Aquatic birds

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Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)

Citation:
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (2,4'-) <5 ppm: 4, >5 ppm: 5 eggs/nest Clutch size relative to DDE concentration Embryo 10 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 2.67, reference site: 0.30 µg/g ww Blood concentration Nestling LCRS: 6, reference: 4 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 0.68, 2003: 0.71, 2004: 0.67 µg/g ww Blood concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 21, 2003: 32, 2004: 25 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY 2002: 0.52, 2003: 0.57, 2004: 0.50 µg/g ww Kidney concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
TRANS-NONACHLOR MS-90: 0.0744, BI-82: 0.151, BI-89: 0.0290, BI-90: 0.166, WM-89: 0.0657, WM-90: 0.0677, WM-91: 0.0352, SW-91: 0.366 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo BI-82: 10, others: 5 MS: Mallard Slough, Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONIC ACID (PFSA) 43 ng/g ww Liver concentration Not Reported Not Reported 1 Bonita Springs Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MIREX Not detected Egg concentration Embryo Blackfoot Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
<5 ppm: 81%, >5 ppm: 48% Hatching success Embryo <5 ppm:27, >5 ppm: 29 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 30.64, reference site: 7.77 µg/g ww Feather concentration Nestling LCRS:14, reference: 14 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS See citation Table 3 Blood chemistry Not Reported Nestling See citation Lahontan Reservoir & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 0.93, 2003: 0.93, 2004: 0.70 µg/g ww Brain concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
CIS-NONACHLOR MS-90: 0.0233, BI-82: 0.103, BI-89: not detected, BI-90: 0.114, WM-91: not detected, SW-91: not detected µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo BI-82: 10, others: 5 MS: Mallard Slough, Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PCB 0.08 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 1 Blackfoot Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
<5 ppm: 95%, >5 ppm: 86% Young survived 7-10 days Embryo <5 ppm:27, >5 ppm: 29 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 0.54, reference site: 0.17 µg/g ww Egg concentration Embryo LCRS: 26, reference: 42 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 14.2, 2003: 14.4, 2004: 15.2 g Liver weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 2, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 0.23, 2003: 0.23, 2004: 0.19 µg/g ww Brain concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DIELDRIN MS-90: 0.0258, BI-82: 0.0926, BI-89: 0.0270, BI-90: 0.0661, WM-89: 0.0308 WM-90: 0.0204, WM-91: 0.00887, SW-91: 0.0275 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo BI-82: 10, others: 5 MS: Mallard Slough, Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY (elemental) 0.81 ± 0.50 µg/g dw Feather concentration Both Male and Female Nestling 10 Georgia & South Carolina Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDE (2,4'-) 4.2 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 10 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
<5 ppm: 0.232, >5 ppm: 0.201 mm Embryo <5 ppm:27, >5 ppm: 29 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 0.65 µg/g ww Egg concentration Embryo 20 Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 12.8, 2003: 15.2, 2004: 13.0 g Liver weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 20.45, 2003: 36.38 µg/g ww Feather concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDD (4,4'-) MS-90:0.0222, BI-82: 0.246, BI-89: 0.0180, BI-90: 0.0473, WM-89: 0.0168, WM-90: 0.0098, SW-91: 0.0683 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo BI-82: 10, others: 5 MS: Mallard Slough, Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY Review, see citation Figure 2 Egg concentration Embryo Not reported Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDD (2,4'-) 0.12 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 4 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY 0.15 µg/g [0.05-0.31 (95% CI)] Embryonic LD50 Embryo 63 Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 423, reference: 422 g Body weight Both Adults and Juveniles LCRS: 6, Reference: 5 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS Lahontan Reservoir: 3.55, Humboldt River: 3.59 g Kidney weight Not Reported Nestling 7 Lahontan Reservoir: contaminated site; Humbodlt River: reference site Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 6.66, 2003: 8.50 µg/g ww Feather concentration Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDT (4,4'-) MS-90: 0.0122, BI-89: 0.0282, BI-90: 0.0506, WM-89: 0.0185, WM-90: 0.0236, SW-91: 0.0572 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo BI-82: 10, others: 5 MS: Mallard Slough, Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY Review, see ciation Figure 3 Feather concentration Not Reported Not reported Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDT (2,4'-) 0.46 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 6 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 1997: 0.60, 1998: 1.20 µg/g ww Stomach concentration Both Adults and Juveniles 1997: 4, 1998: 6 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 13.73, reference: 12.44 g Liver weight Both Adults and Juveniles LCRS: 6, Reference: 5 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 0.170, 2003: 0.646, 2004: 0.262 g Spleen weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 2, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PCB 2.49 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 Mallard Slough Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
BORON COMPOUNDS BI-89: 0.408, WM-89: 0.395, WM-91: 0.859, SW-91: 1.29 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDE (2,4'-) 4.8 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 9 Blackfoot Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DIELDRIN 0.02 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 2 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY 1997: 0.53, 1998: 1.12 µg/g ww Stomach concentration Both Adults and Juveniles 1997: 4, 1998: 6 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 4.78, reference: 4.56 g Kidney weight Both Adults and Juveniles LCRS: 6, Reference: 5 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 0.170, 2003: 0.646, 2004: 0.626 g Spleen weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PCB 1982: 3.32, 1989: 1.23, 1990: 5.38 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 1982: 10, 1989: 5, 1990: 5 Bair Island Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
BARIUM (elemental) BI-89: 0.259, WM-89: 0.351, SW-91: 0.823 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDD (2,4'-) 0.16 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 6 Blackfoot Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 0.03 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 1 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 1997: 0.31, 1998: 0.61 µg/g ww Stomach concentration Both Adults and Juveniles 5 Carson Lake Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 0.28, reference: 0.50 g Spleen weight Both Adults and Juveniles LCRS: 6, Reference: 5 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 2.41, 2003: 2.04, 2004: 1.66 g Brain weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 2, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Lahontan Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PCB 1989: 2.19, 1990: 0.792, 1991: 1.55 Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 W. Marin Island Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
CHROMIUM (elemental) BI-89: 0.849, WM-89: 0.813 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
DDT (2,4'-) 0.47 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 6 Blackfoot Reservoir Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
OXYCHLORDANE 0.02 ppm ww Egg concentration Embryo 1 Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
METHYLMERCURY 1997: 0.28, 1998: 0.43 µg/g ww Stomach concentration Both Adults and Juveniles 5 Carson Lake Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS LCRS: 2.92, reference: 3.30 g Brain weight Both Adults and Juveniles LCRS: 6, Reference: 5 LCRS: Carson Lake & Lahontan Reservoir; Reference site: Ruby Lake & Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
MERCURY COMPOUNDS 2002: 2.34, 2003: 2.36, 2004: 2.32 g Brain weight Not Reported Nestling 2002: 9, 2003: 7, 2004: 5 Humboldt River Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
PCB 0.185 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 S. Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
COPPER (elemental) BI-89: 7.16, WM-89: 7.10, WM-91: 7.12, SW-91: 6.21 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 5 Bair Island, WM: West Marin Island, SW: South Wilbur Flood Area Toxicity Factor Datasets USA

California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis)

Citation:
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
METHYLMERCURY See citation Figures 3 & 4 Blood concentration Both Male and Female Not Reported 64 Gambinini Marsh, Mid-Petaluma Marsh, Black John Slough Toxicity Factor Datasets Sonoma USA
METHYLMERCURY See citation Figures 3 & 4 Feather concentration Not Reported 127 Gambinini Marsh, Mid-Petaluma Marsh, Black John Slough Toxicity Factor Datasets Sonoma USA

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Acute toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
185-215
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS 145(6.0) ppm, kidneys; 1086(72) ppm, liver; 32.1(6.3) ppm, gonads mean(SE) wet wt Fe concentration in organs of Fe-treated birds Both Male and Female Adult 20 males, 20 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Erythrocyte d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in mallard ducks: Duration of inhibition after lead shot dosage.

Author(s)
Dieter, M.P. and M.T. Finley
Pages
621-625
Year
Issue
3
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased blood ALAD enzyme activity after 1,2, or 3 months versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 per sex laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets 8 months Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and elimination in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., G.W. Pendleton, A.J. Krynitsky and L.G. Gold
Pages
374-379
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4(1-e^-0.382t)
muscle: C = 8.0(1-e^-0.037t) 		selenium accumulation equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of age on sensitivity: Acute oral toxicity of 14 pesticides to mallard ducks of several ages

Author(s)
Hudson, R.H., R.K. Tucker and M.A. Haegele
Pages
556-561
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CHLORPYRIFOS 83.3 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral effects of dieldrin exposure in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Sharma, R.P., D.S. Winn and J.B. Low
Pages
43-53
Year
Issue
1
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN no effect bw versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-25 per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 75 days Laboratory
Citation:

DDE, PTH, and Eggshell Thinning in Mallard, Pheasant and Ring Dove

Author(s)
Haseltine, S., K. Uelbelhart, T. Peterle and S. Lustick
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect serum calcium after PTH injection versus controls Female Adult 6 hens; 45 total eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Field results using cholinesterase reactivation techniques to diagnose acute anticholinesterase poisoning in birds and fish

Author(s)
Stansley, William
Pages
315-321
Year
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
BENDIOCARB decreased (73%) percent inhibition of post-mortem brain cholinesterase activity compared to control Not Reported Adult 4 ducks Toxicity Factor Datasets dead
Citation:

Fecundity and progeny growth following subacute insecticide ingestion by the mallard

Author(s)
Muller, H.D. and D.C. Lockman
Pages
239-241
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARATHION no effect egg production and fertility, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparison of the effects of seleno-L-methionine, seleno-D,L-methionine, and selenized yeast on reproduction in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H. and David J. Hoffman
Pages
169-175
Year
Volume
91
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced with seleno-L-methionine duckling survival compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group, 10 pairs/control group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of aqueous and dietary exposure of dieldrin on survival, growth and bioconcentration in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Nebeker, Alan V., William L. Griffis, Thomas W. Stutzman, Gerald S. Schuytema, Lori A. Carey and Susan M. Scherer
Pages
687-699
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN 29.5 ug/g diet (14 - 28 ug/g, 95% CI) 24-d LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 - 25 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dicofol on mallard eggshell quality

Author(s)
Bennett, Jewel K., Stephen E. Dominguez and William L. Griffis
Pages
907-912
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect mean daily food consumption rate (166.4 g food/kg body weight) Female Adult 5-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Accumulation and excretion of Cl36 DDT in mallard and lesser scaup duck

Author(s)
Dindal, Daniel L.
Pages
74-92
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) see citation table of DDE, DDD and DDT residues in 21 tissues following varying times after application Not Reported Not Reported 1-6/sample Sandusky Bay, Port Clinton Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Subacute dietary toxicities of dicrotophos and dieldrin in time-replicated trials with young ring-necked pheasants and mallards

Author(s)
Hill, E.F.
Pages
105-120
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DICROTOPHOS 101.8 (coeff. of variation = 21.6%) 5 day dietary LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 8-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 5 days Laboratory
Citation:

Bioconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides to hazardous levels by amphibians

Author(s)
Hall, Russell J. and Elizabeth Kolbe
Pages
853-860
Year
Issue
4
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION 90.6% @ 5 mg/L brain acetylcholinesterase activity compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of asulam in wildlife species: Acute toxicity to birds and fish

Author(s)
Ingham, Brian and Michael A. Gallo
Pages
194-199
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ASULAM 10% @ 4000 mg/kg percent mortality after 21 days Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
472-485
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PARATHION decreased @ 0.75, 7.5 (aqueous) or 0.8 (oil) lb/acre embryo weight by day 18 of incubation compared with controls Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Recovery of cholinesterase activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James and Steven P. Bradbury
Pages
885-897
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FENSULFOTHION 48.9% (7.6 SE) brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 36/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Louis Sileo and Helen C. Murray
Pages
128-136
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
EPN decreased @ 90, 270 pmm plasma alkaline phosphatase activity compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Tissue residues of lindane in domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) following its repeated oral administration

Author(s)
Mandal, Aditya, Jagadbandhu Chakrabarti and Pulak Lahiri
Pages
56-57
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
LINDANE serum (0.20); fat (0.68); muscle (0.30); kidney (0.23); liver (0.14); brain (0.11) ppm @ 20 mg/kg 3x/wk mean lindane residue levels Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets laying Laboratory
Citation:

Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste crankcase oil on bird's eggs

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., William C. Eastin, Jr. and Martha L. Gay
Pages
230-241
Year
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS increase @ 2-15 ul/egg percent mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets days 2-18 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 2 #four shot mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Sacramento Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead nitrate ingestion on open-field behavior of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Frederick, Robert B.
Pages
739-742
Year
Issue
6
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD NITRATE decreased @ 5 ppm (8 d exposure) mean percentage weight gain versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 26-28/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 9 d Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 112.27 (+/- 44.27); lead-iron: 32.65 (+/- 16.58) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in bone (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
35-40
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ACETONE decreased @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo weight and length by incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of 15 common environmental pollutants on eggshell thickness in mallards and coturnix

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A. and Richard K. Tucker
Pages
98-102
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
HEPTACHLOR decreased @ 1000 mg/kg bw post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histopathologic efffects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks

Author(s)
White, Donald H., Mack T. Finley and John F. Ferrell
Pages
551-558
Year
Volume
4
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE decreased @ 200 ppm weight of testes versus controls Male Adult 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets first year Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of arsenate on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Camardese, Michael B., David J. Hoffman, Leonard J. LeCaptain and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
785-795
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ARSENATE, SODIUM increased @ 10, 100, 300 ppm incidence of altered brain and liver biochemistry Both Male and Female Juvenile 30 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary nickel on mallards

Author(s)
Eastin, William C., Jr. and Thomas J. O'Shea
Pages
883-892
Year
Volume
7
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
NICKEL SULFATE increased @ 12.5, 50, 200, 800 ppm diet kidney, blood, liver, and feather concentrations of Ni compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 6 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic effects of natural saline waters on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Mitcham, S.A. and G. Wobeser
Pages
45-50
Year
Issue
1
Volume
24
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SALINE WATER decreased @ 4000 or 7720 umhos/cm body weight by day 14 or 16 versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 10 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 d Laboratory
Citation:

Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methyl mercury in the mallard, Anas platyrynchos

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and John M. Moore
Pages
453-462
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased @ 27, 90 ug Hg embryo crown to rump length by day 18 of incubation versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 80 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets incubation day 3 Laboratory
Citation:

Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Gary H. Heinz and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
263-271
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 20, 40 ppm hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

The toxicity of p,p'-DDT to the clapper rail

Author(s)
Van Velzen, Aldeen and J.F. Kreitzer
Pages
305-309
Year
Issue
2
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDT (4,4'-) 1896 ppm 5 day dietary LC50 Female Juvenile 4 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in western grebes from Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark and Jessop B. Low
Pages
754-760
Year
Issue
6
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 61.5 ppm DDE, 5.2 ppm DDD, wet wt mean concentration in visceral fat Not Reported Adult 18 birds Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs to reproductive success

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J.
Pages
15-33
Year
Issue
1
Volume
28
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 3 ug/g level in eggs associated with impaired reproductive success (successful nests fledged at least one chick) Both Male and Female Juvenile 156 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Significance of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and cormorants

Author(s)
Anderson, Daniel W., Joseph J. Hickey, Robert W. Risebrough, Donald F. Hughes, and Robert E. Christensen
Pages
91-112
Year
Volume
83
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS negative correlation correlation of egg concentration of DDE and est. PCB's and shell thickness and weight Female Adult 35 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in wild cormorants, pelicans, their eggs, food and environment

Author(s)
Greichus, Yvonne A. Greichus and R.J. Emerick
Pages
321-328
Year
Issue
6
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
MERCURY (elemental), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 0.24 ppm wet wt PCBs concentration in carcass Not Reported Juvenile 5 birds Lake Pointsett, Dry Lake Toxicity Factor Datasets 2-4 wks old
Citation:

Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes

Author(s)
Jones, P.D., J.P. Giesy, J.L. Newsted, D.A. Verbrugge, J.P. Ludwig, M.E. Ludwig, H.J. Auman, R. Crawford, D.E. Tillitt, T.J. Kubiak, and D.A. Best
Pages
192-209
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) 31.3 mean biomagnification factor for eggs from forage fish Female Adult 12 eggs/site x 5 sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs prior to incubation

Author(s)
Powell, Debra, Richard J. Aulerich, John C. Meadows, Don E. Tillitt, Mary E. Kelly, Kenneth L. Stromborg, Mark J. Melancon, Scott D. Fitzgerald, and Steven J. Bursian
Pages
2035-2040
Year
Issue
10
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) 4.0 ug/kg egg (0.8-7.2) LD50 (95% confidence limits) Not Reported Embryo 83-86 eggs/treatment Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
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