Amphibians

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Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

The use of simultaneous multiple species acute toxicity test to compare the relative sensitivities of aquatic organisms to mercury

Author(s)
McCrary, J.E. and M.G. Heagler
Pages
73-81
Year
Volume
A32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
MERCURIC CHLORIDE 63.36 96 hour LC50 (95% Confidence Interval); based on measured concentrations ug Hg/L Not Reported Not Reported 10/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture of trace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods

Author(s)
Rowe, Christopher L., Owen M. Kinney, Roy D. Nagle and Justin D. Congdon
Pages
27-35
Year
Volume
71
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS increase at contaminated, relative to reference site resting oxygen consumption at 25C, measured in the lab ml O2/hr/tadpole Not Reported Tadpole 8-11 Savannah River Toxicity Factor Datasets 80 d
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, CADMIUM COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, COPPER COMPOUNDS, SELENIUM COMPOUNDS decrease at contaminated, compared to reference site % survival to 80 d posthatching % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Savannah River Toxicity Factor Datasets 80 d
Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in the body size at metamorphosis and timing of metamorphosis in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Collins, James P.
Pages
738-749
Year
Issue
4
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean See paper for weight to developmental stage relationship (Gosner stages 27-40) g Not Reported Tadpole 120 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning Referred to as "age at transformation"; range of snout-vent length at transformation = 35-57 mm mo Not Reported Tadpole 1051 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve, Livingston County [lat., 42.5N] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density #/m2 Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 1 yr Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of annual variation in weight g Not Reported Tadpole 27 - 1817 Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Range of mean survival of larvae % Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A comparison of spring food habits of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in three habitats of central Arkansas

Author(s)
McKamie, J.A. and G.A. Heidt
Pages
107-111
Year
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation % occurrence of 44 food items in stomach contents (species level) Not Reported Not Reported 139 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of mean body weights g Not Reported Not Reported 29 - 62 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative food habits of sympatric mink frogs, bullfrogs, and green frogs

Author(s)
Stewart, Margaret M. and Peggy Sandison
Pages
241-244
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation % frequency of 26 food items in stomach contents (family level) Not Reported Adult 24 Cranberry Lake Biological Station, Barber Point, Cranberry Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Territoriality in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Emlen, Stephen T.
Pages
240-243
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1968
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Territory Size 17.8 Average distance between male frog and closest male neighbor within a chorus; also reported as a minimum territory radius of 9 ft. ft Male Adult 94 Pond in E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 5.9 SD
Citation:

"Double clutching" and its possible significance in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Emlen, Stephen T.
Pages
749-751
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1977
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year Double clutching observed in 5 out of 73 females clutches/yr Female Adult 73 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of male-defended oviposition sites on early embryo mortality in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
789-798
Year
Issue
4
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate mm/yr Both Male and Female Adult 22 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 age after metamorphosis; development of secondary sex characteristics yr Male Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity age after metamorphosis when produced eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality Non-breeding season survival; measured as # that returned to breed/# known to be alive at end of previous breeding season % Both Male and Female Adult 25 - 54 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth responses of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, fed various live foods

Author(s)
Modzelewski, Edward H., Jr, and Dudley D. Culley, Jr.
Pages
396-405
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 7.1 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 17.5 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 5.9 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 29.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 4.0 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 42.4 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 3.3 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 55.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 10.7 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets newly transformed Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 17.5 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 29.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 42.4 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 55.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Citation:

Feeding behavior of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in north central Texas

Author(s)
Carpenter, H. L. and Morrison, E. O.
Pages
188-193
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Insecta (92.0%), Crustacea (13.7%), Arachnida (13.7%), Diploda (5.6%), Chilopoda (1.6%), Gastropoda (4.0%), Reptilia (3.2%), Amphibia (9.6%), Aves (1.6%), Osteichthyes (4.0%) Percent occurrence in stomach contents from frogs collected during day and night Not Reported Not Reported 124 ponds in north central TX Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bullfrog food and growth at the San Joaquin Experimental Range, California

Author(s)
Cohen, Nathan W. and Walter E. Howard
Pages
223-225
Year
Volume
1958
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Coleoptera (43.6%), Notonectidae (10.3%), Diptera (6.6%), Hymenoptera (6.3%), Locustidae (6.0%), Ephemeroptera (4.3%), Gryllidae (4.3%), Protura (3.3%), Chironomidae (2.6%), Culicidae (2.0%), Lepidoptera (1.3%), Odonata (0.3%), Gerridae (0.3%), Mantidae (0.3%), Sepsidae (0.3%), Unidentified parts (21.3%), Decomposed tissue (18.0%), Spiders (16.0%), Rocks, grass, leaves (22.0%), Chitinous material (10%), Snails, Planorbid (9.0%), Frogs (5.6%), Snails, Physid (4.7%), Small fish (4.3%), Unknown vertebrates (2.3%), Tadpoles (1.3%), Salamander (1.0%), Feathers (1.0%), Worms (0.6%), Egg sack (0.3%), Rabbit pellet (0.3%), Peromyscus (0.3%) % of stomachs in which food item was present at least once, frog weight range 10 - 200 g Not Reported Not Reported 300 San Joaquin Experimental Range, O'Neals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and management of the bullfrog

Author(s)
Bury, R. B. and J.A. Whelan
Pages
23
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 155
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Review Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) cannibalism

Author(s)
Stuart, James N. and Charles W. Painter
Pages
103
Year
Issue
3
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Newly metamorphosed and larval Rana (87%), Aquatic snails (5%), Adult and larval aquatic Coleoptera (3%), Adult and larval Odonata (3%), Other (2%) Total percent volume of stomach contents, frog snout-vent length range = 90 - 190 mm Both Male and Female Adult 138 Wall Lake, southeast Catron County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Differences in food of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) from pond and stream habitats in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack. D. and Roger D. Hoestenbach, Jr.
Pages
33-38
Year
Issue
1
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Gastropoda (0.7%), Arachnida (0.2%), Crustacea (12.8%), Insecta (81.5%), Chilopoda (0.2%), Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae (8.7%), Ictaluridae (10.1%), Centrarchidae (2.9%), Amphibia (0.7%), Mammalia (0.5%) Percent stomachs containing item Not Reported Not Reported 415 ponds, Comanche and Kiowa counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet composition in postmetamorphic bullfrogs and green frogs: implications for interspecific predation and competition

Author(s)
Werner, Earl E., Gary A. Wellborn and Mark A. McPeek
Pages
600-607
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Coleoptera (2.3-6.5%), Wasps and bees (1.1-4.7%), Ants (0-3.5%), Homoptera (2.3-6.0%), Odonata (12.4-17.5%), Larval Lepidoptera (0.5-2.1%), Diptera (3.7-10.5%), Arachnids (0-3.2%), Miscellaneous terrestrial(10.5-11.1%), Hemiptera (19.2-23.2), Larval Odonata (3.4-5.0%), Larval Diptera (4.4-7.2%), Miscellaneous aquatic (1.9-7.4%), Frogs (5.1-14.5%), Metamorphosing Odonates (0-5.7%), Miscellaneous (1.8-7.3) Percentage of bullfrog diet items Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 23-46 Turkey Marsh, Kellogg Biological Station, Kalamazoo County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changing respiratory importance of gills, lungs and skin during metamorphosis in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., and Nigel H. West
Pages
151-164
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Surface Area 15.09 Mean total skin surface area measured by removing skin; air-breathing tadpole body weight 4.48 g +/- 0.31 SE cm2 Not Reported Tadpole 20 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.85 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 5.9 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and gill uptake), aquatic tadpole (stage IV-V) body weight = 3.6 g +/- 1.03 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 6.9 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and gill/lung uptake), air-breathing tadpole (stage XVI-XIX) body weight = 5.3 g +/- 1.2 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 1.1 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and lung uptake), body weight = 228.2 g +/- 70.3 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Temperature and the balance between aerial and aquatic respiration in larvae of Rana berlandieri and Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., Martin E. Feder, and Alan W. Pinder
Pages
263-273
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 178.2 Mean total oxygen uptake (skin + gills + lungs) measured at 25C, tadpole mean body weight = 5.74 g ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 36.7 Laboratory
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. or Mar. - Apr. of following yr. time to metamorphosis for second clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 17.02 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 24.56 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
850-874
Year
Issue
4
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve, Ann Arbor Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions

Author(s)
Ryan, Richard A.
Pages
73-80
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1953
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning yr Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Postmetamorphic growth in anurans

Author(s)
Turner, F.B.
Pages
327-338
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate review see citation for review of growth rates based on size estimates Both Male and Female Adult, Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Microhabitat and prey size among three species of Rana (Anura: Ranidae) sympatric in eastern Canada

Author(s)
McAlpine, Donald F. and Timothy G. Dilworth
Pages
2244-2252
Year
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 142.8 g Not Reported Adult 39 York County, New Brunswick [lat., 45^o47'; long., 66^o37'] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 77.4 SD
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Time of Mating/ Laying July laying Female Adult Not Reported Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Population Density 18.2 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 17 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 13.1 SD
Population Density 90.9 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 20 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 97.7 SD
Citation:

Alternative mating behaviors of young male bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
397-406
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.42 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 2 or 3 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.52 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.23 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yrs
Citation:

Oxygen uptake in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Crowder, William C., Minghua Nie and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
280
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figures of oxygen consumption of submerged tadpoles measured at various oxygen tensions and pre-metamorphic stages ul/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 10/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Foods of some Kentucky herptiles

Author(s)
Bush, Francis M.
Pages
73-77
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Decapoda: Astacidae (47.7%); Lepidoptera (19.0%); Coleoptera: Lampryidae (5.8%); Chrysomelidae (5.8%); Carabidae (4.1%); Curculionidae (0.3%); Chilopoda (7.7%); sand, gravel (1.2%); unidentified (1%) % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 18 Breathitt and Perry counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Economics, adult feeding and larval growth of Rana catesbeiana on a fish hatchery

Author(s)
Corse, Wayne A. and Dean E. Metter
Pages
231-238
Year
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition frogs (12.1%); goldfish (30.3%); gastropods (12.4%); crayfish (9.3%); arachnida (4.4%); coleoptera adult (10.6%); hemiptera (8.2%); orthoptera (8.7%) % of stomachs containing major (>4%) food items % Not Reported Adult 772 goldfish pond, Richland Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition frogs (13.0%); shiners (27.5%); gastropods (16.1%); crayfish (16.3%); arachnida (4.5%); coleoptera adult (10.5%); hemiptera (13.5%); orthoptera (5.8%); lepidoptera larvae (4.5%); odonata adult (4.2%) % of stomachs containing major (>4%) food items % Not Reported Adult 553 bait minnow pond, Richland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to temperature and hypoxia in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Rocha, Priscila L. and Luiz G.S. Branco
Pages
761-768
Year
Volume
201
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 175.9 g Both Male and Female Adult 30 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.16 SE Laboratory
Inhalation Rate see citation figure of breathing frequency (breaths/min) at various seasons, temperatures and oxygen levels Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3 and 10 mg/L mean body weight of larvae Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-38 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/l responsiveness to startle and distance travelled post-startle in larvae Not Reported Juvenile 30-34 eggs exposed/dose; 14-27 larvae tested/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Residues of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) and California newts (Tarichia torosa) from a lake treated with technical chlordane

Author(s)
Albright, L.J., P.C. Oloffs and S.Y Szeto
Pages
333-349
Year
Issue
4
Volume
815
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
CHLORDANE 176 ppb, range; 29 - 272 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 1036 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 2,116 ppb, range; 1,354 - 3,783 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 451 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 8,906 ppb, range; 4,954 - 15, 609 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 14 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

The effects of sublethal concentrations of organophosphorus insecticides and an insect growth regulator on temperature tolerance in hydrated and dehydrated juvenile western toads, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and Jerry E. Prine
Pages
147-149
Year
Volume
53
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FENTHION decrease @ 60 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
CHLORPYRIFOS decrease @ 30 and 60 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease @ 25 and 50 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of mine drainage to embryonic and larval boreal toads (Bufonidae: Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Porter, Kenneth R and Dean E. Hakanson
Pages
327-331
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1976
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
ZINC SULFATE increase @ 39 mg/l 100% mortality reported Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory
COPPER SULFATE increase @ 3.7 mg/l 100% mortality reported Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory
IRON SULFATE increase @ 30-288 mg/l Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Comparative Toxicity of Guthion and Guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis and Pseudacris regilla tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S., A.V. Nebeker and W.L. Griffis
Pages
382-388
Year
Volume
54
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION) 3.77 mg/l (95% CI; 1.82 - 4.22) LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 10 tadpoles/replicate; 2 replicates/dose; 5 doses Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 wk Laboratory
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION) 1.78 mg/l NOAEL Not Reported Tadpole 10 tadpoles/replicate; 2 replicates/dose; 5 doses Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 wk Laboratory
AZINPHOS-METHYL (GUTHION) 9.67 mg/l LOAEL Not Reported Tadpole 10 tadpoles/replicate; 2 replicates/dose; 5 doses Toxicity Factor Datasets 3 wk Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIURON 15.2 mg/l 14-d LC50 value; mean of 2 tests Not Reported Tadpole 8/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 12 - 24 d Laboratory
DIURON 14.5 mg/l lowest NOAEL based on body length/weight endpoints Not Reported Tadpole 8/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 12 - 24 d Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative effects of ammonium and nitrate compounds on Pacific treefrog and African clawed frog embryos

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
200-206
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
AMMONIUM NITRATE 25.0 10-d LC50 value for embryos mg/L as NH4-N Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 21.9-28.7 (95% CI) Laboratory
AMMONIUM NITRATE 6.9 LOAEL for body weight and length mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AMMONIUM NITRATE 3.3 NOAEL for body weight and length mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 30.3 10-d LC50 for embryos mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 27.0 - 33.4 (95% CI) Laboratory
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 24.9 LOAEL for body weight and length and deformities mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 12.8 NOAEL for body weight and length and deformities mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AMMONIUM SULFATE 32.4 10-d LC50 for embryos mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 29.7 - 35.4 (95% CI) Laboratory
AMMONIUM SULFATE 11.7 LOAEL for body weight mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AMMONIUM SULFATE 6.1 NOAEL for body weight mg NH4-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 578.0 10-d LC50 for embryos mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 459.0 - 726.5 (95% CI) Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 111.0 LOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 56.7 NOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Comparative breeding behavior of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora) and the western spotted frog (Rana pretiosa pretiosa) in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
1287-1299
Year
Issue
6
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding and laying Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of first observance of egg masses Female Adult observations over 3 yrs Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Time of Hatching or Parturition May Not Reported Embryo observations over 3 yrs Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Population Density 500 maximum reported density #/m2 Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutch or Litter Size 531 #/egg mass Female Adult 35 egg masses Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 19 SE
Survival/ Mortality 5 survival of larval population until metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
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