Amphibians

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Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition crayfish (24%), wolf spiders (36%), long horned earwigs (20%), sowbugs (25%), german cockroaches (14%), crickets (16%), vascular plants (36%), inorganic material (12%), other animals (10%) % frequency of occurence in stomach contents Not Reported Adult 100 lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The eastern bullfrog in California

Author(s)
Storer, Tracy I.
Pages
219-224
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 17.02 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 24.56 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Population Density 18.2 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 17 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 13.1 SD
Population Density 90.9 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 20 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 97.7 SD
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 1 yr Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of annual variation in weight g Not Reported Tadpole 27 - 1817 Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and management of the bullfrog

Author(s)
Bury, R. B. and J.A. Whelan
Pages
23
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 155
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Review Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Emergence, breeding, hibernation, movements and transformation of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in Missouri

Author(s)
Willis, Yuell L., Don L. Moyle, and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
30-41
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May (begin), June (peak), Aug. (end) Measured as examining percentage of females with gonads in different developmental stages Female Adult 350 farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - Mar. Not Reported Adult Not Reported farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range distance of pond shoreline used ft Not Reported Adult 31 farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May (begin), July-Aug. (peak), Oct. (end) Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.0841 mm/d Male 12 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr CANADA 0.01882 SE
Growth Rate 0.1250 mm/d Female 10 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.02155 SE
Growth Rate 0.0697 mm/d Male 7 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.03720 SE
Growth Rate 0.0449 mm/d Female 5 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yr CANADA 0.00996 SE
Citation:

Home range and movements of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw), in an Ontario pond

Author(s)
Currie, William and Edward D. Bellis
Pages
688-692
Year
Volume
1969
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range 8.6 mean activity radius; median = 7.2 ft; mode = 5.0-5.9 ft ft Both Male and Female Adult 131 pond at Go Home Bay, Ontario [lat.,45N; long., 79^o59'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

An analysis of the food habits of the bullfrog by body size, sex, month, and habitat

Author(s)
Brooks, G. R., Jr.
Pages
173-186
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Insecta (51.8%); Arachnida (11.2%); Amphibia (2.8%); Diploda (1.3%); Gastropoda (1.3%); Crustacea (1.4%);Teleosts (1.1%); Mammalia (0.2%); Oligochaeta (1.3%); Reptilia (0.2%); Pebbles and sand (3.4%); Vegetative material (12.5%); Digested material (11.6%) % occurrence of item; obtained by dividing # of a specific item taken by total # of items; based on stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 129 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Insecta (20.6%); Arachnida (4.8%); Amphibia (27.4%); Diploda (0.3%); Gastropoda (1.0%); Crustacea (4.3%);Teleosts (0.6%); Mammalia (5.0%); Oligochaeta (1.3%); Reptilia (6.4%); Pebbles and sand (8.0%); Vegetative material (12.3%); Digested material (7.3%) % weight of an item; obtained by dividing the weight of a specific item by the total weight of all items; obtained from stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 129 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 0.4 average weight of stomach contents for frogs with an average body weight of 17.5 g g Both Male and Female Not Reported 78 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 2.33 average weight of stomach contents for frogs with an average body weight of 106.3 g g Both Male and Female Not Reported 42 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal rhythms of development and temperature selection in larval bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana Shaw

Author(s)
Crawshaw, Larry I.; Richard N. Rausch; Lonnie P. Wollmuth and Ethan J. Bauer
Pages
346-359
Year
Issue
2
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 0.4 measured at 25C; Taylor-Kollros stages stages/d Not Reported Tadpole 11-14 Exposure Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages 10-22 Laboratory
Growth Rate 0.02 measured at 25C; Taylor-Kollros stages stages/d Not Reported Tadpole 11-14 Exposure Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages 10-22 Laboratory
Citation:

Growth responses of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, fed various live foods

Author(s)
Modzelewski, Edward H., Jr, and Dudley D. Culley, Jr.
Pages
396-405
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 5.9 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 29.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 4.0 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 42.4 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 3.3 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 55.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Citation:

Alternative mating behaviors of young male bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
397-406
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.42 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 2 or 3 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.52 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.23 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yrs
Citation:

A comparison of spring food habits of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in three habitats of central Arkansas

Author(s)
McKamie, J.A. and G.A. Heidt
Pages
107-111
Year
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation % occurrence of 44 food items in stomach contents (species level) Not Reported Not Reported 139 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) cannibalism

Author(s)
Stuart, James N. and Charles W. Painter
Pages
103
Year
Issue
3
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Newly metamorphosed and larval Rana (87%), Aquatic snails (5%), Adult and larval aquatic Coleoptera (3%), Adult and larval Odonata (3%), Other (2%) Total percent volume of stomach contents, frog snout-vent length range = 90 - 190 mm Both Male and Female Adult 138 Wall Lake, southeast Catron County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age, growth, and homing in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Durham, Leonard and George W. Bennett
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June Female Adult Not Reported Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative food habits of sympatric mink frogs, bullfrogs, and green frogs

Author(s)
Stewart, Margaret M. and Peggy Sandison
Pages
241-244
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation % frequency of 26 food items in stomach contents (family level) Not Reported Adult 24 Cranberry Lake Biological Station, Barber Point, Cranberry Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Differences in food of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) from pond and stream habitats in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack. D. and Roger D. Hoestenbach, Jr.
Pages
33-38
Year
Issue
1
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Gastropoda (0.7%), Arachnida (0.2%), Crustacea (12.8%), Insecta (81.5%), Chilopoda (0.2%), Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae (8.7%), Ictaluridae (10.1%), Centrarchidae (2.9%), Amphibia (0.7%), Mammalia (0.5%) Percent stomachs containing item Not Reported Not Reported 415 ponds, Comanche and Kiowa counties Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.440 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 35 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.458 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 37 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.463 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 40 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.115 g Not Reported Tadpole 25 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 46 Laboratory
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates for 11 tadpole stages ul O2/g wet wt./hr Not Reported Tadpole 10-84/age group Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stages 20-46 Laboratory
Citation:

Interactions of temperature and steroids on larval growth, development and metamorphosis in a toad (Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Hayes, Tyrone, Ruth Chan and Paul Licht
Pages
206-215
Year
Volume
266
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May - June Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Growth, dispersal and survival of the Pacific tree frog

Author(s)
Jameson, David L.
Pages
25-29
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate range of average increase in snout-vent length for 7 size classes (snout vent length; 28.0 - 35.9 mm) mm/yr Not Reported Adult 13 - 52 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 13.3 % surviving their first year % Not Reported Juvenile 15 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 8 mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 11 % surviving one year % Not Reported Adult 373 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 2 increase in snout-vent length mm/wk Not Reported Juvenile 30 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Observations on the ecology and behavior of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Brattstrom, Bayard H. and James W. Warren
Pages
181-191
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Torpor or Hibernation July - Oct. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Gorman (elev., 4000 ft) and Palmdale (elev., 2000 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 21.7 mean final distance from original site of capture m Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.1
Home Range 22.2 mean final distance from original site of capture m Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.8
Home Range range of distances moved from original site of capture m Not Reported Juvenile 7 Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras
Growth Rate 0.005 changes in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 0.0049
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Adult 25 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutches or Litters per year 1 clutch/yr Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutch or Litter Size 11 # large ovarian eggs/female #/clutch Female Adult 26 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Growth Rate see citation figure of growth rates based on changes in snout-vent length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Relationship between cover availability and larval pacific giant salamander density

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
355-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density see citation figure of population density estimates #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Caspar Creek Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
705-718
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range over 4 yrs #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2-3 yrs Mendocino
Dietary Composition Ephemeroptera (59.1%); Trichoptera (11.7%); Plecoptera (4.5%); Diptera (8.1%); Coleoptera (3.6%); Odonata (1.0%); Hemiptera (<1.0%); Non-Insecta (3.4%); Vertebrates (<1.0%); Terrestrial organisms, Insecta (8.8%) average proportion of total prey items in stomach contents on 11 sampling dates % Not Reported Juvenile 502 Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.2 (10C); 20.7 (15C); 24.0 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/h Not Reported Juvenile 4-7/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 83.2 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 194.8 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 10.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 117.9 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 6.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The effects of dissolved O2 and CO2 on metabolism and gas-exchange partitioning in aquatic salamanders

Author(s)
Wakeman, John M. and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
348-359
Year
Issue
4
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aggression by non-native crayfish deters breeding in California newts

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C., Lee B. Kats and Christopher B. Anzalone
Pages
793-796
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools with crayfish over two time periods #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The species of Californian Triturus

Author(s)
Twitty, Victor Chandler
Pages
64-75
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1942
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. and Mar. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Clutch or Litter Size #/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Citation:

Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa)

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities measured each yr for 4 yrs #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of mean densities of egg masses measured each yr for 4 yrs #/ 10 m2 Not Reported Embryo 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The number of egg masses and eggs laid by the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Brame, Arden H.
Pages
169-170
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/mass Female Adult 6 egg masses Sycamore Canyon Creek, San Gabriel Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

Demography and migratory patterns of the eastern long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum

Author(s)
Beneski Jr., John T., Zalisko, Edward J. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
398-408
Year
Volume
1986
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.63 g Male Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE
Body Weight - Mean 6.02 g Female Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE
Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 166.5 eggs/cluster averaged 16.7 eggs/female Female Adult 25 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets 59.7 SD
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 223 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (2.1%); Isopoda (0.7%); Araneida (10.4%); Collembola (10.4%); Diptera (57.0%); Orthoptera (3.5%); Coleoptera (11.9%); Unidentified (4.2%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 20 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine
Dietary Composition Mollusca (2.7%); Cladocera (36.7%); Copepoda (20.8%); Ostracoda (11.5%); Hydracarina (0.4%); Chironomidae (17.9%); Mosquitoes (5.1%); Coleoptera (2.1); Trichoptera (0.3) and Unidentified (0.14%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 60 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Alpine
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Survival of embryos, tadpoles, and adults of the frogs Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa sympatric in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
613-627
Year
Issue
5
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 680 # ova/egg mass Female Adult Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality embryo survival, estimated by counting # dead embryos in 100 eggs/egg mass % Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 22 egg masses White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets stage 13 CANADA
Survival/ Mortality <1 survival from hatching to metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole 9,901-12,512 hatching embryos White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 5.3 survival from tadpole to young-of-the-year frogs % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 68.6 annual minimal survival % Not Reported Adult 67 White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate 0.62 average growth rate (total length) from stages 23-30 mm/d Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.99 average growth rate (total length) from stages 30-39 mm/d Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Rana aurora (Baird and Girard), Red-legged frog

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Philip C. Dumas
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
160
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red-legged frogs (Rana aurora)

Author(s)
Kiesecker, Joseph M. and Andrew R. Blaustein
Pages
776-787
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of mean mass of larvae with and without bullfrog presence Not Reported Hatchling 100-150 field enclosures at E.E. Wilson Wildlife Refuge, Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 25 larvae

Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus formerly Bufo microscaphus ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Observations on the natural history of the California toad, Bufo californicus Camp

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis June - July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Mojave River Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.092 change in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras USA 0.0071

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas (Baird and Girard), in western Montana

Author(s)
Black, Jeffrey Howard and Royal Bruce Brunson
Pages
109-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported ponds, Missoula and Ravalli counties Exposure Factor Datasets
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