Amphibians

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Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIURON 22.2 mg/l (95% CI; 19.8 - 25.0) 14 d LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 5/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
DIURON 7.6 mg/l lowest NOAEL based on body weight endpoint Not Reported Tadpole 5/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean log W = -4.60 + 3.085(log L) regression equation relating body weight (W; mg, dry wt.) to body length (L; mm) mg Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 600 #/ egg mass Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 35 time from egg to hatching, water temperature ranged from 4.5 - 7.8C d Both Male and Female Embryo 35 egg masses Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of the red-legged frog

Author(s)
Cowan, Ian McTaggart
Pages
48
Year
Issue
1
Volume
1941
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity yrs Female Adult 2 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food and feeding behavior of sympatric red-legged frogs, Rana aurora, and spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
22-31
Year
Issue
1
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition see citation frequency of occurrence and food item abundance of 53 items (family level and prey lifestage) in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 26-104/lifestage White Rock, British Columbia [lat., 49^o02'N; long., 122^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Breeding habits and embryonic thermal requirements of the frogs, Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa in the pacific northwest

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
116-124
Year
Issue
1
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.59 oxygen consumption at 18.5C cm3 O2/egg/hr Not Reported Embryo 6 replicates with 30 embryos each Exposure Factor Datasets stage 12 - 15 0.10 SD Laboratory

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Effects of low concentrations of forest-use pesticides on frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Berrill, Michael, Susan Bertram, Lise McGillivray, Mark Kolohon and Bruce Pauli
Pages
657-664
Year
Issue
4
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRICLOPYR increase at 2.4 and 4.8 mg/l Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
TRICLOPYR decrease response at 1.2 mg/l avoidance response assessed by daily prodding Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
FENITROTHION decrease response at 0.5 - 8 mg/l avoidance response assessed by daily prodding Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of organochlorine insecticides to the mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, and the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Mulla, M.S.
Pages
299-303
Year
Issue
4
Volume
23
Chemical Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DIELDRIN increase at 0.1 and 0.5 lbs/acre Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/dose ponds, southern San Joaquin Valley Toxicity Factor Datasets
ALDRIN increase at 0.1 and 0.5 lbs/acre Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/dose ponds, southern San Joaquin Valley Toxicity Factor Datasets
TOXAPHENE (POLYCHLORINATED CAMPHENES) increase at 0.5 lbs/acre Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/dose ponds, southern San Joaquin Valley Toxicity Factor Datasets
LINDANE increase at 0.5 lbs/acre Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/dose ponds, southern San Joaquin Valley Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Teratogenesis, toxicity and bioaccumulation in frogs exposed to dieldrin

Author(s)
Schuytema, Gerald S., Alan V. Nebeker, William L. Griffis and Karsten N. Wilson
Pages
332-350
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIELDRIN 30.3 ug/l (95% CL: 26.2 - 35.2 ug/l) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 20 animals/replicate; 4 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN 52.3 ug/l LOAEL Not Reported Tadpole 20 animals/replicate; 4 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN 12.3 ug/l NOAEL Not Reported Tadpole 20 animals/replicate; 4 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN 12.0 ug/g at 30.3 ug/l whole body dieldrin concentration (ug/g, wet wt.) at the LC50 Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
DIELDRIN 19.0 ug/g at 52.3 ug/l whole body dieldrin concentration (ug/g, wet wt.) Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets 29 d Laboratory
Citation:

3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) toxicity and heptic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in larval and adult bullfrogs

Author(s)
Kane, Andrew S., Wesley W. Day, Renate Reimschuessel and Michael M. Lipsky
Pages
51-60
Year
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (3-, LAMPRECIDE) 0.95 mg/l (95% CL: 0.72 - 1.14) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 5 Toxicity Factor Datasets Gossner stages 33-38 Laboratory
TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (3-, LAMPRECIDE) 12.99 mg/l (95% CL: 6.75 - 19.22) LC50 Not Reported Adult 7 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (3-, LAMPRECIDE) effect observed at 1.0 - 3.0 mg/l growth development arrested Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative sensitivity of amphibian tadpoles to single and pulsed exposures of the forest-use insecticide fenitrothion

Author(s)
Berrill, Michael, Susan Bertram, Bruce Pauli, Donna Coulson, Mark Kolohon and Dean Ostrander
Pages
1011-1018
Year
Issue
6
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FENITROTHION increase at 9 mg/l Not Reported Tadpole 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d after hatching Laboratory
FENITROTHION increase at 9 mg/l Not Reported Tadpole 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 8 d after hatching Laboratory
Citation:

Behavioral and histopathological effects of fluoranthene on bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Walker, Sean E., Douglas H. Taylor and James T. Oris
Pages
734-739
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FLUORANTHENE increase @ 10.97 - 59.48 ug/l incidence of structural disorganization and necrosis of the integument Not Reported Tadpole 20/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FLUORANTHENE increase @ 37.97 ug/l total distance travelled Not Reported Tadpole 20/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Oral deformities in tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: Effects on grazing ability and growth

Author(s)
Rowe, Christopher L., Owen M. Kinney, Alison P. Fiori and Justin D. Congdon
Pages
723-730
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, BARIUM COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS increase incidence of oral deformities at coal ash contaminated site, relative to reference site Not Reported Tadpole 575-1048 Savannah River, Aiken Toxicity Factor Datasets
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, BARIUM COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS increase at contaminated (C) compared to reference (R) site: Arsenic, C=48.9 +/- 2.6SE, R=2.5 +/-0.2SE; Barium, C=211.5 +/- 14.9SE, R=81.2 +/- 5.2SE; Cadmium, C=1.71 +/- 0.5SE, R=0.15 +/- 0.04SE; Chromium, C=17.2 +/- 0.5SE, R=1.4 +/- 0.3SE; Copper, C=31.4 +/- 1.5SE, R=17.5 +/- 6.6SE; Selenium, C=25.70 +/- 3.60SE, R=3.37 +/- 0.09SE. mean whole body metal concentrations (ppm, dry mass) Not Reported Tadpole 3 animals/site Savannah River, Aiken Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Acid tolerance of anuran embryos and larvae from central Ontario

Author(s)
Grant, Karen P. and Lawrence E. Licht
Pages
1-6
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Sample Size Location Type Lab
SULFURIC ACID significant decrease at pH 3.5 and 4.0 hatching success Not Reported 50 eggs/replicate, 6 replicates/group (n=294-312) Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in the body size at metamorphosis and timing of metamorphosis in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Collins, James P.
Pages
738-749
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean See paper for weight to developmental stage relationship (Gosner stages 27-40) g Not Reported Tadpole 120 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning Referred to as "age at transformation"; range of snout-vent length at transformation = 35-57 mm mo Not Reported Tadpole 1051 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality Non-breeding season survival; measured as # that returned to breed/# known to be alive at end of previous breeding season % Both Male and Female Adult 25 - 54 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aerial activity oxygen consumption during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Hillman, Stanley S. and Malcom S. Lea
Pages
407-410
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figures of aerial activity oxygen consumption and body weights at different developmental stages Not Reported Tadpole 59 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.1056 mm/d Both Male and Female 34 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 yr CANADA 0.01427 SE
Growth Rate 0.1322 mm/d Female 44 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr CANADA 0.1109 SE
Growth Rate 0.1353 mm/d Male 46 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr CANADA 0.01079 SE
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 27.74 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Overwintering behavior of adult bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, in northeastern Ohio

Author(s)
Stinner, John, Nicholas Zarlinga and Scott Orcutt
Pages
8-13
Year
Issue
1
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - April Not Reported Adult 6 Seiberling Naturealm, Summit County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. or Mar. - Apr. of following yr. time to metamorphosis for second clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 9.1 mean density measured on both banks of river #/linear river km Not Reported Adult 3 visual counts lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Postmetamorphic growth in anurans

Author(s)
Turner, F.B.
Pages
327-338
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate review see citation for review of growth rates based on size estimates Both Male and Female Adult, Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth responses of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, fed various live foods

Author(s)
Modzelewski, Edward H., Jr, and Dudley D. Culley, Jr.
Pages
396-405
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 7.1 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 17.5 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Citation:

The reproductive behavior of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Ryan, Michael J.
Pages
108-114
Year
Volume
1980
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Territory Size 4.1 Mean distance between territorial males m Male Adult 31 Basking Pond, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Morris County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 7,360 Number of eggs in a 10x10cm area used to estimate eggs per mass #/egg mass Female Adult 36 Basking Pond, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Morris County Exposure Factor Datasets 741.7 SE
Citation:

Do frogs drink?

Author(s)
Bentley, P.J. and T. Yorio
Pages
41-46
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Water Ingestion Rate 0.18 "drinking" measured as 125I-iothalamate uptake in gut after 2 hrs ml/100 g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.02 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Relationships among cutaneous surface area, cutaneous mass, and body mass in frogs: A reappraisal

Author(s)
Talbot, Colleen R. and Martin E. Feder
Pages
1135-1147
Year
Issue
6
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area Log SA = 0.923 + (0.711Log BW) SA = Total Surface Area in cm2; BW = body weight in grams wet weight; Log base 10; surface area estimated from removed skin of frogs ranging from 40 - 442 g cm2 Not Reported Adult 16 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Microhabitat and prey size among three species of Rana (Anura: Ranidae) sympatric in eastern Canada

Author(s)
McAlpine, Donald F. and Timothy G. Dilworth
Pages
2244-2252
Year
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 142.8 g Not Reported Adult 39 York County, New Brunswick [lat., 45^o47'; long., 66^o37'] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 77.4 SD
Citation:

Feeding behavior of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in north central Texas

Author(s)
Carpenter, H. L. and Morrison, E. O.
Pages
188-193
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Insecta (92.0%), Crustacea (13.7%), Arachnida (13.7%), Diploda (5.6%), Chilopoda (1.6%), Gastropoda (4.0%), Reptilia (3.2%), Amphibia (9.6%), Aves (1.6%), Osteichthyes (4.0%) Percent occurrence in stomach contents from frogs collected during day and night Not Reported Not Reported 124 ponds in north central TX Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and movements of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw), in an Ontario pond

Author(s)
Currie, William and Edward D. Bellis
Pages
688-692
Year
Volume
1969
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density #/1000 ft2 Both Male and Female Adult 131 pond at Go Home Bay, Ontario [lat.,45N; long., 79^o59'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

A comparison of spring food habits of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in three habitats of central Arkansas

Author(s)
McKamie, J.A. and G.A. Heidt
Pages
107-111
Year
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of mean body weights g Not Reported Not Reported 29 - 62 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying July laying Female Adult Not Reported Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Comparative effects of ammonium and nitrate compounds on Pacific treefrog and African clawed frog embryos

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
200-206
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
AMMONIUM SULFATE 6.1 NOAEL for body weight mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 578.0 10-d LC50 for embryos mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 459.0 - 726.5 (95% CI) Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 111.0 LOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 56.7 NOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative Toxicity of Guthion and Guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis and Pseudacris regilla tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S., A.V. Nebeker and W.L. Griffis
Pages
382-388
Year
Volume
54
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION) 3.77 mg/l (95% CI; 1.82 - 4.22) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 10 tadpoles/replicate; 2 replicates/dose; 5 doses Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 wk Laboratory
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION) 1.78 mg/l NOAEL Not Reported Tadpole 10 tadpoles/replicate; 2 replicates/dose; 5 doses Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 wk Laboratory
Citation:

The reproductive ecology of the pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla)

Author(s)
Schaub, David L. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
409-416
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition May Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth, dispersal and survival of the Pacific tree frog

Author(s)
Jameson, David L.
Pages
25-29
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate range of average increase in snout-vent length for 7 size classes (snout vent length; 28.0 - 35.9 mm) mm/yr Not Reported Adult 13 - 52 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHOXYCHLOR no appreciable mortality embryo and larvae (10 d post-hatch) mortality Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-34 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.02 g Not Reported Tadpole 42 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 26 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.117 g Not Reported Tadpole 39 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 30 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.187 g Not Reported Tadpole 39 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 32 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.440 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 35 Laboratory

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 32.8 average distance moved between recaptures ft Male Adult 17 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Adult 25 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutches or Litters per year 1 clutch/yr Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 194.1 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 14.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 21.7 mean final distance from original site of capture m Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.1
Home Range 22.2 mean final distance from original site of capture m Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.8

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Relationship between cover availability and larval pacific giant salamander density

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
355-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density see citation figure of population density estimates #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Caspar Creek Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
705-718
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range over 4 yrs #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2-3 yrs Mendocino
Dietary Composition Ephemeroptera (59.1%); Trichoptera (11.7%); Plecoptera (4.5%); Diptera (8.1%); Coleoptera (3.6%); Odonata (1.0%); Hemiptera (<1.0%); Non-Insecta (3.4%); Vertebrates (<1.0%); Terrestrial organisms, Insecta (8.8%) average proportion of total prey items in stomach contents on 11 sampling dates % Not Reported Juvenile 502 Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 83.2 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 194.8 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 10.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 117.9 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 6.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The effects of dissolved O2 and CO2 on metabolism and gas-exchange partitioning in aquatic salamanders

Author(s)
Wakeman, John M. and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
348-359
Year
Issue
4
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aggression by non-native crayfish deters breeding in California newts

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C., Lee B. Kats and Christopher B. Anzalone
Pages
793-796
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools with crayfish over two time periods #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The species of Californian Triturus

Author(s)
Twitty, Victor Chandler
Pages
64-75
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1942
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. and Mar. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Clutch or Litter Size #/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Citation:

Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa)

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities measured each yr for 4 yrs #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

Demography and migratory patterns of the eastern long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum

Author(s)
Beneski Jr., John T., Zalisko, Edward J. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
398-408
Year
Volume
1986
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.63 g Male Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE
Body Weight - Mean 6.02 g Female Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE
Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 166.5 eggs/cluster averaged 16.7 eggs/female Female Adult 25 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets 59.7 SD

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (2.1%); Isopoda (0.7%); Araneida (10.4%); Collembola (10.4%); Diptera (57.0%); Orthoptera (3.5%); Coleoptera (11.9%); Unidentified (4.2%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 20 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine
Dietary Composition Mollusca (2.7%); Cladocera (36.7%); Copepoda (20.8%); Ostracoda (11.5%); Hydracarina (0.4%); Chironomidae (17.9%); Mosquitoes (5.1%); Coleoptera (2.1); Trichoptera (0.3) and Unidentified (0.14%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 60 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Alpine
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
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