Birds
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | review | concentrations in brain and liver associated with mortality (various avian species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various avian species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | 0.12 (0-2.59; PCBs); 0.06 (0-2.70; DDE); ND (0-0.06; dieldrin) | geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of nestlings | Not Reported | Juvenile | 79 nestlings | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | males: 0.15 (0-3.27; PCBs); 0.31 (0.05-1.95; DDE); 0.03 (0-0.30; dieldrin) females: 0.87 (0-6.82; PCBs); 0.63 (0-4.23; DDE); 0.04 (0-0.37; dieldrin) |
geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of adult birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 26 males, 34 females | Rankin Inlet | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 21:0.09 | ratio of average concentration of DDE in eggs to average concentration of DDE in prey items | Female | Adult | 12 prey species, pooled samples of 7-10 individuals | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | eggshell thickness index = 1.799 - 0.243(log DDE) | linear regression of eggshell thickness index vs. log DDE concentration in eggs | Female | Adult | 295 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | eggs were addled and/or deserted | UNITED KINGDOM |
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | increase at 125, 625 mg/kg bw 7.2, 15.5 ppm at 125, 625 mg/kg bw, respectively |
kidney lead concentrations | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | lead concentration in eggshell | Female | Adult | 16 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | 62.0 ppm tibia, 13.5 ppm humeri at 50 ppm | lead concentrations in bones | Female | Adult | 16 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | 28.70 (2.6 SE) ppm at 49 mg/d | mean lead concentration (wet wt) in bone | Female | Adult | 3/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | 0.357 (0.012 SE) ppm at 29.3 ppm | mean lead concentration (wet wt) in liver | Female | Adult | 3/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOFURAN | 83% (4.3 SD) | mean brain cholinesterase depression (relative to control) in birds that died in 8 hrs post-dose | Both Male and Female | Adult | 12 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | 6.42 ppm | mean DDT concentration in eggs 0-0.8 mi from sprayed area | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 21 eggs | La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) | 10.4% decrease | change in mean eggshell thickness (relative to control) 0-0.8 miles from sprayed area | Female | Adult | 21 eggs | La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIREX | 40.3% decrease @ 8 ppm | sperm concentration | Male | Adult | 5-10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| MIREX | no effect | sperm motility | Male | Adult | 5-10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | no effect | various hematological measurements (packed cell volume, erythrocyte counts, plasma uric acid, plasma alanine aminotransferase) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 16/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOFURAN | increased at 63.4, 126.8, 253.6 ppm | mortality versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| FENTHION | decreased to 10% of control levels | brain cholinesterase activity of birds that died | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | no effect | hematocrit and hemoglobin values versus controls | Not Reported | Nestling | 9-11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 1-Day 10 | Laboratory | |
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased @ 50,250,1000 ng/g bw | hepatic monooxygenase activities versus controls | Not Reported | Nestling | 9-11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 1-Day 10 | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | decreased after 4 weeks | liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity versus controls | Female | Adult | 4/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decrease at 10, 50 ppm | mean blood delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 984.1-1438.6 ppm (dry wt) | brain residues in birds that died | Male | Adult | 2 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DICOFOL | 8.11 (fat), 0.28 (liver) ug/g @ 0.3 mg/kg bw/d | sum of geometric mean tissue concentrations (wet wt) of dicofol and metabolites (dichlorobenzophenone, mono-dechlorinated dicofol, dichlorobenzhydrol, DDE) | Female | Adult | 2-4/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | blood Se concentration = 1.307 + 0.852(diet Se concentration) | relation between Se concentrations in blood (dry wt) and diet (dry wt) | Male | Adult | 40 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEXACARBATE | 2.83 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased | hatchability | Not Reported | Hatchling | 25 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | body weight at hatch | Not Reported | Hatchling | 25 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | increased at all doses | lead concentrations in blood | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | decreased at all doses | delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)activity in blood | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMINOPYRIDINE (4-) | 316 ppm | dietary LC50 | Not Reported | Adult | 6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEPHATE, CARBARYL, DIAZINON | no effect | percent nest success, eggs hatched, and nestlings fledged | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 37 nests | Winnebago, Outagamie, Calumet Counties | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDICARB | 0.82 | LD50 | mg/kg bw | Not Reported | Adult | 50 birds total | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEPTACHLOR | no effect | mean clutch size | Female | Adult | 6 nests | Columbia Basin | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| HEPTACHLOR | no effect | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 6 nests | Columbia Basin | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TERBUFOS | no effect | occurence of pesticide metabolites in fecal-urate samples | Not Reported | Not Reported | 29 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | 0.01 +/- 0.003 ppm (uncontaminated site); 0.22 +/- 0.03 ppm (contaminated site) | mean (+/- SE) concentrations in plasma | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6 birds on contaminated sites; 10 birds on uncontaminated sites | Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAMPHUR | 85% decrease | post-mortem brain cholinesterase activity compared to control | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1 owl | Malheur County | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRYCHNINE, ZINC PHOSPHIDE | review | summaries of sublethal effects due to organochlorine, anticholinesterase, anticoagulant, strychnine pesticides | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA, USA |
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 3.09 (0.09 SE) ppm, wet wt | concentration in eggs | Not Reported | Embryo | 20 clutches, 104 eggs | southern IL | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| DDE (4,4'-) | decreased | eggshell thickness index compared with reference samples collected in 1875-95 | Not Reported | Embryo | 20 clutches, 104 eggs | southern IL | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MERCURY COMPOUNDS | 0.001 (Clear Lake), 0.16 (Tule Lake) | productivity (young to adult ratios) at study locations | Not Reported | Adult | 13 birds, Clear Lake; 5 birds, Tule Lake | Clear Lake, Tule Lake | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Lake, Siskiyou |
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | increased at 1606 ng/kg | total hepatic cytochrome P450 content | Not Reported | Hatchling | 5-12 eggs/dose | Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Lake Ontario | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | increased at 1606 ng/kg | hepatic EROD activity | Not Reported | Hatchling | 5-12 eggs/dose | Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Lake Ontario | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM (elemental), MERCURY (elemental) | no correlation | correlation of mean metallothionein concentration (13.2-24.4 ug/g tissue) and metal concentrations in kidneys | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 24 birds | Heron Is., Manawagonish Is., Ile aux pommes | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) | 47.5 pg/g bw gained (wet wt) | pg TCDD equivalents accumulated per gram of body weight gained (from eggs to largest chicks) | Not Reported | Nestling | 20 chicks | St. Martin's Shoal, Lake Huron | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased @ all doses | hepatic EROD activity in treated embryos versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 83-86 eggs/treatment | Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) | decreased @ 349 ug/kg egg | spleen weights in treated embryos versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 83-86 eggs/treatment | Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | positive correlation | correlation of embryo mortality with TCDD equivalents in eggs | Not Reported | Embryo | 11 colonies @ 25-50 nests/colony | Great Lakes | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS | increased | P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism by liver microsomes | Not Reported | Embryo | 3 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day | Laboratory |
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | increased @ 10, 50 ug/g diet | kidney Cu concentration versus controls | Male | Adult | 8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 32 weeks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD ACETATE | increased | iron concentration in liver versus controls | Male | Adult | 10 (controls); 30 (treated) | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | no effect | fertility, hatchability and duckling weight | Female | Adult | 18/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | 5.7 ppm (whole blood); 6.2 ppm (liver); 2.4 ppm (spleen) @ 300 mg/kg body weight | lead concentrations in tissues, 96 hr after exposure to lead in ducklings receiving vitamin E | Not Reported | Juvenile | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1242 | no effect @ 150 ppm | embryo mortality, # infertile eggs/clutch or # eggs hatched/clutch | Female | Adult | 12 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DICOFOL | no effect | egg production during study period | Female | Adult | 4-8/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LINDANE | decrease @ 20 mg/kg 7x and 3x/wk | egg production and vitellogenin concentration in plasma, liver and ovary | Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 0.021 - 0.028 ppm wet wt @ 0 ppm; 5.8 (0.32 SE; range 4.28-7.23) ppm wet wt @ 3 ppm | mean and range of DDE egg concentrations | Female | Adult | 8 eggs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 10 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHLORPYRIFOS | decreased | body weight compared to controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 24 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 and 11 months old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FENTHION | 67% @ 2.2 mg/L | percent mortality | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 weeks old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | 1550 ppm | 5 day dietary LC50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARATHION | decreased @ 7.5 lb/acre (aqueous); 0.08, 0.8 lb/acre (oil) | crown-rump length at day 18 of incubation compared with controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 30/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 3 or 8 of incubation | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MALATHION | 7/36 | mortality incidence by 20 hrs post-dose | Not Reported | Juvenile | 36/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEPTOPHOS | decreased @ 60, 270 ppm | plasma alkaline phosphatase activity compared with controls | Female | Juvenile | 6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 20 wks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | no effect | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 10 hens/dose; 8-9 eggs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | decrease @ 5% | growth rate, estimated as change in body weight, compared to control | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 50/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 0-8 wks post-hatch | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) | increased @ 8 #four iron shot | serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity vs controls | Female | Adult | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPN | decreased @ 12 ug/g (48%), 36 ug/g (29%), 108 ug/g (0%) | % surviving to hatch versus controls | Not Reported | Hatchling | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | lead only: 1.15 (+/- 0.29); lead-iron: 0.32 (+/- 0.05) ppm, wet wt | lead concentration in liver (mean +/- SE) | Female | Adult | control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 mos | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD NITRATE | increased @ 5 ppm diet (66 +/-13 ppm blood) and @ 25 ppm diet (154 +/-28 ppm blood) | lead concentration in blood after 12 weeks exposure (mean +/- SE) versus controls | Male | Adult | 20/dose; 5/dose x time group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | 3.7 (carcass); 2.5 (egg); 2.5 (eggshells); 9.6 (bone) ppm, wet wt @ 100 ppm lead; 3.4 (carcass); 0.88 (egg); 2.8 (eggshells); 35.0 (bone) ppm, wet wt @ 100 ppm lead + DDE |
lead residues in whole carcass, egg contents, eggshells, and bone | Female | Adult | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARSENATE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 60 ppm Se | incidence of ducklings with histopathological lesions versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALUMINUM SULFATE | see table | Ca, Al, P concentrations in femur for different treatments after 2 and 10 wks of treatment | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12-14/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NICKEL SULFATE | decreased @ all doses (by 60 d of age) | weight:length of humerus | Female | Juvenile | 36 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE | increased @ 0.5, 3 ppm | changes in avoidance behavior (frightening stimulus) | Not Reported | Juvenile | 319 (control); 339 (0.5 ppm); 158 (3 ppm) | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 30 ppm as Se-met or yeast, or 15 ppm as wheat | food consumption compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 25 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 day | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 40 ppm (25%) | mortality compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CADMIUM CHLORIDE | 0.10 (@ 0 ppm), 10.13 (@ 5 ppm), 16.25 (@ 10 ppm), 42.21 (@ 20 ppm) ppm, wet wt | mean Cd concentrations in liver by 12 wks of treatment | Not Reported | Juvenile | 12 birds per timexdose treatment | day old | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 15 ppm Se (with or w/out B), and 1000 ppm B | hematocrits and hemoglobin concentrations versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | ppm wet wt: 1.40 (0.7), blood; 6.40 (4.92), liver; 38.64 (19.18), femur @ 2 #four shot | mean (2SE) lead concentrations in liver, femur and blood | Male | Adult | 31 birds | Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Sacramento |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | 11.6 (@15 ppm diet), 48.6 (@ 60 ppm diet) ppm, wet wt | geometric mean Se concentration in liver (adequate protein in diet) | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1-day old | Laboratory | |
| SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 60 ppm (regardless of methionine suppl. or protein levels) | body, liver and spleen weights, and tarsus length versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1-day old | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 1.23 +/- 0.12 ug/g wet weight | mean +/- SE p,p'-DDE concentration in shell gland mucosa | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | decrease @ 0.5% | plasma corticosterone concentration, compared to control | Male | Juvenile | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 wks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | no effect | % mortality, compared to controls | Male | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | decrease @ 1, 5, 10 ul | 18-d % survival, mean embryonic weight, crown-rump length (5ul) and bill length | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 50/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1d of development | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRIETHYLTIN CHLORIDE | no effect | % mortality, compared to controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3-4 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | positive correlation | relationship between BROD, PROD, and EROD activities and total PCB, oxychlordane, and TEQs concentrations | Female | Adult | 5 birds/timepoint (timepoints = 0,10,20,32,42,52,59,70,80,90,100 days) | Bloomington | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMAMECTIN BENZOATE | no effect | feed consumption versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 22 weeks | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALUMINUM SULFATE, SULFURIC ACID | reduced @ 0.5% Al | tibial dry weight, and ash and calcium content versus ad libidum controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 8 birds/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 d | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | 6.5 (0.25) ppm B @ 450 ppm B; 11 (0.4) ppm B @ 900 ppm B; 3.5 (0.10) ppm Se @ 3.5 ppm Se; 7.1 (0.28) ppm Se @ 7 ppm | mean (SE) wet wt concentrations of B and Se in egg | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 pairs/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | reduced @ 869 ug/g, corn diet | hemoglobin concentration versus corn diet controls | Male | Adult | 5/ Pb treatment;3/control treatments | Toxicity Factor Datasets | approx. 7 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS | increased for lead, steel shot | renal concentrations of iron versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 10 ppm Hg | glutathione peroxidase activity (plasma and liver) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (liver and brain) versus controls | Male | Adult | 12/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | no effect with Fe or Bi | onset of lay and time to lay 21 eggs versus controls | Female | Adult | 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased | incidence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to antigen versus controls | Male | Adult | Controls = 24 Treated = 8 |
Laboratory | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDICARB | 3.60 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 days | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT (4,4'-) | decreased | eggshell thickness versus controls | Female | Adult | 5 hens; 19 eggs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBARYL | no effect | whole carcass lipid content | Not Reported | Not Reported | 6-13 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
