Mammals

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California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

Oxygen uptake of the California sea lion and harbour seal during exposure to heat

Author(s)
Matsuura, D. T. and G. C. Whittow
Pages
711-715
Year
Issue
3
Volume
225
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 403.7 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 30.9C. ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 3-4 yrs 36.0 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Growth Rate daily weight gain; range of means for 2 yrs g/d Female Pup 4-8/yr San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo
Citation:

The pinnipeds of the California current

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A. and Clifford H. Fiscus
Pages
68-78
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 100 kg Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 9 kg Not Reported Neonate Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

California sea lion distribution: A statistical analysis of aerial transect data

Author(s)
Bonnell, Michael L. and R. Glenn Ford
Pages
13-20
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density see citation maps of sea lion densities #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported southern California Bight Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 7.59 kg Female Pup 7 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5 d 0.289 SE
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate 4.2 initial defecation time hours Both Male and Female Adult 3 animals Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 years old Laboratory
Citation:

Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during steady-state swimming in California sea lions

Author(s)
Butler, P. J., A. J. Woakes, I.L. Boyd and S. Kanatous
Pages
35-42
Year
Volume
170
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 32.2 kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Studies on the biology of the California sea lion and the northern elephant seal on San Nicolas Island, California

Author(s)
Odell, Daniel Keith
Pages
p.147
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Territory Size 130 m2 Male Adult 24-25 males San Nicolas Island, CA Exposure Factor Datasets breeding

San Joaquin Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni)

Citation:

Natural history of the ground squirrels of California

Author(s)
Grinnel, J. and J.S. Dixon
Pages
597-708
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1 #/2 acres Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population density, census methods, habitat relationships, and home range of the San Joaquin Antelope squirrel, 1988-1989

Author(s)
Harris, John H. and Danielle M. Stearns
Pages
37
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Nongame Bird and Mammal Section
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 10.81 minimum convex polygon estimate, corrected for sample size bias, based on radiotelemetry and mark-release trapping ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 15 Elkhorn Plain Ecological Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo 12.53 SD

California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Citation:

Seasonal variation in body weight, fat, and behaviour of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Author(s)
Holekamp, Kay E. and Scott Nunes
Pages
1425-1433
Year
Issue
6
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 526 g Female Adult 233 University of California, Santa Cruz Campus ( elev., 120 m) [lat., 37^0W; long., 122^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz non-reproductive 6 SE
Body Weight - Mean 589 g Female Adult 41 University of California, Santa Cruz Campus ( elev., 120 m) [lat., 37^0W; long., 122^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz pregnant
Citation:

Natural history of the ground squirrels of California

Author(s)
Grinnel, J. and J.S. Dixon
Pages
597-708
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 696 g Male Adult 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 592 g Female Adult 10 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Circulating prolactin in free-living california ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Author(s)
Holekamp, Kay E., Scott Nunes, and Frank Talamantes
Pages
484-492
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Clutch or Litter Size 6.9 young/litter Female Adult 14 University of California, Santa Cruz Campus [lat., 37^oN; long., 122^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz primiparous
Time of Molt April; June; July Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported University of California, Santa Cruz Campus [lat., 37^oN; long., 122^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Citation:

Patterns of progesterone secretion in free-living California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Author(s)
Holekamp, K.E., S. Nunes and F. Talamantes
Pages
1051-1059
Year
Issue
5
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutches or Litters per year 1 litter/yr Female Adult 128 University of California, Santa Cruz Campus [lat., 37^oN; long., 122^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Citation:

The annual cycle of the California ground squirrel

Author(s)
Tomich, P. Quentin
Pages
213-282
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 528 referred to as "young males" g Male Juvenile 124 Davis and Dixon Exposure Factor Datasets Solano, Yolo 208.7
Body Weight - Mean 373 referred to as "young females" g Female Juvenile 115 Davis and Dixon Exposure Factor Datasets Solano, Yolo 150.5
Citation:

Energy requirements and diet of the California ground squirrel

Author(s)
Schitoskey, Frank, Jr. and Sarah R. Woodmansee
Pages
373-382
Year
Issue
2
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition see citation list of mean % of 25 items in monthly diets, based on stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 12-40/mo San Joaquin Experimental Range Exposure Factor Datasets Madera

Merriam's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami)

Citation:

Energy relationships of the mammals of a desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) community

Author(s)
Chew, Robert M. and Alice Eastlake Chew
Pages
1-20
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Male Adult Not Reported San Simon Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean g Female Adult Not Reported San Simon Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population Ecology of a desert rodent: Dipodomys merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert

Author(s)
Zeng, Zongyong and James H. Brown
Pages
1328-1340
Year
Issue
5
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.370 death rate per yr /yr Female Not Reported 354 Cave Creek Bajada, Cochise County (elev., 1330 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding of captive kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami and D. microps

Author(s)
Daly, M., Margo I. Wilson and P. Behrends
Pages
338-341
Year
Issue
2
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Female Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Aboveground activity of Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) in relation to sex and reproduction

Author(s)
Behrends, Philip, Martin Daly, Margo I. Wilson
Pages
210-226
Year
Issue
3-4
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean g Male Adult 10 Boyd Deep Canyon Reserve (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Citation:

Consumption of primary production by a population of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) in the Mojave desert

Author(s)
Soholt, Lars F.
Pages
357-376
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Fat (total or %) range of 4 seasonal means of fat content (% live weight) % Not Reported Not Reported 20-42/season Indian Cove, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Dispersal distance and the range of nightly movements in Merriam's kangaroo rats

Author(s)
Jones, Thomas W.
Pages
27-34
Year
Issue
1
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 61.5 median lifetime distance moved from home range center (from first to last capture) m Male Juvenile 16 Portal Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Life history notes on Merriam's kangaroo rat in southern Arizona

Author(s)
Reynolds, Hudson G.
Pages
48-58
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 4.0 (0); 10.0 (2 wks); 18.0 (4 wks); 24.0 (6 wks); 28.0 (8 wks); 31.0 (10 wks); 34.0 (12 wks); 36.0 (14 wks) body weights at various ages (0 - 14 wks) g Not Reported Juvenile 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 14 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Notes on home ranges and population density of two species of heteromyid rodents in southwestern Texas

Author(s)
York, Christopher L.
Pages
42-46
Year
Volume
1
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1 #/ 1.91 acres Female Adult Not Reported Presidio County Exposure Factor Datasets

Stephens' Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephensi)

Citation:

Growth and development of Dipodomys stephensi

Author(s)
Lackey, James A.
Pages
624-632
Year
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 30 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 16 Exposure Factor Datasets 22 d Laboratory
Citation:

Aggressive behavior of Dipodomys stephensi, an endangered species, and Dipodomys agilis, a sympatric congener

Author(s)
Bleich, Vernon C. and Mary V. Price
Pages
646-651
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 62.30 g Female Adult 5 captured 3 days prior at Lake Mathews, Riverside County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 2.40 SD Laboratory

Little Pocket Mouse (Perognathus longimembris)

Citation:

Seasonal reproductive patterns in five coexisting California desert rodent species

Author(s)
Kenagy, G. J. and George A. Bartholomew
Pages
371-397
Year
Issue
4
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - Mar. or Apr. Not Reported Adult Not Reported Owens Valley, Big Pine (lat., 37^o11'N) Exposure Factor Datasets Inyo
Citation:

Growth and development of the little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris

Author(s)
Hayden, P. and J.J. Gambino
Pages
187-197
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Growth Rate see citation figure of body weight at various ages (0 - 60 d) with calculated instantaneous growth rates g Not Reported Juvenile 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Citation:

Density cycles in an island population of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Drost, Charles A. and Gary M. Fellers
Pages
351-364
Year
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of means over 3 yrs in 2 habitat types g Female Adult Not Reported Santa Barbara Island [lat.,33^o29' N, long., 119^o02' W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Microhabitat segregation in two desert rodent species: the relation of prey availability to diet

Author(s)
Harris, John H.
Pages
417-421
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition ARTHROPODS (72-90% total) - Lepidoptera larvae (5-11); Coleoptera (7-8); June Beetles (0-3); Jerusalum crickets (0-19); Ants (0); Orthoptera (1); Spiders (1-2); Lygaeid bugs (56-83); Scorpions (0); Solfugids (0-1); Diptera (0-1); GREEN VEGETATION (0-3% total);SEEDS (10-25% total). % weight of prey in fecal pellets; range of mean values over 2 yrs % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 20-24 Mono Lake (elev., 2000m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Citation:

Food habits of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in northern Ontario

Author(s)
Martell, Arthur M. and A.L. MacAuley
Pages
319-324
Year
Issue
3
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition arthropods (53.4 %); fungi (9.5%); seeds (22.1%); berries (7.4%); chlorophyllous plant matter (3.0%); achlorophyllous plant matter (4.7%) % total volume of stomach contents. % Not Reported Not Reported 180 uncut and selectively cut forest, Manitouwadge, Ontario [lat., 49^o07'N; long., 85^o50'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 12.7 % Both Adults and Juveniles 47 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.45
Dietary Composition food Both Male and Female Adult 23 Blue Lake,
75 long., 95 lat. 		Exposure Factor Datasets 2 years Alpine breeding
Citation:

Resource allocation in some sympatric subalpine rodents

Author(s)
Vaughan, Terry A.
Pages
764-795
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of mean densities measured over 3 years #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Rabbit Ears Pass, subalpine meadows (3020 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Some rodent populations in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Storer, T.I., F.C. Evans and F.G. Palmer
Pages
166-192
Year
Issue
2
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of means for 4 trapping periods #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 trapping periods Bass Lake (elev., 4500 ft.) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A study of prairie deer mouse populations in southern Michigan

Author(s)
Blair, W. Frank
Pages
273-309
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 0.64 acres Female Juvenile 9 Edwin S. George Reserve, University of Michigan Exposure Factor Datasets 0.9
Citation:

Energetics of lactation in Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Millar, John S.
Pages
1015 - 1019
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 1.65 (1d); 2.37 (4d); 3.59 (7d); 4.81 (10d); 5.88 (13d); 6.70 (16d); 7.39 (19d); 8.40 (22d) mean body weights for young of different ages (1-22d) from litter sizes of 2-7 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 litters Exposure Factor Datasets 1 - 22d Laboratory
Citation:

Field populations of deermice with supplemental food

Author(s)
Fordham, R. A.
Pages
138-146
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean range of mean weights taken every 2 wks for 10 wks in control sites g Male Juvenile 1-9/time University of British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

The ecology of beach-dwelling Peromyscus maniculatus on the Pacific Coast

Author(s)
Marinelli Lui, and John S. Millar
Pages
412-417
Year
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.1 based on embryo counts #/litter Female Adult 11 Vancouver Island. [lat., 48 ^o, 50' N; long., 125^o, 15'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.34

Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris)

Citation:

A population study of the harvest mice (Reithrodontomys raviventris Dixon) in the Palo Alto Baylands Salt Marsh

Author(s)
Wondolleck, John T., William Zolan and Gary L. Stevens
Pages
52-64
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4 #/litter Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

California Vole (Microtus californicus)

Citation:

Spatial structuring and dispersal in a high density population of the California vole Microtus californicus

Author(s)
Heske, Edward J.
Pages
137-148
Year
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Home Range 68 estimated by minimum area polygon m2 Female Adult Not Reported Richmond Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa breeding
Citation:

Intraspecific litter size variation in Microtus californicus II. variation between populations

Author(s)
Krohne, David T.
Pages
1174-1182
Year
Issue
6
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.17 pups/litter Female Adult 220 captured in Sonoma County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Territoriality and mating system of California voles

Author(s)
Ostfeld, Richard S.
Pages
691-706
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range range in home range (minimum area probability, 0.95) over 2 yrs m2 Female Adult 7/yr Richmond Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Selenium accumulation in mammals exposed to contaminated California irrigation drainwater

Author(s)
Clark Jr., Donald R.
Pages
147-168
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4.2 pups/litter Female Adult 12 Volta Exposure Factor Datasets Merced
Citation:

Nutritional ecology of microtine rodents: digestibility of forage

Author(s)
Batzli, G. O., and F. Russell Cole
Pages
740-750
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 206 fed rabbit pellets for 21 d mg/g/d Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 28 d or older 6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Reproduction in a coastal California population of the field mouse, Microtus californicus

Author(s)
Greenwald, Gilbert S.
Pages
421-466
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.20 mean embryo number per female embryos/female Female Adult 154 San Francisco Bay, San Rafael Exposure Factor Datasets Marin 1.41 SD
Citation:

Demographic changes in fluctuating populations of Microtus californicus

Author(s)
Krebs, Charles J.
Pages
239-273
Year
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly means at 3 locations g Male Both Adults and Juveniles 9-169/mo and site Tilden Regional Park and Richmond Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets

Audubon's Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii)

Citation:

Selenium accumulation in mammals exposed to contaminated California irrigation drainwater

Author(s)
Clark Jr., Donald R.
Pages
147-168
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size young/litter Female Adult 2 Volta and Kesterson Exposure Factor Datasets Merced

Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani)

Citation:

Reproduction of the brush rabbit in California

Author(s)
Mossman, Archie S.
Pages
177-184
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean weight just prior to birth g Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Napa

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Food of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Hawbecker, Albert C.
Pages
499
Year
Issue
4
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Dipodomus ingens (17%), Dipodomys sp. (14%), D. heermanni (10%), Unident. rodents (6%), Oedaleonotus enigma (66%), Pocalta ursinus (5%), Coniontis sp. (1%), Stenopelmatus (9%), grass (74%) Percent occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 74 scats (1 den) 6 mi. east of Panoche Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito
Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density adult density #/260 ha Both Male and Female Adult 361 foxes Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Diet of the San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on Naval Petroleum Reserve #1, Kern County, California, 1980-1984

Author(s)
Scrivner, Jerry H., Thomas P. O'Farrell and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
26
Publisher
EG&G Energy Measurements, EGG 10282-2168
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition lagomorphs (73.3%), kangaroo rats (13.1%), San Joaquin antelope ground squirrel (2.9%), San Joaquin kit fox (2.8%), Cricetidinae (1.3%), Heteromyidae (0.8%), San Joaquin pocket mouse (0.7%), California ground squirrel (0.6%), southern grasshopper mouse (0.5%), sheep (0.5%), Botta pocket gopher (0.3%), birds (1.4%), snakes (1.2%), lizards (0.1%), grasshoppers and crickets (6.2%), beetles (1.0%), arthropods (0.2%), grass (1.7%), soluble material (5.2%), other (9.1%) frequency of occurrence of food items found in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1430 scats Naval Petroleum Reserve #1 Exposure Factor Datasets Kern

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 175 average daily consumption in captivity g/day Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. artemisiae)

Citation:

Ecological notes on deer mice in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

Author(s)
Clark, Tim W.
Pages
14-16
Year
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.2 based on embryo counts #/litter Female Adult 9 Grand Teton National Park Exposure Factor Datasets

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. bairdii)

Citation:

Energetics of the prairie deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii

Author(s)
Morris, John G. and S. Charles Kendeigh
Pages
368-76
Year
Issue
2
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Body Fat (total or %) 10.6 fat as % of total body weight % Both Male and Female Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets winter-acclimatized Laboratory
Citation:

Reproduction by Peromyscus maniculatus: size and compromise

Author(s)
Myers, Philip and Lawrence L. Master
Pages
1-18
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Survival/ Mortality mortality; neonate to weanling period % Both Male and Female Weanling 368 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Development and growth of the prarie deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii

Author(s)
Svihla, Arthur
Pages
109-115
Year
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 1.62 g Not Reported Neonate 39 Exposure Factor Datasets 0 d 0.13 Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. borealis)

Citation:

Life cycle characteristics of northern Peromyscus maniculatus borealis

Author(s)
Millar, J.S.
Pages
510-515
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 21.4 average weaning age. d Both Male and Female Juvenile 136 Original pairs trapped at Heart Lake, Northwest Territories Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Demographic and life cycle characteristics of montane deer mice

Author(s)
Millar, John S. and Duncan G. Innes
Pages
574-585
Year
Issue
3
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.25 #/litter Female Adult 102 Kananaskis Valley, Alberta [lat., 51 N] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.09 SE
Citation:

The annual lipid cycle in a montane population of Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Millar, John S. and Jim O. Schieck
Pages
1981 - 1985
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Fat (total or %) relative fat content (arcsine ratio of fat:fat-free dry weight); range of means for males and females at different ages and breeding status Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 28 - 242/group Kananaskis Valley, Alberta [lat., 51^oN; long., 115^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. gambelii)

Citation:

Seasonal activity and feeding patterns in a population of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii)

Author(s)
Seabloom, Robert W., Robert G. Schwab and Susan C. Loeb
Pages
2238-2243
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Food Ingestion Rate 0.16 mean dry stomach content mass g Male Juvenile 57 Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (1230 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Siskiyou 0.02 SE

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. gracilis)

Citation:

The rate of metabolism of some small mammals

Author(s)
Pearson, Oliver P.
Pages
127-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.6 24 hr average oxygen consumption, average body weight 22.3 g, also reported as 416 cal/kg/d cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. nebrascensis)

Citation:

Life cycle characteristics of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis

Author(s)
Millar, John S.
Pages
1280-1284
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 1.95 g Not Reported Neonate 257 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.02 SE Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. nubiterrae)

Citation:

Food habits of sympatric Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Wolff, Jerry O., Raymond D. Dueser, and Kendell S. Berry
Pages
795-798
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Arthropods (56.0 +/- 4.00% SE), Lepidopteran larvae (3.8 +/- 1.30% SE), Lepidopteran adults (3.4 +/- 1.31% SE), Fruit (24.5 +/-4.24% SE), Green vegetation (4.7 +/- 1.14% SE), Fungi (7.2 +/- 2.60% SE), Nuts/Seeds (0.0 +/- 0.0% SE), Unknown (0.8 +/- 0.41% SE) Mean percentage frequency of occurrence of each item in stomach contents Not Reported 40 Mountain Lake Biological Station, Giles Co. Exposure Factor Datasets

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. sonoriensis)

Citation:

The skin and respiratory water losses of Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis

Author(s)
Chew, Robert M.
Pages
463-467
Year
Issue
3
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 6 groups g Not Reported Adult 11/group Mice trapped near Palmdale, Los Angeles County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Metabolic rate and its temperature-adaptive significance in six geographic races of Peromyscus

Author(s)
Hayward, J. S.
Pages
309-323
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate MR = 8.911 - 0.236T equation relating metabolic rate (MR, cc O2/g/hr) to ambient temperature (0-27C) cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Audubon's Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii ssp. audubonii)

Citation:

Natural history observations on the Audubon cottontail

Author(s)
Ingles, Lloyd G.
Pages
227-250
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity 19 longest life span recorded mo Both Male and Female Adult 29 Sacramento Valley, Durham Exposure Factor Datasets

Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani ssp. ubericolor)

Citation:

Orientation and homing of the brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani)

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A.
Pages
686-699
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 108.5 mean and range of one standard diameter, home range estimated by "center of activity" method ft Female Adult 24 E.E. Wilson Game Management Area, Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets 55.3 SD

Ornate Shrew (Sorex ornatus)

Citation:

Minimum and maximum metabolic rates of Sorex sinuosus

Author(s)
Newman, James R. and Robert L. Rudd
Pages
371-380
Year
Volume
23
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate range of mean minimal metabolic rates at 20C cc O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 9-22/season captured at Suisun and San Pablo Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Citation:

Behavioral and ecological aspects of gleaning by a desert insectivorous bat, Antrozous pallidus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

Author(s)
Bell, G.P.
Pages
217-223
Year
Issue
3
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Foraging Distance 3 max. distance travelled from roost during foraging km Not Reported Adult 150 bats Exposure Factor Datasets breeding MEXICO
Citation:

Nocturnal and seasonal activities of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus

Author(s)
O'Shea, Thomas J. and Terry A. Vaughn
Pages
269-284
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal August juvenile dispersal Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Camp Verde, Yavapai County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus (LeConte)

Author(s)
Orr, Robert T.
Pages
165-246
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 young Female Adult 28 bats Exposure Factor Datasets Kern, San Luis Obispo

Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Coyote, Canis latrans, ecology in a rural-urban environment

Author(s)
Atkinson, K.T. and D.M. Shackleton
Pages
49-54
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. - May Female Adult 10 litters Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
174-181
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.87 mean annual survival rate Both Male and Female Adult 52 Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets > 2yrs
Citation:

Coyote food habits in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California

Author(s)
Hawthorne, Vernon M.
Pages
4-12
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mule deer (8.7%); cattle (4.4%); sheep (17.4%); coyote (8.7%); Microtus sp. (56.5%); Eutamias (13%); Thomomys sp. (8.7%); Marmota flaviventris (4.4%); Citellus beldingi (4.4%); Erethizon dorsatum (8.7%); song birds (21.7%); grasshoppers (13.0%); other insects (34.8%); pine and fir needles (30.4%); grass (56.5%); other vegetable matter (13.2%) % of scats containing food item % Both Male and Female Juvenile 23 scats Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits and average weights of a fall-winter sample of eastern coyotes, Canis latrans

Author(s)
Moore, Gary C. and John S. Millar
Pages
105-106
Year
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition snowshoe hare (31.7%); white-tailed deer (24.5%); plants (20.4%); small mammals (14.3%); non-edibles (13.2%); large birds (6.0%); porcupine (4.9%); Canis spp. (2.6%); carrion (1.9%); small birds (1.9%); apple (1.9%); human garbage (1.5%); moose (1.5%); feces (1.1); sheep (1.1%); cattle (0.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items identified from stomach contents % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 265 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Coyote diets, five years later, at Cuyamaca Rancho State Park

Author(s)
Weintraub, Joel D.
Pages
152-157
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Scapanus latimanus (3%); Spermophilus beechyi (24%); Thomomys bottae (64%); Reithrodontomys megalotis (4%); Peromyscus sp. (19%); Neotoma spp. (4%); Microtus californicus (32%); Odocoileus hemionus (41%); birds (6%); reptiles (12%); arthropods (47%); vegetation (33%) % occurrence of major food items (>1%) in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 223 scats East Mesa, Cuyamaca Rancho State Park (elev., 1525 m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Diego
Citation:

Dispersal, daily activity, and home range of coyotes in southeastern Idaho

Author(s)
Woodruff, Roger A. and Barry L. Keller
Pages
199-207
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 29.3 estimated by modified minimum area method km2 Female Adult 4 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets 2.4 SE
Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in Iowa

Author(s)
Andrews, Ronald D. and Edward K. Boggess
Pages
249-265
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Apr. breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote morphometric characteristics and mass dynamics in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L.
Pages
360-365
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 9.9 kg Female Pup 13 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets <1yr Kern 0.4 SE
Citation:

Relationships among coyote food habits, prey populations, and habitat use

Author(s)
Reichel, James D.
Pages
133-137
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition voles (40.8%); deer mice (2.4%); other rodents (14.1%); deer (24.4%); pronghorn (1.8%); other ungulates (7.3%); lagomorphs (2.4%); other mammals (7.4%); birds and eggs (19.5%); reptiles and amphibians (6.1%); seeds and fruit (30.5%); insects (30.5%); unknown (1.8%) % frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 164 National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in central Alberta, 1964-1968

Author(s)
Nellis, Carl H. and Lloyd B. Keith
Pages
389-399
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal Oct. dispersal Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Diets of three predators at Concord Naval Weapons Station, Contra Costa County, California

Author(s)
Kuenzi, Amy J., Marylisa Lynch, Dirk Van Vuren, Ivette Loredo and Michael L. Morrison
Pages
64-67
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Mammals: Spermophilus beecheyi (57%); Microtus californicus (19%); Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis (29%); Lepus californicus (29%); Thomomys bottae (19%); Birds (5%); Insects (10%); Seeds and berries (10%); Herbaceous vegetation (14%) % of scats containing each prey item % Not Reported Not Reported 21 Concord Naval Weapons Station Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa

Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)

Citation:

Breeding habits of captive long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)

Author(s)
Wright, Philip L.
Pages
338-344
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - Aug. Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Winter and spring habits of weasels in central Iowa

Author(s)
Polderboer, Emmett B., Lee W. Kuhn and George O. Hendrickson
Pages
115-119
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 25 average distance traveled from den in one night rods Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Ames Exposure Factor Datasets

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Population characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K. and David W. Kuehn
Pages
813-815
Year
Issue
4
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 placental scars Female Both Adults and Juveniles 5 animals Exposure Factor Datasets 1-1.5 years 0.65 SE
Citation:

Seasonal food of skunks in New York

Author(s)
Hamilton, W. J.
Pages
240-246
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Fruit 26.7; mammals 19.6; insects 6.8; grasses, leaves, buds 10.8; Carrion 13.5; grains, nuts 11.3; garbage 6.8; earthworms 0.9; birds 1.9; reptiles, amphibians 1.4; crustaceans 0.3; mollusks trace % by bulk; stomach analysis % 1067 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population characteristics and movements of striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) in central Alberta

Author(s)
Bjorge, Ronald R., John R. Gunson and William M. Samuel
Pages
149-155
Year
Issue
2
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 1970 home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures m Female Adult 30 females Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 170 SE
Citation:

Captive striped skunk produces two litters

Author(s)
Shadle Albert R.
Pages
388-389
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Sexual Maturity 10 months Female Adult 1 female Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Biology of the striped skunk

Author(s)
Verts, B. J.
Pages
182
Publisher
University of Illinois Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.4 lb Female Adult 82 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Autumn movement and home range of sea otters in California

Author(s)
Ribic, Christine A.
Pages
795-801
Year
Issue
3
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Home Range 6.8 km^2 Female Adult 4 Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets Residents 2.3 SD
Citation:

Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey, California

Author(s)
Loughlin, T.R.
Year
Issue
3
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 44 Home range for non-territorial males ha Male Adult 7 Monterey Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey 13.36 SE
Citation:

Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: Influence of population status on community structure

Author(s)
Estes, James A., Ronald J. Jameson, and Elaine B. Rhodes
Pages
242-258
Year
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations Not Reported Not Reported 425-584 dives/location Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality annual mortality over two years estimated from carcass searches on beaches % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1 population (1076 otters) Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
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