD (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) 13.3 ppm mean residue concentration in brains of birds that survived Male Juvenile 7 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
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