Anseriformes

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Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Lead poisoning in six captive avian species

Author(s)
Beyer, W.N., J.W. Spann, L. Sileo and J.C. Franson
Pages
121-130
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD ACETATE decreased hemoglobin concentration versus controls Male Adult 10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD ACETATE increased protoporphyrin concentration versus controls Male Adult 10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD ACETATE decreased ALAD enzyme activity versus controls Male Adult 10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of lindane on eggshell characteristics and calcium level in the domestic duck

Author(s)
Chakravarty, Sampa and Pulak Lahiri
Pages
245-258
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LINDANE decrease @ 20 mg/kg 7x or 3x/wk calcium concentration in plasma and shell gland mucosa and density and size of eggshell pores Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Fecundity and progeny growth following subacute insecticide ingestion by the mallard

Author(s)
Muller, H.D. and D.C. Lockman
Pages
239-241
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARATHION decrease eggshell thickness, compared to controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 trios (2F, 1M)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARATHION no effect progeny growth (average body weights) at hatch to 6 wks of age Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 trios (2F, 1M adults)/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

PCB intake and the growth of waterfowl: multivariate analyses based on a reparameterized Richards sigmoid model

Author(s)
Brisbin, I. Lehr, Jr., Gary C. White and Parshall B. Bush
Pages
1-11
Year
Volume
50
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
AROCLOR 1254 significant effect PCB treatment altered the shape of the body weight growth curve but not the asymptotic weight Both Male and Female Juvenile 15/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1d at initiation Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of aqueous and dietary exposure of dieldrin on survival, growth and bioconcentration in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Nebeker, Alan V., William L. Griffis, Thomas W. Stutzman, Gerald S. Schuytema, Lori A. Carey and Susan M. Scherer
Pages
687-699
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN 0.3 ug/g 24-d NOAEL based on growth impairment Not Reported Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 - 25 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN see citation figures of tissue dieldrin concentrations at different exposure times and doses Not Reported Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 - 25 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of ingested petroleum on the plasma prolactin levels during incubation and on the breeding success of paired mallard ducks

Author(s)
Cavanaugh, K.P., A.R. Goldsmith, W.N. Holmes and B.K. Follett
Pages
335-341
Year
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS no effect clutch size Female Adult 17 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 10 mo Laboratory
CRUDE OILS decrease % hatchability (53% @ 3ml/100g vs 71% in controls) Female Adult 17 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 10 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Biological elimination rates of radioisotopes by mallards contaminated at a liquid radioactive waste disposal area

Author(s)
Halford, Douglas K., O. Doyle Markham and Gary C. White
Pages
745-756
Year
Volume
45
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
RADIONUCLIDES 131I 10d; 140Ba 22d; 51Cr 86d; 58Co 32d; 75Se 26d; 65Zn 67d; 134Cs 10d; 60Co 67d; 137Cs 11 d mean biological half-lives for whole-body retention of 9 radionuclides; ducks exposed in field for varying time periods then depurated in laboratory to determine half-life Both Male and Female Not Reported 4-6/sample Idaho National Engineering Lab Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Subacute dietary toxicities of dicrotophos and dieldrin in time-replicated trials with young ring-necked pheasants and mallards

Author(s)
Hill, E.F.
Pages
105-120
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DICROTOPHOS decreased @ 55 and 145 ppm consumption of treated diet compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 8-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 5 days Laboratory
DICROTOPHOS 506.7 (coeff. of variation = 40.3%) 5 day dietary LC50 Not Reported Juvenile 8-10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 10 days Laboratory
Citation:

Bioconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides to hazardous levels by amphibians

Author(s)
Hall, Russell J. and Elizabeth Kolbe
Pages
853-860
Year
Issue
4
Volume
6
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ACEPHATE 109.7% @ 5mg/L brain acetylcholinesterase activity compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 4-5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
PARATHION 100% @ 1 mg/L percent mortality Not Reported Juvenile 6/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 weeks old Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of asulam in wildlife species: Acute toxicity to birds and fish

Author(s)
Ingham, Brian and Michael A. Gallo
Pages
194-199
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ASULAM decreased @ all doses body weight gain by day 8 compared with controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
DDT (4,4'-) decreased @ all doses food consumption compared with controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
472-485
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION 118 (day 3), 101 (day 8) lb/acre LC50, exposed on day 3 or 8 of incubation Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
PARATHION 41(day 3), 39 (day 8) lb/acre LC50, exposed on day 3 or 8 of incubation Not Reported Embryo 30/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 3 or 8 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Recovery of cholinesterase activity in mallard ducklings administered organophosphorus pesticides

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James and Steven P. Bradbury
Pages
885-897
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MALATHION 67% (11.6 SE) brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 36/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
PARATHION 74.6% (12.4 SE) brain cholinesterase inhibition compared with controls Not Reported Juvenile 36/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity in mallards

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Louis Sileo and Helen C. Murray
Pages
128-136
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEPTOPHOS increased @ all doses incidence of CNS lesions (demyelination, axonal degeneration in spinal cord) compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
LEPTOPHOS decreased @ 270 ppm brain weight compared with controls Female Juvenile 6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 20 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Some effects of DDE and PCB on mallards and their eggs

Author(s)
Risebrough, Robert W. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
508-513
Year
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect food consumption rate (174 g/d) compared to control (173 g/d) Female Adult 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254 no effect food consumption rate (184 g/d) compared to control (173 g/d) Female Adult 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste crankcase oil on bird's eggs

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., William C. Eastin, Jr. and Martha L. Gay
Pages
230-241
Year
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 15 ul/egg red blood cell and liver ALAD activity and hemoglobin concentration, compared to controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets days 2-16 of incubation Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 3.47 (1.38), blood; 32.16 (11.60), liver; 114.78 (28.96), femur @ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentration in liver, femur and blood Male Adult 11 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 4.15 (3.56), blood; 13.85 (7.96), liver; 577.07 (156.4), femur@ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentrations in liver, femur and blood Female Adult 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphorothioic acid-o-ethyl-o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and Louis Sileo
Pages
284-294
Year
Volume
73
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
EPN decreased @ 12, 36, 108 ug/g brain weight, acetylcholinesterase activity, neurotoxic esterase activity versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
EPN decreased @ 108 ug/g brain protein content versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 72 hr of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.71 (+/- 0.25); lead-iron: 0.31 (+/- 0.06) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.49 (+/-0.10); lead-iron: 0.23 (+/- 0.04) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and William C. Eastin, Jr.
Pages
35-40
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 0 survival @ 100% solution, incubation days 3 or 8 exposure embryo survival through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
XYLENE no effect embryo survival, size, and incidence of abnormalities through incubation day 18 versus controls Not Reported Embryo 30 eggs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 or 8 days of incubation (time of treatment) Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary mercury and lead on eggshell thickness in mallards

Author(s)
Haegele, Max A., Richard K. Tucker and R.H. Hudson
Pages
5-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased @ 40 ppm DDE eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-), LEAD COMPOUNDS, MERCURY COMPOUNDS decreased with both treatments eggshell thickness versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histopathologic efffects of dietary cadmium on kidneys and testes of mallard ducks

Author(s)
White, Donald H., Mack T. Finley and John F. Ferrell
Pages
551-558
Year
Volume
4
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE increased @ 200 ppm incidence of testes alterations (atrophy, decreased spermatogenesis) versus controls Male Adult 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets first year Laboratory
CADMIUM CHLORIDE 0.46 (@ 0 ppm), 4.63 (@ 2 ppm), 54.33 (@ 20 ppm), 77.22 (@ 200 ppm) ppm, wet wt mean Cd concentrations in kidneys (ppm, wet wt) by 90 days Both Male and Female Adult 10 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets first year Laboratory
Citation:

Acid precipitation and food quality: inhibition of growth and survival in black ducks and mallards by dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus

Author(s)
Sparling, Donald W.
Pages
281-288
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ALUMINUM SULFATE decreased @ 1000 ppm Al (LH, LL), 5000 ppm Al (NN) body weight growth versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 12-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
ALUMINUM SULFATE decreased @ 1000 (LL), 1000 (LH), 5000 ppm (LH) growth of body components (tarsus, culmen) versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 12-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Cain, Brian W. and Ellen A. Pafford
Pages
737-745
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
NICKEL SULFATE increased @ 800, 1200 ppm incidence of clinical signs and mortality Both Male and Female Juvenile 36 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
NICKEL SULFATE decreased @ 1200 ppm body wt by 28 d of age Both Male and Female Juvenile 36 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 14 d Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic effects of natural saline waters on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Mitcham, S.A. and G. Wobeser
Pages
45-50
Year
Issue
1
Volume
24
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SALINE WATER increased @ 67,000 umhos/cm (100%), 35,000 umhos/cm (100%), 21,500 umhos/cm (78%), and 20,000 umhos/cm (60%) mortality versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 10 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 d Laboratory
SALINE WATER increased @ 20,000 umhos/cm and above thymus size versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 10 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 2 d Laboratory
Citation:

Genetic response of mallards to toxic effects of methyl mercuric chloride

Author(s)
Prince, H.H.
Pages
31-40
Publisher
American Society for Testing and Materials
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE decreased hatchability versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 29 pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Gary H. Heinz and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
263-271
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 20, 40 ppm hepatic protein concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
SELENITE, SODIUM increased @ 20, 40 ppm hepatic protein concentrations versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Sublethal effects of cadmium ingestion on mallard ducks

Author(s)
Di Giulio, Richard T. and Patrick F. Scanlon
Pages
765-771
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE decreased @ 450 ppm liver aldolase activity, plasma triiodothyronine levels Not Reported Adult 12 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Interactive effects of boron, selenium, and dietary protein on survival, growth, and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Caroline J. Sanderson, Leonard J. LeCaptain, Eugene Cromartie and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
288-294
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 15 ppm Se body, liver, and spleen weight; tarsus length versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 15, 60 ppm Se (with and w/out B), 1000 ppm B incidence of plasma chemistry changes versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 15 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets day old Laboratory
Citation:

Effect of age on sensitivity: Acute oral toxicity of 14 pesticides to mallard ducks of several ages

Author(s)
Hudson, R.H., R.K. Tucker and M.A. Haegele
Pages
556-561
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 9.78 (6.31-15.2), 3.71 (2.50-5.48), 3.71, 4.81 (2.57-8.99) LD50's determined at ages 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, and 6 mos, respectively (95% CI in parenth.) Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 36 hr, 7 d, 30 d, or 6 mos Laboratory
CHLORPYRIFOS 83.3 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
ENDOSULFAN 27.8 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets 36 hours Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of organic and inorganic selenium to mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman and L.G. Gold
Pages
561-568
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENITE, SODIUM 18(4.8) ppm, wet wt @ 40 ppm; 6.9(2.07) ppm, wet wt @ 80 ppm mean liver concentrations (SE) in ducklings fed selenite that died Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE 60(14.2) ppm, wet wt @ 40 ppm; 51(5.2) ppm, wet wt @ 80 ppm mean liver concentrations (SE) in ducklings fed selenomethionine that died Not Reported Juvenile 40 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE feeding and plasma osmoregulation in ducks, guillemots and puffins

Author(s)
Miller, David S., William B. Kinter, David B. Peakall and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
231
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 10.6 +/- 2.2 ppm nasal gland, 16.1 +/- 5.1 ppm liver, 5.8 +/- 1.1 ppm kidney, 1.9 +/- 0.1 ppm brain @ 100 ppm diet mean (+/- SE) DDE levels (ppm wet weight) Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-5 mo Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) no effect nasal gland secretion volume Both Male and Female Juvenile 5-11 Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Gorsline, J. and W.N. Holmes
Pages
765-777
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 3% plasma corticosterone concentration, compared to control Male Juvenile 24/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 wks Laboratory
CRUDE OILS increase @ 3% body weight Male Juvenile Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic effects of boron on mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Smith, Gregory J. and Velora P. Anders
Pages
943-950
Year
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
BORIC ACID decrease @ 300, 1000 ppm body weight of hatchlings, compared to controls Both Male and Female Hatchling 11-23/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
BORIC ACID decrease @ 30, 300, 1000 ppm hatchling weight gain over 21 d, compared to controls Both Male and Female Hatchling 11-23/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dispersant and crude oil ingestion on mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos)

Author(s)
Eastin, W.C. Jr. and B.A. Rattner
Pages
273-278
Year
Volume
29
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
COREXIT 9527 no effect body weight Not Reported Juvenile 25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 4 d Laboratory
COREXIT 9527 increase plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, compared to control Not Reported Juvenile 25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 4 d Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of trimethyltin and triethyltin to mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James, Elwood F. Hill and Jeffrey J. Momot
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRIMETHYLTIN CHLORIDE increase @ 5, 50 ppm % mortality (100% mortality within 5 d for 50 ppm dose), compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-4 d Laboratory
TRIMETHYLTIN CHLORIDE increase @ 50 ppm incidence of mild to marked degeneration of neurons of the pons, medulla oblongata, gray matter of the spinal cord and pyrimidal cells of the cerebral cortex; mild to moderate lympoid depletion of spleen and thymus; atrophy of myofibers in skeletal and ca Not Reported Juvenile 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 3-4 d Laboratory
Citation:

Subchronic dietary toxicity of strychnine: bobwhite quail are less sensitive than mallard ducks.

Author(s)
Sterner, R.T., C.A. Pederson, B.R. Helsten, and M.J. Goodall
Pages
498-505
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) increased @ 235.0, 484.2, 972.0 ug/g (nominal concentrations) incidence of clinical signs versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) decreased @ 484.2, 972.0 ug/g (nominal concentrations) food consumption during first week of treatment versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Reproductive success and nest attentiveness of mallard ducks fed Aroclor 1254

Author(s)
Custer, Thomas W. and Gary H. Heinz
Pages
313-318
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254 23.3(1.0) ppm mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Aroclor 1254 in eggs Not Reported Embryo 19 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in aquatic birds: Dietary exposure, tissue concentrations and macroscopic effects

Author(s)
Albers, Peter H., D. Earl Green and Caroline J. Sanderson
Pages
468-485
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 40 and 80 ppm body weight over exposure period versus controls Male Adult 21/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE increased in birds that died incidence of macroscopic abnormalities versus controls Male Adult 21/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of boron and selenium on mallard reproduction and duckling growth and survival

Author(s)
Stanley, Thomas R., Jr., Gregory J. Smith, David J. Hoffman, Gary H. Heinz, and Roger Rosscoe
Pages
1124-1132
Year
Issue
7
Volume
15
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE decreased @ 900 ppm B total SH, liver protein, sorbitol dehyrogenase versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 14 pairs/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
BORIC ACID, SELENOMETHIONINE reduced @ 900 ppm B body weight and growth at 0, 7,and 14 days post-hatch versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 14 pairs/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment to mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., D.J. Hoffman, L. Sileo, D.J. Audet, and L.J. LeCaptain
Pages
323-333
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS increased @ 642 and 1284 ug/g protoporphyrin versus controls Male Adult 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets approx. 5 mo Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS reduced @ 1284 ug/g hematocrit versus controls Male Adult 10/ Pb treatment; 5/control treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets approx. 5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot administered to game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Kelly, M.E., S.D. Fitzgerald, R.J. Aulerich, R.J. Balander, D.C. Powell, R.L. Stickle, W. Stevens, C. Cray, R.J. Tempelman and S.J. Bursian
Pages
673-687
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS increased for lead shot incidence of clinical signs versus other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS reduced for lead shot body weight versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Methylmercury chloride and selenomethionine interactions on health and reproduction in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., and David J. Hoffman
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 10 ppm Se, 10 ppm Hg, 10 ppm Hg + 10 ppm Se incidence of deformities in embryos that died (1 wk or older) versus controls Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 mo Laboratory
METHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE, SELENOMETHIONINE 7.6(0.26) ppm, egg, 6.0(0.31) ppm, fem. liver, 9.6(0.95) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se; 9.3(0.85) ppm, egg, 9.2(1.61) ppm, female liver, 114(25.3) ppm, male liver @ 10 ppm Se + 10 ppm Hg mean(SE) wet wt concentration of Se in egg and liver of treated birds Both Male and Female Adult 12/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 18 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
185-215
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS 145(6.0) ppm, kidneys; 1086(72) ppm, liver; 32.1(6.3) ppm, gonads mean(SE) wet wt Fe concentration in organs of Fe-treated birds Both Male and Female Adult 20 males, 20 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS no effect histopathological lesions in gonads, liver, kidneys versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 males, 20 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Erythrocyte d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in mallard ducks: Duration of inhibition after lead shot dosage.

Author(s)
Dieter, M.P. and M.T. Finley
Pages
621-625
Year
Issue
3
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased blood ALAD enzyme activity after 1,2, or 3 months versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 per sex laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets 8 months Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) increased blood Pb concentrations versus pre-dose controls Both Male and Female Adult 20 per sex laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets 8 months Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and elimination in mallards

Author(s)
Heinz, G.H., G.W. Pendleton, A.J. Krynitsky and L.G. Gold
Pages
374-379
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4(1-e^-0.382t)
muscle: C = 8.0(1-e^-0.037t) 		selenium accumulation equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE liver: C = 7.4e^-0.037t
muscle: C = 5.6e^-0.023t
liver at peak body burden: C = 22.6e^-0.246t + 2.5 e^-0.008t
muscle at peak body burden: C = 6.4e^-0.029t
Loss phase for blood at peak body burden: C = 12.0e^-0.071t 		selenium depuration equations Both Male and Female Adult 3 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxic, neurochemical and behavioral effects of dieldrin exposure in mallard ducks

Author(s)
Sharma, R.P., D.S. Winn and J.B. Low
Pages
43-53
Year
Issue
1
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN no effect bw versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-25 per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 75 days Laboratory
DIELDRIN increased @ 10 ppm (liver only), 30 ppm (brain only) brain and liver weight to body weight ratios versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-25 per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 75 days Laboratory
Citation:

Experiments on toxicity of DDT to wildlife

Author(s)
Coburn, Don R. and Ray Treichler
Pages
208-216
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) increase @ 0.05 - 0.4% in diet Not Reported Not Reported 4/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Aroclor 1242 and reproductive success of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

Author(s)
Haseltine, Susan D. and Richard M. Prouty
Pages
29-34
Year
Volume
23
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1242 no effect @ 150 ppm mortality during experiment Both Male and Female Adult 12 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1242 decrease @ 150 ppm body weight at 6, 8 and 12 wks of treatment Female Adult 12 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Elimination of endrin by mallard ducks

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H. and Richard W. Johnson
Pages
189-196
Year
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ENDRIN see citation figures of carcass and blood endrin concentrations during elimination period (0-64d) Male Adult 2-5/sample Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

South Louisiana crude oil or DDE in the diet of mallard hens: effects on egg quality

Author(s)
Vangilder, Larry D. and Tony J. Peterle
Pages
328-336
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CRUDE OILS decrease egg weight, length and breadth, compared to control Female Adult 25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes

Author(s)
Stickel, L.F., W.H. Stickel, M.A.R. McLane, and M. Bruns
Pages
393-400
Year
Issue
4
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLMERCURY DICYANDIAMIDE see figure and table figure and table showing decline of Hg in carcass, liver, and kidney over time Male Adult 3-5 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of dietary cadmium on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Cain, Brian W., Lou Sileo, J. Christian Franson and John Moore
Pages
286-297
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CADMIUM CHLORIDE decreased @ 20 ppm packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration by 8 wks of treatment compared to controls Not Reported Juvenile 12 birds per timexdose treatment day old Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of arsenate on growth and physiology in mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Camardese, Michael B., David J. Hoffman, Leonard J. LeCaptain and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
785-795
Year
Volume
9
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ARSENATE, SODIUM no effect hematocrit and hemoglobin Both Male and Female Juvenile 30 birds/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Response of ducks to glyphosphate-induced habitat alterations in wetlands

Author(s)
Linz, George M., Dage C. Blixt, David L. Bergman and William J. Bleier
Pages
38-44
Year
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
GLYPHOSATE increased @ 50, 90 percent population density 2 years post-spray versus controls Not Reported Not Reported 3-6 sample wetlands/treatment near Lakota (48deg03'N, 98deg21'W) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Toxicity of Zectran insecticide to several wildlife species

Author(s)
Tucker, Richard K. and D. Glen Crabtree
Pages
1307-1310
Year
Issue
6
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
MEXACARBATE 3.0 mg/kg LD50 Both Male and Female Not Reported 12 Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 - 5 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Dieldrin and DDT effects on reproduction and some hepatic mixed-function oxidases in the mallard duck

Author(s)
Davison, K.L. and J.L. Sell
Pages
302-314
Year
Volume
2
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) no effect fertility, hatchability and duckling weight Female Adult 18/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Plutonium, Am, Cm and Sr in ducks maintained on radioactive leaching ponds in southeastern Idaho

Author(s)
Markham, O. Doyle, Douglas K. Halford, Susan K. Rope and George B. Kuzo
Pages
517-524
Year
Volume
55
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
RADIONUCLIDES see citation table of mean concentrations of 6 radionuclides (238Pu, 239Pu, 241Am, 242Cm, 244Cm, 90Sr) in 6 mallard tissue types Not Reported Adult 7-15 leaching ponds, Test Reactor Area, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of dicofol on mallard eggshell quality

Author(s)
Bennett, Jewel K., Stephen E. Dominguez and William L. Griffis
Pages
907-912
Year
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DICOFOL increase @ 100 ug/g incidence of cracked and soft shelled eggs Female Adult 4-8/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
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