Amphibians

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Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Oct. - Mar. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Hatching or Parturition fall - early winter Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Dietary Composition sowbug (1); centipede (1); millipede (6); spiders (7); wood ticks (2); scavenger mite (1); solpugid (1); springtails (5); worker termites (15); hemipteran (1); fly (1); beetles (11); ants (2) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Madelia Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Home Range 17.3 average distance moved between recaptures ft Female Adult 13 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 2.80 g Male Adult 19 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Crustacea (1); Arachnida (19); Diplopoda (5); Chilopoda (3); Hexapoda (32) number of each item in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 21 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative studies on the distribution and foods of plethodontid salamanders in the redwood region of northern California

Author(s)
Bury, R.B. and M. Martin
Pages
331-335
Year
Issue
4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (68%); Coleoptera adults (49%); Coleoptera larvae (11%); Diptera adults (14%); Diptera larvae (16%); Hymenoptera (22%); Acarina (19%); Araneae (57%); Diplopoda (38%); Isopoda (32%) % frequency of major food items % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 37 1-2 mi WSW of Pepperwood, Humboldt Co. Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes

Author(s)
Tyler, Torrey, William J. Liss, Lisa M. Ganio, Gary L. Larson, Robert Hoffman, Elisabeth Deimling and Gregg Lomnicky
Pages
94-105
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of larval density estimates in 8 fishless lakes utilizing 3 survey methodologies during day and night larvae/100 m shoreline Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Benthic macroinvertebrates (75%): Diptera (66.7); Chironomidae (41.7%); Coleoptera (58.3%); Trichoptera (50%); Ephemeroptera (25%); Amphipoda (16.7%); Plecoptera (8.3%); Pelecypoda (8.3%); Crustacean zooplankton (41.7%): Cladocerans (41.7%); Unidentified (41.7%); Imm. Daphnids (25.0%); Daphnia rosea (25%); Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (16.7%); Chydorus spaericus (8.3%); Copepods (16.7%); Cylopoids (16.7%); Calanoids (8.3%); Harpactacoids (8.3%) % larvae stomachs that contained prey item % Not Reported Juvenile 13 North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 15.4 mg Not Reported Juvenile 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 d post-hatch 0.3 SE Laboratory

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A.
Pages
257-262
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 275 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population structure, growth and size of larval Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Glen W. Clothier
Pages
218-227
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 57 % mortality during first yr of life % Not Reported Juvenile 61 Gauldy Mountain, Tillamook County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate increase in total length mm/mo Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Mary's Peak and Palouse Exposure Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 10.67 g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa, San Francisco 3.37 SD
Metabolic Rate 46.1 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 5.0 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 66.7 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 118.3 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at rest and druing activity in the salamander, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.016 (10C), 0.054 (15C), 0.061 (20C), 0.119 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.067 (10C), 0.132 (15C), 0.203 (20C), 0.287 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.009 (10C), 0.026 (15C), 0.027 (20C), 0.043 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.066 (10C), 0.093 (15C), 0.120 (20C), 0.161 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Citation:

Taricha tarosa (Rathke), California newt

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
273
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Modified interactions between salamander life stages caused by wildfire-induced sedimentation

Author(s)
Kerby, J. Lawrence and Lee B. Kats
Pages
740-745
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean larval density estimates over 2 yrs # larvae/m2 Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Dietary Composition see citation figure of % of stomachs containing prey items over several yrs Not Reported Adult 17-52 Cold Creek and Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Aggression by non-native crayfish deters breeding in California newts

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C., Lee B. Kats and Christopher B. Anzalone
Pages
793-796
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools without crayfish over two time periods #/10m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

California Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. halophilus formerly Bufo boreas ssp. halophilus)

Citation:

The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Lillywhite, Harvey B.
Pages
375-383
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate see citation figure of weight increase in juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate see citation figure of biomass of food ingested by juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption measured at a series of temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Clutch or Litter Size 307 eggs/clutch Female Adult 5 Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutch or Litter Size 531 #/egg mass Female Adult 35 egg masses Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 19 SE
Survival/ Mortality 5 survival of larval population until metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Notes on the breeding biology of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora)

Author(s)
Storm, Robert M.
Pages
251-259
Year
Issue
4
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching under field conditions wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. determined by presence of calling males and new egg masses Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii formerly Rana aurora ssp. draytonii)

Citation:

Biology of the California red-legged frog: A synopsis

Author(s)
Cook, David
Pages
79-82
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate mm/yr Both Male and Female Adult 22 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 age after metamorphosis; development of secondary sex characteristics yr Male Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity age after metamorphosis when produced eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changing respiratory importance of gills, lungs and skin during metamorphosis in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., and Nigel H. West
Pages
151-164
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 1.1 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and lung uptake), body weight = 228.2 g +/- 70.3 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 Average age at maturity, measured in years post-transformation yr Male Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Longevity Maximum estimated age yr Both Male and Female Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Growth Rate 0.0653 mm/d Both Male and Female 16 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0 yr CANADA 0.01465 SE
Citation:

Influence of temperature acclimation on oxygen consumption, haemodyamics and oxygen transport in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Weathers, Wesley W.
Pages
321-330
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 53.3 Oxygen consumption measured at 20C, frogs acclimated at 20C, mean body weight = 621 g (30.5 SE) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 2.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Age, growth, and homing in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Durham, Leonard and George W. Bennett
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 0.64 lbs Not Reported 6 Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets end of 5th yr
Body Weight - Mean 0.80 lbs Not Reported 5 Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets end of 6th yr
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying early Apr. (begin), late Apr. - early May and late May - early June (peaks), July (end) breeding season Not Reported Adult 100 lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning time to metamorphosis from first breeding clutch mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. metamorphosis period for first breeding clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
850-874
Year
Issue
4
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve, Ann Arbor Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to temperature and hypoxia in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Rocha, Priscila L. and Luiz G.S. Branco
Pages
761-768
Year
Volume
201
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation figure of breathing frequency (breaths/min) at various seasons, temperatures and oxygen levels Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at various body temperatures within seasons Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Temperature and the balance between aerial and aquatic respiration in larvae of Rana berlandieri and Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., Martin E. Feder, and Alan W. Pinder
Pages
263-273
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 178.2 Mean total oxygen uptake (skin + gills + lungs) measured at 25C, tadpole mean body weight = 5.74 g ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 36.7 Laboratory
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area SA = 0.953W^0.725 Area of removed skin measured, equation based on weight (W) in grams cm2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 29.36 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions

Author(s)
Ryan, Richard A.
Pages
73-80
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1953
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning yr Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality Range of mean survival of larvae % Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture of trace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods

Author(s)
Rowe, Christopher L., Owen M. Kinney, Roy D. Nagle and Justin D. Congdon
Pages
27-35
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.1582 resting oxygen consumption at 23C ml O2/hr/tadpole Not Reported Tadpole 19 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.009 SE Laboratory

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Mating pattern variability among western toad (Bufo boreas) populations

Author(s)
Olson, Deanna H., Andrew R. Blaustein, Richard K. O'Hara
Pages
351-356
Year
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Deschutes and Linn counties (elev., 1220-1950m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 26.86 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Samollow, Paul B.
Pages
18-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 12,000 # eggs/spawn Female Adult Not Reported Lost Lake, Linn county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.01 g Not Reported Tadpole 84 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 20 Laboratory

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Multiple egg clutches in Hyla regilla, H. cinerea and H. gratiosa

Author(s)
Perrill, Stephen A. and Richard E. Daniel
Pages
513-516
Year
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult 85 pairs in amplexus San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year estimated by number of times a female was found in amplexus with palpable eggs clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 267.7 eggs/clutch Female Adult 40 San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets 128.7 SD

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla), California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

The sexual strategy of the central long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum, in south-eastern Washington

Author(s)
Verrel, Paul and Janet Pelton
Pages
37-50
Year
Volume
240
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 11 Palouse grasslands, Pullman Exposure Factor Datasets
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