Birds
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARATHION | 56% decrease at 4.6 ppm | mean plasma cholinesterase activity relative to control | Not Reported | Adult | 4/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | mean organ and carcass weights | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLPARATHION | decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw | cloacal temperature | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| METHYLPARATHION | decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw | plasma cholinesterase activity 2 hr post-dose | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOFURAN | 1.7-7.4 ppm (wet wt) | carcass residues of kestrels found dead | Not Reported | Not Reported | 3 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 88.1 ppm (dry wt) | mean liver residues in birds that survived | Male | Adult | 11 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FLUORIDE, SODIUM | 247.0 +/- 103.1 ppm @ 0 ppm; 6137.9 +/- 823.8 ppm @ 1120 ppm; 10,272.6 +/- 865.8 ppm @ 2240 ppm | mean fluoride content in the diaphyses of femurae | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 9-10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 d | Laboratory | |
| FLUORIDE, SODIUM | no effect | growth of body weight and skeletal components (skull, bill, tarsus, antebrachium, and manus) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 9-10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254, MIREX | no effect | sperm motility | Male | Adult | 5-10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) | no effect | occurence of phosphorus intoxication symptoms | Not Reported | Adult | 4/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENIUM COMPOUNDS | 7.5 ppm Se, dry wt | maximum observed Se concentration in blood | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | incidence of mortality or signs of toxicity | Both Male and Female | Adult | 9-10 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | reduced @ 233 ng/g | percent hatching success, percent pipped versus controls | Not Reported | Hatchling | 24-26/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | hatchling | Laboratory | |
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | reduced @ 233 ng/g | liver weight, radius and femur length versus controls | Not Reported | Hatchling | 24-26/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | hatchling | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | percent of pairs that laid eggs, number of fertile pairs and egg hatchability versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | egg mass, width, length, and volume versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | 31% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw 14% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw |
hematocrit | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | 1.13 ppm blood at 212 ppm; 1.69 ppm blood at 448 ppm | mean lead concentration in blood | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8-14/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1-2 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | variance in kestrel response time to prey stimulus | Not Reported | Adult | 6 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 10% decrease | eggshell thickness change relative to control | Female | Adult | 34 eggs | Cayuga Lake Basin | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254, POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS | increased @ 0.5, 5 ppm | in vitro microsomal breakdown of oestradiol | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARAQUAT | 22% @ 10 mg/kg, 18% @ 25 mg/kg, 44% @ 60 mg/kg | percent mortality | Not Reported | Juvenile | 11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4,5-) | increased post-application from 1 to 4.1 birds per 40 ha | population density | Adult | 9 censuses pre- and post-spray | Truckee area | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Nevada |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | 198.2 ug/g, dry wt | lead concentration in bone | Not Reported | Adult | 10 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 39.9 SE | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | no effect | progesterone concentration in blood | Female | Adult | 10-13/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| AROCLOR 1254 | earlier @ 10 ppm | timing of peak progesterone concentration in blood | Female | Adult | 10-13/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | no effect | Not Reported | Embryo | 2 eggs | Patuxent Research Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION), DIMETHOATE, ENDOSULFAN, METHYLPARATHION, PARATHION, PERMETHRIN, THIRAM, ZIRAM | decreased in conventional orchards | daily survival rates | Not Reported | Nestling | 29 conventional nests | York Springs, Adams Co. | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | post-dosing survival of free-ranging radio-transmittered birds | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 26 treated birds, 29 control birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | see figures | figure for each dose, showing metabolic rate at increasing ambient temperatures | Not Reported | Adult | 10 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIPHACINONE | 4.1-5.5 mg | doses resulting in symptoms and death in 2/3 birds within 14 days | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIPHACINONE | increased | time to coagulation in blood sampled 3 days after treatment ended | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | significantly earlier | timing of nesting season termination in pairs post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | increased | loss of eggs, nestlings, fledglings and adults post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAZINON | 38% | mortality of eggs and nestlings (control 21 %) | Not Reported | Embryo, Nestling | 9 nests | Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIMETHOATE | significant reduction of mean daily activity levels (perch hopping) | Not Reported | Not Reported | 7 treated; 7 control | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | Laboratory |
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) | observed at 3, 10, 100 ug/kg | mortality | Not Reported | Hatchling | 6-10 eggs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) | no effect | body and organ weights | Not Reported | Hatchling | 6-10 eggs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | increased at 400, 800 ug/kg egg | incidence of embryo mortality versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 15-60/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | increased at 5 ug/kg egg | weights of heart, liver and spleen versus controls | Not Reported | Hatchling | 8-29/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, HEXACHLOROBENZENE, MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 2.4% | mean hatching success in contaminated colonies | Not Reported | Embryo | 331 eggs | Lake Huron | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, HEXACHLOROBENZENE, MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 0.06-0.11 (1972); 0.3 (1973) | fledging success (young/nest) in contaminated colonies | Not Reported | Embryo | 42 (1973)-66 (1972) nests | Lake Huron | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | no effect | liver glycogen concentration versus controls | Male | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 32 weeks | Laboratory | |
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | no effect | % packed cell volume versus controls | Male | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 32 weeks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased | food consumption versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased (liver decreased with selenite only) | bw and liver wt versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | no effect | hepatic microsomal enzyme activity (aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase) | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | DDT <0.1, DDE 0.2 - 1.2 ug/g dry wt @ 0 ppm; DDT 0.3 - 4.2, DDE 1.0 - 12.7 @ 2 ppm; DDT 1.3 - 25.0, DDE 5.0 - 110.1 @ 20 ppm; DDT 25.5 - 254, DDE 58.0 - 1234 @ 200 ppm | DDT and DDE concentrations in egg dry matter ranging from 0-14 d to 330 - 343 d sampling periods at 4 dietary doses | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | no differences | mean survival times compared among lead, iron and bismuth dosed birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 males, 5 females per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory | |
| BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | no differences | mean body weight and organ weights compared among lead, iron and bismuth dosed birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 males, 5 females per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | no effect | body weight at end of experiment | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d at initiation | Laboratory | |
| DIELDRIN | no effect | no mortality observed | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d at initiation | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DICOFOL | 5.4 (0.3 SE) ug/g wet wt. @ 3 ug/g diet; 18.1 (1.2 SE) @ 10 ug/g diet; 37.1 (1.6 SE) @ 30 ug/g diet; 150.7 (9.9SE) @ 100 ug/g diet, | mean egg yolk concentrations of p,p'-dicofol after 37-42 d on dicofol diet | Female | Adult | 4-8/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DICOFOL | ST = 1.020 - 0.056C | regression equation relating shell thickness (mm) to log10 yolk concentration (C, ug/g); r2=0.39 | Female | Adult | 100 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | increase @ 200 ppm | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||
| DDT (4,4'-) | decrease @ 20 - 200 ppm | eggshell thickness, weight and calcium concentration | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARAQUAT | 1.5 lbs AI/acre (slope = 1.66) for exposure of 3d embryo; 2.5 lbs AI/acre (slope = 1.40) for exposure of 8d embryo | LC50 | Not Reported | Embryo | 30/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 or 8d of development | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARATHION | 100% @ 5mg/L | percent mortality | Not Reported | Juvenile | 4-5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 weeks old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHLORPYRIFOS | 357 ppm | 11 day dietary LC50 | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOFURAN | no effect | growth rate to four weeks of age compared with controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIAZINON | 9.7 (day 3), 11.1 (day 8) lb/acre | LC50, exposed on day 3 or 8 of incubation | Not Reported | Embryo | 30/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 3 or 8 of incubation | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEPTOPHOS | 4/5 @ 260 ppm | incidence of CNS lesions | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 3-5/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | 56% increase | hepatic cytochrome P450 content | Not Reported | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 373 (95% CL; 152-574) ppm lipid basis @ 40 ppm diet | DDE residue concentrations in eggs | Female | Adult | 12 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | increase @ 0.25 - 5.0% | plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, from liver | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 0-8 wks post-hatch | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased @ > 60 ug/dl blood | delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 21 birds | World Wildlife Fund Refuge, Tuscany | Toxicity Factor Datasets | ITALY |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYANIDE | increased | rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in brain versus controls | Female | Adult | 5/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD NITRATE | decreased @ 3,000, 30,000 ppm, incubation day 3 exposure | embyronic length and weight by incubation day 18 versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 30 eggs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased in Pb/commerical (hemoglobin only), Pb/corn+Ca, and Pb/corn only | red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | treatment = 10/group control = 5 |
Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE, LEAD CHLORIDE | 7.2 (0.9) ug Pb/g @ 100 ppm Pb; 104.8 (19.1) ug Pb/g @ 100 ppm Cd; 54.2 (3.7) ug Cd/g @ 50 ppm Cd + 50 ppm Pb (dry wt) | mean (SE) concentrations in liver | Male | Juvenile | 6-8 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 128 d (at initiation) | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARSENATE, SODIUM | no effect | survival rate versus controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 30 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STEEL COMPOUNDS, TRIBUTYLTIN | increased in both groups (no treatment diffs) | white blood cell counts, monocyte counts, total protein concentrations over study period | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 20/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 wks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | no effect | body wt, hematocrit, hemoglobin, food consumption versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 20 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE | decreased @ 3 ppm | hatching success and 1 wk survival of hatchlings compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10 females, 3 males/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 30 ppm (as Se-met or yeast) | food consumption compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 25 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 10,25 ppm (as selenite), 10 ppm (as selenomethionine) | number of embryos showing malformations or embryotoxicity compared to controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 5-11 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 32 ppm | body weight, liver DNA:RNA ratio, hematocrit compared to controls | Male | Adult | 10 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PROPOXUR | 7.38 (5.97-9.14), 12.7 (10.2-15.9), 14.6 (12.4-17.4), 9.58 (7.61-12.1) | LD50's determined at ages 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, and 6 mos, respectively (95% CI in parenth.) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, or 6 mos | Laboratory | |
| PARATHION | 1.44 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 days | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE | increased in 2nd generation | food consumption versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 14 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PENTACHLOROPHENOL | no effect @ 423.2 ug/g | total body weight, compared to control; reported as the NOAEL for the study | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 4 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 18% decrease @ 40 mg/kg | eggshell index (shell weight/length x breadth), compared to control | Female | Adult | 18 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID | increase @ 100, 400, 1600 ppm | plasma triglyceride concentration (21-42% increase, compared to controls) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10 animals/pen; 3 pens/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COREXIT 9527 | no effect | % mortality, compared to controls | Male | Adult | 6/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | no effect | onset of laying, egg production, egg fertility and egg hatchability, compared to controls | Female | Adult | 20 hens/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) | reduced above 6.2 mg/kg bw | body weight versus controls | Not Reported | Adult | 4-5 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | no effect | leukocyte counts, plasma biochemistry, corticosterone concentration versus controls | Male | Adult | 6-12/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1-2 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMAMECTIN BENZOATE | 570 ppm diet, 391-915 (95% CI) | dietary LC50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 10 days | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | onset of egg laying, eggshell thickness, frequency of embryo deformities versus controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 pairs/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | increased @ 414, 828 ug/g | occurrence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in kidneys versus controls | Male | Adult | 10/ Pb treatment; 20/control treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | approx. 5 mo | Laboratory | |
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | increased @ 869 and 954 ug/g | incidence of renal tubular intranuclear inclusion bodies versus corn or complete diet controls | Male | Adult | 5/ Pb treatment;3/control treatments | Toxicity Factor Datasets | approx. 7 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE | 9.2(0.52) ppm with seleno-D,L-methionine; 8.9(0.35) ppm with seleno-L-methionine; 6.6(0.37) ppm with selenized yeast | mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of selenium in 8th egg laid | Female | Adult | 15 pairs/treatment group, 10 pairs/control group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 10 ppm Hg, 10 ppm Se, 10 ppm Hg + 10 ppm Se | thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in brain versus controls | Male | Adult | 12/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | no effect with Fe or Bi | survival to 7 d, organ histopathology, hematocrit, sex ratios, kidney or liver weights of ducklings versus controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased | hemoglobin and hematocrit versus controls | Male | Juvenile | 8 | Laboratory | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 months | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | decreased | number of 14-day old ducklings per hen versus controls | Both Male and Female | Hatchling | 274-327, 69-167, and 26-113 for the 0, 10, and 40 ppm DDE groups | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | no effect | total Ca/eggshell | Female | Adult | 5 hens; 19 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 11% decrease | eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 112 eggs | eastern U.S. coast | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | log DDE in eggs = 0.9723 + 0.8506(log DDE in plasma); r = 0.66 | log-log relationship between DDE in plasma of female birds and DDE in eggs | Female | Adult | 10 females | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY (elemental) | 2.80 - 10.60 ppm, dry wt (females) 3.70 - 8.95 ppm, dry wt (males) |
range of concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers | Both Male and Female | Adult | 3 sample periods; 1-9 birds/sample period | Southern Sweden | Toxicity Factor Datasets | SWEDEN |
