Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BORIC ACID | no effect | eggshell thickness and Ratcliffe index of eggshell quality | Female | Adult | 15/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
BORIC ACID | increase @ 1000 ppm | % embryo mortality (day 15 to hatch) and duckling mortality (hatch to day 7) | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 11-23/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRUDE OILS | increase | plasma triglyceride and sodium concentrations, compared to control (based on treatment means at 3, 6, 9 wks) | Not Reported | Juvenile | 25/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 4 d | Laboratory | |
CRUDE OILS | decrease | hematocrit and plasma cholesterol concentration, compared to control (based on treatment means at 3, 6, 9 wks) | Not Reported | Juvenile | 25/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 4 d | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEWAGE SLUDGE | no effect | immune defenses; resistance to Pasturella multocida estimated by % mortality 14 d after challenge, compared to controls | Male | Adult | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
SEWAGE SLUDGE | increase @ 20% Milorganite or Metrogro | liver cadmium concentrations; compared to controls | Male | Adult | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) | positive correlation | P4 concentration in fat versus dose | Male | Adult | 4-5 birds/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AROCLOR 1254 | 55-65 ppm | range of wet wt concentrations of Aroclor 1254 in adult carcasses | Both Male and Female | Adult | 22 pairs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
AROCLOR 1254 | 29.5(1.4) ppm | mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Aroclor 1254 in carcasses of 3 week old ducklings | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SELENOMETHIONINE | increased @ 80 ppm | mortality versus controls | Male | Adult | 21/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory | |
SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 80 ppm | feed consumption over time versus controls | Male | Adult | 21/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect due to added Se | onset of egg laying, eggshell thickness, egg weight, egg fertility, embryo deformities versus controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 pairs/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory | |
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | reduced @ 7 ppm Se | hatching success versus controls | Female | Adult | 14 pairs/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD COMPOUNDS | no effect | body weight versus controls | Male | Adult | 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | approx. 5 mo | Laboratory | |
LEAD COMPOUNDS | reduced @ 624 and 1284 ug/g | delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and hemoglobin concentrations | Male | Adult | 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | approx. 5 mo | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD COMPOUNDS | Equation: fecal Pb conc./fecal acid insoluble ash content = 61 + (1.06 x sediment Pb conc.) | relation between waterfowl fecal lead concentration (dry wt) and sediment lead concentration (dry wt) | Not Reported | Not Reported | 521 fecal analyses at 11 wetlands (at least 20 per wetland) | Coeur d'Alene and St. Joe River Basins | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | egg laying interval, egg weight, egg shell thickness, fertility, duckling survival, hatchling body weights versus controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 mo | Laboratory | |
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE | reduced @ 10 ppm Se, 10 ppm Hg + 10 ppm Se | weight of 7 day old ducklings versus controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 18 mo | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS | no effect | body weight, organ weights (liver, kidney, gonads, gizzard) or hematocrit versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 20 males, 20 females per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory | |
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS | 6.86(0.99) ppm, kidneys; 2.23(0.492) ppm, liver; 0.468(0.277) ppm, gonads | mean(SE) wet wt Bi concentration in organs of Bi-treated birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 20 males, 20 females per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | 237(17.2) ppm, kidney; 1936(233) ppm, liver; 90.6(6.85) ppm, ovary; 13.1(1.29) ppm, testis | mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Fe in Fe-dosed birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory | |
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) | 1.54(0.280) ppm, kidney; 0.637(0.134) ppm, liver; 0.042(0.007) ppm, ovary; 0.098(0.042) ppm, testis | mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Bi in Bi-dosed birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6-8 mo | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD (elemental) | decreased | bw versus controls | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 5-6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
LEAD (elemental) | increased @ all doses | Pb concentrations in wing bone and liver | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 5-6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHLORPYRIFOS | 29.4 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 days | Laboratory | |
MEXACARBATE | 3.16 (2.17-4.61), 4.11 (2.70-6.26), 3.61 (2.37-5.49), 3.23 (2.72-3.85), 2.72(2.28-3.23) | LD50's determined at ages 48 hr, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d and 60 d, respectively (95% CI in parenth.) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, or 6 mos | Laboratory | |
CHLORPYRIFOS | 50.4 mg/kg | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 5 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 30 days | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIELDRIN | decreased @ 10 ppm (serotonin only) and 30 ppm | Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels versus controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 3-6 per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 75 days | Laboratory | |
DIELDRIN | increased with all doses | brain, liver, and adipose dieldrin concentrations | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 4-6 per group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 75 days | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD ACETATE | decreased | % packed cell volume versus controls | Male | Adult | 10 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LINDANE | 18-21% decrease @ 20 mg/kg 7x or 3x/wk | eggshell thickness, compared to control | Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PARATHION | no effect | % hatchability, compared to controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS, SELENOMETHIONINE | reduced with seleno-D,L-methionine, seleno-L-methionine, or selenized yeast | number of 6-day-old ducklings produced per female versus controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 15 pairs/treatment group, 10 pairs/control group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIELDRIN | 16.4 ug/g diet | 24-d LOAEL based on growth impairment | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 - 25 d | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRUDE OILS | increase | length of reproductive cycle; due to prolonged phase of gonadal maturation | Female | Adult | 17 pairs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 10 mo | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DDE (4,4'-) | 36-67% decrease @ 10-1000 ppm | salt gland excretion volume, compared to controls | Male | Not Reported | 12/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DIELDRIN | 155.8 (coeff. of variation = 16.0%) | 5 day dietary LC50 | Not Reported | Juvenile | 8-10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 5 days | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACEPHATE | 0% @ 5 mg/L | percent mortality | Not Reported | Juvenile | 4-5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 weeks old | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASULAM | decreased @ all doses | food consumption compared with controls | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 10/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 7 d | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MALATHION | increased @ 125 lb/acre | cumulative mortality by day 18 compared with controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 30/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Day 3 or 8 of incubation | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FONOFOS | 67.1% (4.9 SE) | brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 36/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 14 d | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEPTOPHOS | decreased @ 270, 540 ppm | body weight compared with controls | Female | Juvenile | 6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 20 wks | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LINDANE | serum (0.50); fat (1.14); muscle (0.82); kidney (0.28); liver (0.21); brain (0.13) ppm @ 20 mg/kg 7x/wk | mean lindane residue levels | Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | laying | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRUDE OILS | increase @ 2-15 ul/egg | incidence of survivors with abnormalities versus controls | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 100 eggs/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | days 2-18 of incubation | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD (elemental) | decreased @ 931,000 shot/acre or 2 #four pellets | spleen weight and total white blood cell counts versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) | Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Sacramento | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPN | decreased @ 12 ug/g (82%); 36 ug/g (77%); 108 ug/g (70%) | percent survival versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD (elemental) | lead only: 10.22 (+/- 1.46); lead-iron: 3.38 (+/- 0.56) ppm, wet wt | lead concentration in bone (mean +/- SE) | Male | Adult | control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 mos | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACETONE | decreased @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure | embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls | Not Reported | Embryo | 30 eggs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARSENITE, SODIUM | decreased @ 100 mg/kg bw | post-dose eggshell thickness versus pre-dose thickness | Female | Adult | 5/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CADMIUM CHLORIDE | increased @ 200 ppm | incidence of kidney lesions versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | first year | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARSENATE, SODIUM | increased @ 100 ppm ( 0.3 ppm, dry wt), 300 ppm (1.3 ppm, dry wt) | arsenic concentrations in liver (geometric means in parentheses) | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 30 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NICKEL SULFATE | 1.94 (kidney), 0.52 (liver), 0.139 (blood), 68.06 (feathers) ppm, wet wt | mean tissue concentrations @ 800 ppm Ni in diet | Both Male and Female | Adult | 6 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SALINE WATER | increased | plasma protein levels; serum osmolality; salt, kidney and adrenal gland size versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 10 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 2 d | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE | decreased @ 9, 27, 90 ug Hg | % survival by day 18 of incubation versus controls | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 80 eggs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | incubation day 3 | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SELENITE, SODIUM | increased @ 40 ppm | hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CADMIUM CHLORIDE | no effect | food consumption compared to controls | Not Reported | Adult | 12 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE | decreased @ 60 ppm Se (100% mort.) | survival versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 15 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | day old | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SELENITE, SODIUM, SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | tarsus length, 10th primary length, heart weight versus controls | Not Reported | Juvenile | 40 birds/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE | 0.51-0.54 ppm blood, 2.07-2.41 ppm kidney, 2.35-2.26 ppm liver, 0.74-0.97 ppm breast muscle, 0.47-0.51 ppm brain, 0.88 ppm eggs @ 0.5 ppm in diet | range of mean Hg (ppm wet-weight) concentrations in wild-strain males and females | Both Male and Female | Adult | 6-9 (9 breeding pairs/dose) | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRUDE OILS | increase @ 1% and 3% | hepatic microsomal naphthalene metabolism (nmol/min/mg protein), compared to control, in adult females and in neonatal ducklings hatched from eggs laid by females (1% Prudhoe Bay dose level was not significantly different for neonates). | Female | Adult | 6 adults/dose; 5-20 neonates/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) | increased @ 484.2, 972.0 ug/g diet (nominal concentrations) | incidence of mortality versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 males, 5 females/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS | increased for lead shot | mortality rate versus all other groups | Both Male and Female | Adult | 16/treatment | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 6 mo | Laboratory |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Fat (total or %) | 102 | g (lipid) | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 14 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | alternate plumate, unpaired | 12 SE |
Body Fat (total or %) | 168 | g (lipid) | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 32 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | initiation prebasic molt | 8 SE |
Body Weight - Mean | 1,137 | g | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 12 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | alternate plumage - early migrants, unpaired | 30 SE |
Body Fat (total or %) | 141 | g (lipid) | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 24 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | early prebasic moltf | 13 SE |
Body Weight - Mean | 1,083 | g | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 9 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | alternate plumage, early migrants, unpaired | 37 SE |
Body Fat (total or %) | 110 | g (lipid) | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 26 | Mingo Basin | Exposure Factor Datasets | middle prebasic molt | 11 SE |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home Range | 110.9 | Breeding home range. | ha | Female | Adult | 6 | Missouri Coteau of south-central North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laying females |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Condition | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clutch or Litter Size | 8.49 | eggs | Female | Adult | 57 | prairie pothole region of North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | second year | 1.23 SE | |
Clutch or Litter Size | 8.96 | eggs | Adult | 78 | prairie pothole region of North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | after second year | 1.38 SE | ||
Population Density | 3.62 | breeding pairs/km2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Koenig study area | Exposure Factor Datasets | during breeding season |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of Mating/ Laying | April 10 (end) | southern part of U.S. breeding range | Exposure Factor Datasets | laying | |||||
Time of Migration or Dispersal | late February/early March (begin) to mid April (end) | southern part of U.S. breeding range | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||||
Survival/ Mortality | 61 | These are average survival rates. For breakdown by region, see table 16, p. 27. | % | Male | Adult | not reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Time of Migration or Dispersal | mid-October (begin) to December (end) | southern part of U.S. breeding range | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||||
Survival/ Mortality | 56 | These are average survival rates. For breakdown by region, see table 16, p. 27. | % | Female | Adult | not reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home Range | 1.27 | For 1989. Home range defined as area that broods restricted their activities to during rearing period. | km2 | Not Reported | Nestling | 13 broods | Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.47 SE |
Home Range | 0.62 | For 1990. Home range defined as area that broods restricted their activities to during rearing period. | km2 | Not Reported | Nestling | 14 broods | Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.21 SE |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | 0.5 | For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). | birds/ha | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | miscellaneous | Exposure Factor Datasets | wintering birds |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival/ Mortality | 0.603 | spring-summer survival (proportion) | Female | Adult | 16,562 | Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
Survival/ Mortality | 0.782 | fall-winter survival (proportion) | Male | Adult | 18,650 | Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
Survival/ Mortality | 0.961 | fall-winter survival (proportion) | Female | Adult | 16,562 | Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | 389 | mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Imperial and Coachella Valleys | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clutch or Litter Size | 9.3 | eggs | Female | Adult | 18 | Adirondack Mountains | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.3 (SD) | |
Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 28 | d | Female | Adult | 18 | Adirondack Mountains | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
Hatching Success | 67% | proportion of tagged females that hatched clutches | Female | Adult | 18 | Adirondack Mountains | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth Rate | 0.0692 | growth rate estimated from logistic growth curve | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | central North Dakota | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.0030 (SE) |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population Density | 396 | breeding density | pairs/18000 acres | Both Male and Female | Adult | 396 pairs | Conaway Ranch | Exposure Factor Datasets | Yolo | breeding |
Time of Nesting | April-June | time from earliest clutch laid to last clutch hatched | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Conaway Ranch | Exposure Factor Datasets | Yolo | breeding | |
Hatching Success | 52 | proportion of nests that hatched at least one egg | % | Female | Adult | 60 nests | Conaway Ranch | Exposure Factor Datasets | Yolo | breeding |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight - Mean | 966 | g | Female | Juvenile | 12 | Illinois and Mississippi river valleys | Exposure Factor Datasets | hunter-harvested | 37 SE |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home Range | 210 | Study area was 67% upland forest, 33% lakes and wetlands. | ha | Female | Adult | 12 | western edge of Chippewa National Forest, Beltrami Co. | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding |
Home Range | 240 | Study area was 67% upland forest, 33% lakes and wetlands. | ha | Male | Adult | 12 | western edge of Chippewa National Forest, Beltrami Co. | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hatching Success | 85.2% | proportion of observed nests with at least one successful hatch | Female | Adult | 209 | Tule Lake and Lower Klamath River National Wildlife Refuges | Exposure Factor Datasets | Modoc, Siskiyou |
Time of Nesting | April-September | period between first observed nest to last observed hatches | Female | Adult | 209 | Tule Lake and Lower Klamath River National Wildlife Refuges | Exposure Factor Datasets | Modoc, Siskiyou |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival/ Mortality | 0.6279 | survival estimates for birds banded 1966-1985 | Male | Adult | 18,289 | Northern California | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.009 (SE) |
Survival/ Mortality | 0.5664 | survival estimates for birds banded 1972-1981 | Male | Adult | 776 | Central California | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.0263 (SE) |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival/ Mortality | 0.84 | mean 17-day survival rate | Not Reported | Juvenile | 223 | Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown (46deg53'N, 98deg38'W) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 17 d | 0.025 SE |
Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival/ Mortality | 0.181 | Survival estimates determined using the Kaplan-Meier method | Not Reported | Chick | 36 | Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 10 days |