Aquatic birds

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Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Food use by migratory female mallards in northwest Missouri

Author(s)
Gruenhagen, Ned. M. and Leigh H. Fredrickson
Pages
622-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition plant (82.9-98.4%), and invertebrates (1.6-17.1%) ranges of mean aggregate percent dry mass (stomach contents of ducks from different habitats) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 123 Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The fasting metabolism of subadult mallards acclimatized to low ambient temperatures

Author(s)
Smith, Kirtland G. and Harold H. Prince
Pages
330-335
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate y = 1.780 - 0.052x (r-squared = 0.882) metabolic rate (ml O^2/g/h)-ambient temperature (celcius) relationship Female Juvenile 20 Exposure Factor Datasets 7 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (10.5%), fauna (89.5%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 7-12 d
Dietary Composition flora (25.3%), fauna (74.7%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 13-18 d
Dietary Composition flora (50.6%), fauna (49.4%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 19-25 d
Dietary Composition flora (71%), fauna (29%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 26-35 d
Citation:

Growth and energy consumption by captive mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G., E.A. Driver and Michael C.S. Kingsley
Pages
1567-1570
Issue
8
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Growth Rate 222 maximum growth rate based on body weight g/wk Male Juvenile 63 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Growth Rate 195 maximum growth rate based on body weight g/wk Female Juvenile 72 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 376.2 food intake of 8 week old mallards g/wk Both Male and Female Juvenile 15 Exposure Factor Datasets 25.6 (SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 191 metabolized energy in 8 week old mallards kcal/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 15 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate of an unrestrained domestic mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus

Author(s)
Smith, E. Norbert, Connie Peterson, and Kenneth Thigpen
Pages
19-20
Year
Volume
54A
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 30.1 respiration rate during darkness breaths/min Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets unrestrained 0.76 SE Laboratory
Inhalation Rate 34.9 respiration rate during darkness breaths/min Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets unrestrained 1.29 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,280 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets basic plumage, prespring migration departure 13 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 65 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets middle prealternate molt 14 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 104 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 17 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets late prealternate molt 10 SE
Citation:

Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota

Author(s)
Swanson, George A., Mavis I. Meyer, and Vyto A. Adomaitis
Pages
197-203
Year
Issue
1
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Total animal, 37.6: Gastropoda, 6.3; Insecta, 16.8; Crustacea, 11.3.
Total plant, 62.4: Seeds, 56.4; vegetation, 6.0; roots and tubers, 4.1. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Male Not Reported 39 drift prairie and missouri Coteau of south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season
Dietary Composition Total animal, 37.0: Gastropoda, 4.5; Insecta, 22.6; Crustacea, 7.5.
Total plant, 63.0: Seeds, 58.5; vegetation, 4.5; roots and tubers, 3.9. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Female Not Reported 41 drift prairie and Missouri Coteau in south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season, nonlaying female
Dietary Composition Total animal, 71.9: Gastropoda, 16.4; Insecta, 27.1; Crustacea, 12.9, Oligochaeta, 11.8.
Total plant, 28.1; seeds, 24.8; vegetation 3.3; roots and tubers, 2.8. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Female Not Reported 37 drift praire and Missouri Coteau in south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season, laying female
Citation:

Weights of wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and blue-winged teal A. discors during the breeding season

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Douglas H. Johnson and David E. Sharp
Pages
122-130
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 1206 g Male Adult 660 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Fat (total or %) 72.4 g lipid Female Adult Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 44.2 SD
Body Fat (total or %) 55.0 g lipid Female Yearling Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 39.7 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 9.3 eggs Female Yearling 7 nests prairie pothole region in North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Citation:

Spring and summer survival of female mallards from northcentral Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E. and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
38-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April 15 (begin) - May 20 (end) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Chippewa National Forest, east of Bemidji Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Molt August 8 (begin) - September 2 (end) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Chippewa National Forest, east of Bemidji, Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 8.3 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 227 Northeastern California Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 20.8 See table 2, p.99, for more detailed means. breeding pairs/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SE
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 56 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Adult Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 47 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Male Juvenile Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 46 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Juvenile Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Repeatability of wing molt timing of mallards in relation to breeding

Author(s)
Leafloor, James O. and Bruce D.J. Batt
Pages
2620-2624
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Molt July 21-27 mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) Male Adult 126 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Time of Molt July 30-August 10 mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) Female Adult 131 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Distribution and survival of mallards banded at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Author(s)
Jarvis, Robert L., and Sean B. Furniss
Pages
292-301
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.377 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Male Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.046 (SE)
Survival/ Mortality 0.628 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Male Adult Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.035 (SE)
Survival/ Mortality 0.569 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Female Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.105 (SE)
Citation:

Duck nesting in fields of undisturbed grass-legume cover

Author(s)
Duebbert, H.F. and J.T. Lokemoen
Pages
39-49
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.6 eggs Female Adult 100 western Edmunds Co., South Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 76.6 nests/km2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported western edge of Edmunds Co., South Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population estimates of breeding birds in North Dakota

Author(s)
Stewart, Robert E., and Harold A. Kantrud
Pages
766-788
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 6.71 (40) mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Feeding ecology of mallards wintering in Nebraska

Author(s)
Jorde, Dennis G., Gary L. Krapu and Richard D. Crawford
Pages
1044-1053
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Foraging Distance 3.8 foraging distance in grazed corn stubble; for foraging distance over other types of terrain, see table 3, p. 1050 km Not Reported Not Reported 66 Platte River between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets 0.4 SE
Citation:

Impacts of changing irrigation practices on waterfowl habitat use in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Barnum, D.A. and N.H. Euliss, Jr.
Pages
10-21
Year
Issue
1
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 1.0 For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported not reported Tulare Basin, Kern National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets wintering birds
Citation:

The Central, Imperial, and Coachella Valleys of California

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E., Daniel P. Connelly, and Roger L. Pederson
Pages
475-505
Publisher
Texas Tech University Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 314,712 mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The length of incubation in relation to nest initiation date and clutch size in dabbling ducks

Author(s)
Feldheim, Cliff L.
Pages
997-1001
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 24.5 mean incubation period d Female Adult 66 nests near Devil's Lake (48deg10'N, 98deg90'W) Exposure Factor Datasets 4.1 2SD

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Diet of nesting killdeer in North Dakota

Author(s)
Fair, Jeanne M., Patricia L. Kennedy and Lowell C. McEwen
Pages
174-178
Year
Issue
1
Volume
107
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Acrididae (25.6%), Carabidae (26.2%), Tenebrionidae (8.5%), Curculionidae (7.1%), Scarabaeidae (6.8%), Hydrophilidae (1.3%), Chrysomelidae (1.1%), coleoptera larvae (9.7%), Syrphidae (3.3%), Sarcophagidae (1.9%), Muscidae (0.2%), lepidoptera larvae (0.5%), Formicidae (2.4%), Trichoptera (0.7%), Gastropoda (0.4%), Plant material (0.2%) occurence of dietary items as percent of total gut contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 72 birds McHenry and Billings Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 33.3 estimated breeding density in open field habitat (24 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 31.3 estimated breeding density in asphalt area habitat (32 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 30.2 estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Molt-breeding overlap and timing of pre-basic molt in Texas least terns

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C. and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
187-190
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Molt May-Jul timing of primary molt Not Reported Adult 190 birds coastal areas Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Molt mid/late Jul-Sep timing of pre-basic molt Not Reported Adult Not Reported coastal areas Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Post-fledging departure from colonies by juvenile Least Terns in Texas: implications for estimating production

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C., and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
2
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 76.8 estimated survival rate of banded juveniles % Not Reported Fledgling Not Reported Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 2SE
Fledging or Weaning Rate estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies fledglings/breeding pairs Not Reported Fledgling 26-140 pairs/colony Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets

Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. levipes)

Citation:

Nesting habitat of the light-footed clapper rail in southern California

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W., Richard Zembal and Paul D. Jorgensen
Pages
67-80
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 6.55 mean clutch size (1 year) Female Adult 33 nests Tijuana Marsh, Upper Newport and Anaheim Bays Exposure Factor Datasets Orange 0.19 SE
Hatching Success 81% proportion of nests in which at least one egg hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 130 nests Tijuana Marsh, Upper Newport and Anaheim Bays Exposure Factor Datasets Orange

California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus)

Citation:

A study of the California clapper rail

Author(s)
Zucca, Joseph J.
Pages
135-153
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation estimated incubation period in field d Not Reported Not Reported 3 nests Dumbarton Bridge Marsh Exposure Factor Datasets San Francisco
Citation:

Status and distribution of the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus)

Author(s)
Gill, Robert Jr.
Pages
36-49
Year
Issue
1
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities birds/ha Both Male and Female Adult 5 sites San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Marin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Sonoma
Population Density range of mean densities birds/ha Both Male and Female Adult 5 sites San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Marin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Sonoma
Citation:

Notes on the food of the California clapper rail

Author(s)
Moffitt, James
Pages
270-273
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Modiolus demissus (56.5%), Lycosidae (15%), Macoma balthica (7.6%), Hemigrapsis oregonensis (3.2%), Hyanassa obsoleta (2%), Spartina leiantha (14.55%) Volumetric percentage of food items in stomach contents Not Reported Not Reported 18 stomachs San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara

Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)

Citation:

Factors affecting interannual movements of snowy plovers

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C., and Thomas C. Edwards, Jr.
Pages
534-543
Year
Issue
3
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 survey years Howard Slough, Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 survey years West Layton Marsh, Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spacing out at Mono Lake: Breeding success, nest density, and predation in the snowy plover

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel, David W. Winkler and Christopher W. Swarth
Pages
13-24
Year
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 0.778 minimum annual survival rates of marked individuals Male Adult 18 birds Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Survival/ Mortality 0.743 minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals (2 years and both sexes pooled) Both Male and Female Adult 101 birds Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Survival/ Mortality 0.643 minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals Not Reported Juvenile 14 birds Point Reyes Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Aspects of the occurrence of shorebirds on a central California estuary

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel and Claire M. Wolfe
Pages
15-32
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 6.2 (fall), 19.2 (winter), 6.6 (spring) mean population density birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported 10 seasons censused Limantour Estero Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Breeding biology of snowy plovers at Great Salt Lake, Utah

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C.
Pages
275
Year
Issue
2
Volume
107
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Mar to mid Jun period of migrant arrival to breeding grounds Female Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Mar to May 31; Jul 1-15 peaks of migrant arrival to breeding grounds Male Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr 10-Jul 18 egg-laying period Female Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The breeding status of the snowy plover in California

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
1-40
Year
Issue
1
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal early March to April 26 period during which most color-banded birds left the study area Not Reported Adult 19 birds Pajaro Dunes, Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Citation:

Distribution and abundance of snowy plovers wintering in the interior of California and adjacent states

Author(s)
Shuford, David W., Gary W. Page and Catherine M. Hickey
Pages
82-98
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to late March timing of first influx of spring migrants to interior breeding areas Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mating system and reproductive success of a small population of polygamous snowy plovers

Author(s)
Warriner, John S., Jane C. Warriner, Gary W. Page and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
15-37
Year
Issue
1
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal Mar 9 (females), Mar 24 (males) mean dates of spring migrant arrival to breeding grounds Both Male and Female Adult 44 males, 59 females Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey

California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum ssp. browni)

Citation:

Breeding biology of the California least tern

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W.
Pages
1-24
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2 most frequent clutch size, 2 years Female Adult 96 nests Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 22 most frequent incubation period, 2 years d Not Reported Embryo 41 clutches Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Hatching Success range of hatching success, 2 years % Not Reported Hatchling 53-157 eggs/year Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Body Weight - Mean 5.93 mean body weight of day 0 chicks g Not Reported Hatchling 77 birds Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange 0.09 2SE
Citation:

Least tern foraging ecology at three major California breeding colonies

Author(s)
Atwood, Jonathon L. and Dennis E. Minsky
Pages
57-72
Year
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Foraging Distance foraging distance from nesting sites mi Not Reported Adult 10-11 surveys/site Venice Beach, Huntington Beach, Santa Margarita River Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Orange
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Jul timing of post-fledging dispersal Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Santa Margarita River Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Demography of a California least tern colony including effects of the 1982-83 El Nino

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W., David W. Bradley and Jonathon L. Atwood
Pages
976-983
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Longevity 9.63 expected number of breeding years per adult bird yr Not Reported Adult 372 birds Venice (beach) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles 6.55-14.48 95% CI
Citation:

Status of the least tern at Camp Pendleton, California

Author(s)
Swickard, Deane K.
Pages
49-58
Year
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Aug-Sep timing of departure from breeding areas Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 4 nesting areas, 2 years Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Nesting ecology and production of western grebes at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark L. and Jessop B. Low
Pages
66-70
Year
Issue
1
Volume
84
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 21% percent of nests located in emergent vegetationin which at least one chick hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 221 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The breeding populations of piscivorous birds of Eagle Lake

Author(s)
Lederer, Roger J.
Pages
771-772
Year
Issue
3
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 2400 annual number of individuals censused birds/lake Both Male and Female Not Reported 1 lake Eagle Lake, 42 km NW of Susanville Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.16 mean clutch size eggs Female Juvenile 37 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.85 mean clutch size eggs Female Adult 89 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 57.1% percent of eggs producing downy young in succesful nests (nests producing at least one young) Female Juvenile 7 nests Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The gaseous metabolism of large wild birds under aviary life

Author(s)
Benedict, Francis G., and Edward L. Fox
Pages
511-534
Publisher
American Philosophical Society
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 75 average basal metabolism (heat production) cal/kg/d Not Reported Adult 1 bird (3 measurements) Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Food Ingestion Rate see figure estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) kcal/bird/day Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 17-08 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 4174 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Measurements of wintering double-crested cormorants and discriminant models of sex

Author(s)
Glahn, James F., and R. Barry McCoy
Pages
299-304
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2498.1 body weight g Male Adult 160 Exposure Factor Datasets 16.0 SE
Body Weight - Mean 2162.2 body weight g Female Adult 41 Exposure Factor Datasets 29.8 SE
Citation:

Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
350-356
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Metabolic Rate oxygen consumption during brooding period (to about 2 wks of age) cm^3/g BW/hr Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isle of Shoals (43 deg. 00'N, 70 deg 35'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding success of double-crested cormorants in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Author(s)
Stenzel, Lynne E., Harry R. Carter, R. Philip Henderson, Steven D. Emslie, Mark J. Rauzon, Gary W. Page, and Patrick Y. O'Brien
Pages
216-224
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April-June period during which nest initiations were observed Both Male and Female Adult 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.98 +/- 0.07 to 1.78 +/- 0.06 mean number of chicks fledged/nest (over 3 years) Both Male and Female Fledgling 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas

Author(s)
Campo, Joseph J., Bruce C. Thompson, John C. Barron, Raymond Telfair, II, Phil Durocher and Steve Gutreuter
Pages
135-144
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition shad (26.1%), large roughfish (2.5%), small forage species (1.2%), catfish (9.6%), bass (16.5%), sunfish (15.0%), crappies (5.6%), other fishes (23.3%) percent occurence of prey items by weight in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 420 cormorants east TX Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food of double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, in the gulf and estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada

Author(s)
Rail, Jean-Francois, and Gilles Chapdelaine
Pages
635-643
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition gunnels (5%), sculpins (1%), sand lance (44%), capelin (34%), flatfishes (11%), clupeids (4%), other (1%) proportion of prey species in diet by percent volume % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 187 St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 7-06 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 758 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Body water and water flux in fresh water and sea-water acclimated clapper rails, Rallus longirostris

Author(s)
Hammons, Ralph L., Maryanne R. Hughes and Ralph R. Moldenhauer
Pages
539-541
Year
Issue
3
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 279.7 mean body weight in sea-water acclimated birds g Not Reported Adult 16 High Island, Chambers Co. Exposure Factor Datasets 6.9
Body Weight - Mean 261.7 mean body weight in fresh water acclimated birds g Not Reported Adult 8 High Island, Chambers Co. Exposure Factor Datasets 8.4

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 7-00 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 35 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 43.1 mean body weight g Male Adult 154 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 2.8 SD
Body Weight - Mean 42.2 mean body weight g Female Adult 158 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 3.0 SD

California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Dietary composition of brown pelicans breeding in the southern California bight

Author(s)
Kelly, P.R., Franklin Gress and D.W. Anderson
Pages
105
Year
Issue
2
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax (80%) percent of estimated prey biomass, from pre-fledgling regurgitations Not Reported Nestling 3 colonies Southern California Bight Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Brown pelicans: influence of food supply on reproduction

Author(s)
Anderson, Daniel W., Franklin Gress, and Kenneth F. Mais
Pages
23-31
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate range of mean fledging rates (number of fledglings per built nest) over a 6 year period Not Reported Fledgling 76-1258 nests/year West Anacapa Island Exposure Factor Datasets

Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. levipes), California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus), Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. yumanensis)

Citation:

Clapper Rail

Author(s)
Eddleman, William R. and Courtney J. Conway
Pages
167-179
Publisher
The International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Survival/ Mortality review Exposure Factor Datasets USA
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