Amphibians

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Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:
Author(s)
Metter, Dean E.
Pages
435-436
Year
Volume
1963
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (7%); Gastropoda (1%); Nematomorpha (1%); Arachnoidea (4%); Plecoptera nymphs (23%); Tricoptera larvae (26%); Tricoptera adults (3%); Coleoptera larvae (15%); Coleoptera adults (14%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (14%); Diptera larvae (10%) Diptera adults (5%); Lepidoptera (2%); Orthoptera (1%); Misc. (23%) % of stomachs containing the item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 20.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 17 Exposure Factor Datasets larvae 8.3 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 24.0 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets 9.9 Laboratory

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:
Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 10.67 g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa, San Francisco 3.37 SD
Metabolic Rate 46.1 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 5.0 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 66.7 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 118.3 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 83.2 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 194.8 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 10.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 117.9 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 6.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:
Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities measured each yr for 4 yrs #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of mean densities of egg masses measured each yr for 4 yrs #/ 10 m2 Not Reported Embryo 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:
Author(s)
Kats, Lee B., Jennifer A. Breeding and Kimberly M. Hanson
Pages
321-325
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density 2.6 #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of larval densities in pools with or without adults during June-July #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Los Angeles
Citation:
Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
231-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 9.7 g Male Adult Not Reported Trabuco, Holy Jim and Harding Canyons Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Metabolic Rate 0.025 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.054 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.004 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.019 aquatic respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 7 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Citation:
Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.016 (10C), 0.054 (15C), 0.061 (20C), 0.119 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.067 (10C), 0.132 (15C), 0.203 (20C), 0.287 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.009 (10C), 0.026 (15C), 0.027 (20C), 0.043 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.066 (10C), 0.093 (15C), 0.120 (20C), 0.161 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Citation:
Author(s)
Wakeman, John M. and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
348-359
Year
Issue
4
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Twitty, Victor Chandler
Pages
64-75
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1942
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. and Mar. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:
Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 4-7/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Male Adult 1-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets sperm evacuated testes
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Female Adult 1-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets post-spawning
Clutch or Litter Size ova/mature ovary Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Brame, Arden H.
Pages
169-170
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/mass Female Adult 6 egg masses Sycamore Canyon Creek, San Gabriel Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:
Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 132.9 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 7.7 SE Laboratory
Citation:
Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
273
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Kerby, J. Lawrence and Lee B. Kats
Pages
740-745
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean larval density estimates over 2 yrs # larvae/m2 Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Dietary Composition see citation figure of % of stomachs containing prey items over several yrs Not Reported Adult 17-52 Cold Creek and Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:
Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C., Lee B. Kats and Christopher B. Anzalone
Pages
793-796
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools without crayfish over two time periods #/10m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools with crayfish over two time periods #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:
Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Clutch or Litter Size #/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:
Author(s)
Black, Jeffrey Howard and Royal Bruce Brunson
Pages
109-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported ponds, Missoula and Ravalli counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Carey, Cynthia
Pages
213-228
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 40.2 g Both Male and Female Adult 50 East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.62 SE
Metabolic Rate log SMR = -2.23 + 0.037(T) equation relating standard metabolic rate (SMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) on animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 30 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate log AMR = -1.13 +0.067(T) - 0.0008(T)^2 polynomial equation relating active metabolic rate (AMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) in animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 49 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:
Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
83-85
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Nematoda (3.0%); Gastropoda (3-21.2%); Arachnida (3.0-42.5%); Orthoptera (3.0%); Coleoptera (3.0-51.5%); Hemiptera (3.0%); Neuroptera (3.0%); Lepidoptera (12.1%); Diptera (3.0 -24.2%); Hymenoptera (3.0-88.1%) % of stomachs containing prey items % Not Reported Not Reported 33 Left-hand reservoir, Boulder county (elev., 10,638ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
278-282
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - May time of hibernation Not Reported Adult 30 Boulder county (elev., 2,975m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. halophilus formerly Bufo boreas ssp. halophilus)

Citation:
Author(s)
Barrentine, Carl D
Pages
84 - 87
Year
Issue
3
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Isopoda (31.23%); Diplopoda (0.66%); Arachnida (2.14%); Orthoptera (0.35%); Dermaptera (2.65%); Coleoptera (54.06%); Lepidoptera (2.67%); Diptera (0.04%); Hymenoptera (5.92%); Unknown insects (0.3%) % occurrence in fecal pellets examined % Not Reported Adult 320 fecal pellets/ 6 animals residential lawn, Bakersfield [lat., 35^o21'N; long., 119^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:
Author(s)
Lillywhite, Harvey B.
Pages
375-383
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
Body Weight - Mean 2.5 g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of weight increase in juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate see citation figure of biomass of food ingested by juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption measured at a series of temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:
Author(s)
Verrel, Paul and Janet Pelton
Pages
37-50
Year
Volume
240
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 11 Palouse grasslands, Pullman Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Author(s)
Beneski Jr., John T., Zalisko, Edward J. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
398-408
Year
Volume
1986
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.63 g Male Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE
Body Weight - Mean 6.02 g Female Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE
Citation:
Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 166.5 eggs/cluster averaged 16.7 eggs/female Female Adult 25 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets 59.7 SD
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 223 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr.-May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 105.3 eggs/cluster averaged 14.8 eggs/female Female Adult 16 Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets 31.03 SD
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying June - July time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Wallowa County (elev., 2470m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 90.1 eggs/female Female Adult 7 Wallowa County (elev., 2470m) Exposure Factor Datasets 48.87 SD

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (10.4%); Annelida (6.5%); Mollusca (7.8%); Chilopoda (3.9%); Isopoda (46.8%); Araneida (1.3%); Collembola (2.6%); Lepidoptera (2.6%); Diptera (2.6%); Orthoptera (6.5%); Coleoptera (14.2%); Unidentified (1.3%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 38 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Dietary Composition Cladocera (1.12%); Copepoda (0.22%); Ostracoda (12.64%); Chironomidae (23.79%); Corixidae (1.56%); Snails (5.58%); Leeches (4.46%); Oligochaeta (22.30%) and Tadpoles (27.88%) % by weight of food item in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 20 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Santa Cruz
Citation:
Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Clutch or Litter Size 307 eggs/clutch Female Adult 5 Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (2.1%); Isopoda (0.7%); Araneida (10.4%); Collembola (10.4%); Diptera (57.0%); Orthoptera (3.5%); Coleoptera (11.9%); Unidentified (4.2%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 20 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine
Dietary Composition Mollusca (2.7%); Cladocera (36.7%); Copepoda (20.8%); Ostracoda (11.5%); Hydracarina (0.4%); Chironomidae (17.9%); Mosquitoes (5.1%); Coleoptera (2.1); Trichoptera (0.3) and Unidentified (0.14%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 60 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Alpine
Citation:
Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Citation:
Author(s)
Russell, Anthony P., G. Lawrence Powell and Dean R. Hall
Pages
397-412
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yrs Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Longevity 10 maximum lifespan yr Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment