Birds

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American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.1 fledged/active nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 36 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Mating/ Laying May 22 median date of laying Female Adult 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Gessaman, J.A. and S.M. Harden
Pages
56-57
Year
Issue
1
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 8.51 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Female Adult 13 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 2.00 SE
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (57%), insect (42%), other (1%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 59 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (43%), insect (51%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 71 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals mi^2 Not Reported Adult 8 birds Superior Township Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

A winter population study of the American kestrel in central Ohio

Author(s)
Mills, G. Scott
Pages
241-247
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density individuals per 52 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported southcentral area, agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets wintering
Citation:

Premigratory fat in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
625-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Fat (total or %) mean percent body fat as measured by fat extraction from April to September % Male Adult 14 Cache county Exposure Factor Datasets premigratory
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 11-07 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 1832 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in a cold desert ecosystem

Author(s)
Howe, Frank P. and Lester D. Flake
Pages
467-472
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0.02 density of nests nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 15 plots Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 75% proportion of active nests that fledged young Both Male and Female Adult 24 nests Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive success of mourning doves near a nuclear generating plant

Author(s)
Faanes, Craig A.
Pages
201-204
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 49.4% proportion of active nests that successfully fledged young Both Male and Female Fledgling 524 nests Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.8 mean number of young fledged per successful nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 358 nests Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Crop milk and clutch size in mourning doves

Author(s)
Blockstein, David E.
Pages
11-25
Year
Issue
1
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2 clutch size in 97.2% of observed nests Female Adult 1203 nests J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate see figures growth rates of nestling weight, body length, wing chord, tail length, 6th primary Both Male and Female Nestling 178 birds J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Author(s)
Mirarchi, Ralph E. and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
1-32
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

An eleven-year summary of mourning dove observations in the west

Author(s)
McClure, H. Elliott
Pages
335-346
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Hatching Success 67.1% percent of eggs laid that hatched % Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.87 average number of fledglings per successful nest fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 185 successful nests near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Nesting habits of the mourning dove in Alabama

Author(s)
Pearson, Allen M. and George C. Moore
Pages
468-473
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Not Reported Fledgling 136 nests near Auburn Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Texas

Author(s)
Swank, Wendell G.
Pages
495-505
Year
Issue
3
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting March-September period of active nesting Both Male and Female Adult 648 nests Texas A&M College campus Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 165 peak monthly nesting density in study area nests/81 acres Both Male and Female Adult 648 nests Texas A&M College campus Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Fall-winter habitat use and food habits of doves in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Lewis, James C., John A. Morrison, Victor J. Heller and John W. Ault
Pages
678-690
Year
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Foraging Distance distance flown from night roosts to feeding sites km Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Jackson County (elev. 430 m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Artificial burrows provide new insight into burrowing owl nesting biology

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J. and Lawrence J. Blus
Pages
82-85
Year
Issue
3
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 4 burrows Umatillo and Morrow counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success based on number of young observed at burrow % Both Male and Female Hatchling 4 burrows Umatillo and Morrow counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sexual size dimorphism, mate choice, and productivity of burrowing owls

Author(s)
Plumpton, David L and R. Scott Lutz
Pages
724-727
Year
Issue
3
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.38 mean productivity chicks/nesting territory Both Male and Female Adult 33 nests Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis September period by which fledging is complete Both Male and Female Adult 18 birds Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammals (18.9%), birds (3.9%), insects (29.9%), vegetation (71.3%) mean percent occurrence in pellets Both Male and Female Not Reported 209 pellets Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Age at Sexual Maturity review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

The effect of burrow site use on the reproductive success of a partially migratory population of western burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea)

Author(s)
Botelho, Eugene S., and Patricia C. Arrowood
Pages
233-240
Year
Issue
3
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.5 mean fledging rate in artificial burrows fledglings/nest Not Reported Juvenile 8 clutches, 66 eggs New Mexico State University Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SE
Hatching Success 2.2 mean hatching success in natural burrows eggs hatched/eggs laid Not Reported Juvenile 59 nests New Mexico State University Exposure Factor Datasets 1.9 SE
Citation:

Nest site characteristics and reproductive success of burrowing owls (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Durango, Mexico

Author(s)
Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
143-148
Year
Issue
1
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density nesting density based on nearest-neighbor test pairs/km2 Both Male and Female Adult 23-29 pairs Mapimf Biosphere Reserve, Durango (1,000-1,350 m) Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Metabolic rates of red-tailed hawks and great horned owls

Author(s)
Pakpahan, Ani M., Jonathon B. Haufler and Harold H. Prince
Pages
1000-1002
Year
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 1,229 mean body weight g Male Adult 4 birds Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 106 Laboratory
Citation:

Great horned owl food habits at Mono Lake, California

Author(s)
Aigner, Paul A., Michael L. Morrison, Linnea S. Hall, and William M. Block
Pages
286-288
Year
Issue
3
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Lepus californicus (0.2%), Sylvilagus spp. (6.0%), unident. lagomorphs (1.7%), Peromyscus maniculatus (69.2%), Microtus monatus (0.7%), Dipodomys spp. (0.6%), unident. rodents (0.4%), Myotis spp. (1.1%), unident. chiropteran (0.2%), unident. mammal (3.9%), Larus californicus (1.3%), unident. large bird (7.1%), unident. medium bird (1.1%), unident. small bird (0.9%), unident. vertebrate (4.3%), insects (1.5%) percent occurence of prey items in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 188 pellets, 536 remains Negit Island, Mono Lake Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Citation:

The nesting, reproductive performance, and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl in south-central Montana

Author(s)
Seidensticker, John C. and Harry V. Reynolds
Pages
408-418
Year
Issue
4
Volume
83
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 64% percent of nests known to fledge young Not Reported Fledgling 11 nests south-central Montana Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 100% percent of eggs hatched in nests that produced young Not Reported Nestling 11 nests south-central Montana Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of the horned and barn owls

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
222
Year
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Neotoma fuscipes (7.9%), Thomomys bottae (20.7%), Mus musculus (25.0%), Microtus californicus (14.9%), Reithrodontomys megalotis (1.7%), Perognathus sp. (4.1%), Dipodomys agilis (4.3%), Peromyscus sp. (3.8%), Notiosorex crawfordi (0.3%), Sylvilagus sp. (0.8%), Sorex ornatus (0.1%), Scapanus latimanus (0.7%), Stenopelmatus sp (2.1%), Elgaria multicarinata (0.1%), unident. birds (4.3%) percent of total number of specimens identified in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 25 lbs of pellets Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles campus Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Dietary Composition Neotoma fuscipes (11.3), Thomomys bottae (36.2), Mus musculus (14.0), Microtus californicus (13.5), Reithrodontomys megalotis (8.7), Perognathus sp. (7.8), Dipodomys agilis (3.1), Peromyscus sp. (3.1), Notiosorex crawfordi (1.3), Sylvilagus sp. (0.5), Sorex ornatus (0.5) percent of total number of specimens identified in pellets Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains (1 ledge) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A banding study of Cincinnati area great horned owls

Author(s)
Holt, John B., Jr.
Pages
194-197
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1-4 brood size at the time of banding young/nest Not Reported Juvenile 906 nests near Cincinnati Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 47.3% percent of nests with at least one young surviving to banding age (of all pairs observed) Not Reported Juvenile 1777 territories near Cincinnati Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss of Mexican spotted and great horned owls

Author(s)
Ganey, Joseph L., Russell P. Balda, and Rudy M. King
Pages
645-656
Year
Issue
4
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.59 average basal metabolic rate cc O^2/g bw/hr Not Reported Adult 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets postabsorptive Laboratory
Citation:

Predation ecology of coexisting great horned and barn owls

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G.
Pages
134-137
Year
Issue
1
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Microtus (66.7%), Peromyscus (27.6%), Dipodomys (1.1%), Sylvilagus (0.3%), Euphagus cyanocephalus (0.3%), Sorex (0.2%), Tadarida brasiliensis (0.2%), Mustela frenata (0.2%), unident. bird (1.4%), unident. small mammal (0.7%), insect (1.3%) percent occurence of prey items in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 107 pellets Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Siskiyou

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Comparative reproductive success of yellow-shafted, red-shafted and hybrid flickers across a hybrid zone

Author(s)
Moore, William S. and Walter D. Koenig
Pages
42-51
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch sizes measured among auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers eggs/clutch Female Adult 10-32 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success range of mean brood to clutch size ratios measured among male and female auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers Both Male and Female Adult 4-42 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
218-225
Year
Issue
2
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting mid-April to early May time of nest excavation starts Both Male and Female Adult 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis mid-June to late July Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 30 time by which first eggs hatched Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July 15-August 13 dates on which first and last young fledged Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Citation:

Feeding-time minimization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Author(s)
Prescott, David R.C. and Alex L.A. Middleton
Pages
17-28
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries Error
Territory Size 3,009 mean territory size based on observed perch sites and territorial disputes m^2 Male Adult 61 observation periods Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding CANADA 153 SE
Dietary Composition Mollusca (4), Arachnida (19), Isopoda (4), Orthoptera (15), Hemiptera (56), Coleoptera (7), Lepidoptera adult (20), Lepidoptera larvae (10), Diptera adult (188), Hymenoptera adult (9), Hymenoptera larvae (1) numbers of food items delivered to nestlings fitted with neck ligatures Not Reported Nestling 333 food items collected Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

The energetic significance of huddling behavior in common bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus)

Author(s)
Chaplin, Susan B.
Pages
424-430
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 5.5 mean body weight g Not Reported Adult 6 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 SE Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 35.17 consumption of mealworms at 20 deg C kJ/d Not Reported Adult 6 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 1.26 SE Laboratory

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 64.0 estimated probability of an egg surviving to hatch in pasture areas % Not Reported Embryo 25 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 30.1 SD
Survival/ Mortality 67.0 estimated probability of a nestling surviving to fledge in fenceline areas % Not Reported Nestling 39 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 1.8 SD
Citation:

Nest ecology, productivity, and growth of the loggerhead shrike on the shortgrass prairie

Author(s)
Porter, David K., Mark A. Strong, J. Brent Giezentanner and Ronald A. Ryder
Pages
429-436
Year
Issue
4
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.39 average clutch size, 4 years eggs/clutch Female Adult 77 pairs Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 16 incubation period d Not Reported Embryo 330 hatched eggs Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 64 overall nestling survival rate % Not Reported Nestling 90 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 46 calculated probability of survival of any nest from incubation onset to end of fledging % Not Reported Fledgling 109 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Resource dependence and territory size in loggehead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
465-469
Year
Issue
2
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Hatching Success 33.8 percent of eggs that produced hatchlings by the day after the first hatch % Not Reported Hatchling 24 clutches Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets 47.6 SD
Body Weight - Mean 33.0 mean body weight of 10 day old nestlings g Not Reported Nestling 18 nestlings Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets 2.6 SD
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Age at Sexual Maturity review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the bell vireo in southern Indiana

Author(s)
Nolan, Val, Jr.
Pages
225-244
Year
Issue
4
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Weight - Mean g Male Adult 3 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets feeding young
Body Weight - Mean g Female Adult 4 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets feeding young

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows Part II: Density, Age Structure, and Maintanance

Author(s)
Johnston, Richard F.
Pages
254-272
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Population Density pairs/100 acres Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa breeding
Citation:

Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M
Pages
154-172
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 10.1 number of eggs fertilized Female Adult, Both Adults and Juveniles 96 males Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.97
Citation:

Survival and mobility in a population of pacific coast song sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldii)

Author(s)
Halliburton, Richard and Richard L. Mewaldt
Pages
499-504
Year
Issue
4
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 125 median m Male Adult nr Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Postnuptial motl of the song sparrow on Mandarte Island in relation to breeding

Author(s)
Dhondt, Andre A. and James N. M. Smith
Pages
513-520
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Molt June-September Both Male and Female Adult 69 Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

A determination of the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California

Author(s)
Bryant, Harold C.
Pages
377-510
Year
Issue
14
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting Mar-Aug length of nesting period Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population estimates of breeding birds in North Dakota

Author(s)
Stewart, Robert E., and Harold A. Kantrud
Pages
766-788
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 28.43 (96) mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Nesting ecology and production of western grebes at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark L. and Jessop B. Low
Pages
66-70
Year
Issue
1
Volume
84
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 21% percent of nests located in emergent vegetationin which at least one chick hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 221 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.16 mean clutch size eggs Female Juvenile 37 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The gaseous metabolism of large wild birds under aviary life

Author(s)
Benedict, Francis G., and Edward L. Fox
Pages
511-534
Publisher
American Philosophical Society
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 75 average basal metabolism (heat production) cal/kg/d Not Reported Adult 1 bird (3 measurements) Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Food Ingestion Rate see figure estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) kcal/bird/day Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 17-08 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 4174 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Measurements of wintering double-crested cormorants and discriminant models of sex

Author(s)
Glahn, James F., and R. Barry McCoy
Pages
299-304
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2498.1 body weight g Male Adult 160 Exposure Factor Datasets 16.0 SE

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,280 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets basic plumage, prespring migration departure 13 SE
Citation:

Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota

Author(s)
Swanson, George A., Mavis I. Meyer, and Vyto A. Adomaitis
Pages
197-203
Year
Issue
1
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Total animal, 37.6: Gastropoda, 6.3; Insecta, 16.8; Crustacea, 11.3.
Total plant, 62.4: Seeds, 56.4; vegetation, 6.0; roots and tubers, 4.1. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Male Not Reported 39 drift prairie and missouri Coteau of south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season
Citation:

Weights of wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and blue-winged teal A. discors during the breeding season

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Douglas H. Johnson and David E. Sharp
Pages
122-130
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 1206 g Male Adult 660 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Fat (total or %) 72.4 g lipid Female Adult Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 44.2 SD
Citation:

Spring and summer survival of female mallards from northcentral Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E. and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
38-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April 15 (begin) - May 20 (end) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Chippewa National Forest, east of Bemidji Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.3 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 227 Northeastern California Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 56 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Adult Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Repeatability of wing molt timing of mallards in relation to breeding

Author(s)
Leafloor, James O. and Bruce D.J. Batt
Pages
2620-2624
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Molt July 21-27 mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) Male Adult 126 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Distribution and survival of mallards banded at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Author(s)
Jarvis, Robert L., and Sean B. Furniss
Pages
292-301
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.377 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Male Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.046 (SE)
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (25.3%), fauna (74.7%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 13-18 d
Citation:

Growth and energy consumption by captive mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G., E.A. Driver and Michael C.S. Kingsley
Pages
1567-1570
Issue
8
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Growth Rate 195 maximum growth rate based on body weight g/wk Female Juvenile 72 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate of an unrestrained domestic mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus

Author(s)
Smith, E. Norbert, Connie Peterson, and Kenneth Thigpen
Pages
19-20
Year
Volume
54A
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 34.9 respiration rate during darkness breaths/min Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets unrestrained 1.29 SE Laboratory

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

Body water and water flux in fresh water and sea-water acclimated clapper rails, Rallus longirostris

Author(s)
Hammons, Ralph L., Maryanne R. Hughes and Ralph R. Moldenhauer
Pages
539-541
Year
Issue
3
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 279.7 mean body weight in sea-water acclimated birds g Not Reported Adult 16 High Island, Chambers Co. Exposure Factor Datasets 6.9

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 43.1 mean body weight g Male Adult 154 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 2.8 SD

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 31.3 estimated breeding density in asphalt area habitat (32 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Post-fledging departure from colonies by juvenile Least Terns in Texas: implications for estimating production

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C., and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
2
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 76.8 estimated survival rate of banded juveniles % Not Reported Fledgling Not Reported Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 2SE

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 12-03 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 321 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Ecology of the peregrine falcon in northeastern Mexico

Author(s)
Lanning, Dirk V., Peter W. Lawson and W. Grainger Hunt
Pages
377-388
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success 1.8 average over 4 yr study period young/successful nesting Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.21 eggs/nest Female Adult 24 nests Southern Germany Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Hatching Success 87% ratio of total eggs hatched to total eggs produced % Both Male and Female Hatchling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
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