Amphibians

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Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 6.46 average maximum weight (75.9 mm total length) g Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.62 average growth rate (total length) from stages 23-30 mm/d Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.99 average growth rate (total length) from stages 30-39 mm/d Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival of embryos, tadpoles, and adults of the frogs Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa sympatric in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
613-627
Year
Issue
5
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 680 # ova/egg mass Female Adult Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality embryo survival, estimated by counting # dead embryos in 100 eggs/egg mass % Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 22 egg masses White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets stage 13 CANADA
Survival/ Mortality <1 survival from hatching to metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole 9,901-12,512 hatching embryos White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 5.3 survival from tadpole to young-of-the-year frogs % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Rana aurora (Baird and Girard), Red-legged frog

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Philip C. Dumas
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
160
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density #/m2 Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 1 yr Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of annual variation in weight g Not Reported Tadpole 27 - 1817 Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bullfrog food and growth at the San Joaquin Experimental Range, California

Author(s)
Cohen, Nathan W. and Walter E. Howard
Pages
223-225
Year
Volume
1958
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Coleoptera (43.6%), Notonectidae (10.3%), Diptera (6.6%), Hymenoptera (6.3%), Locustidae (6.0%), Ephemeroptera (4.3%), Gryllidae (4.3%), Protura (3.3%), Chironomidae (2.6%), Culicidae (2.0%), Lepidoptera (1.3%), Odonata (0.3%), Gerridae (0.3%), Mantidae (0.3%), Sepsidae (0.3%), Unidentified parts (21.3%), Decomposed tissue (18.0%), Spiders (16.0%), Rocks, grass, leaves (22.0%), Chitinous material (10%), Snails, Planorbid (9.0%), Frogs (5.6%), Snails, Physid (4.7%), Small fish (4.3%), Unknown vertebrates (2.3%), Tadpoles (1.3%), Salamander (1.0%), Feathers (1.0%), Worms (0.6%), Egg sack (0.3%), Rabbit pellet (0.3%), Peromyscus (0.3%) % of stomachs in which food item was present at least once, frog weight range 10 - 200 g Not Reported Not Reported 300 San Joaquin Experimental Range, O'Neals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The reproductive behavior of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Ryan, Michael J.
Pages
108-114
Year
Volume
1980
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr - June Female Adult 36 Basking Pond, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Morris County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.0930 mm/d Female 14 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr CANADA 0.02287 SE
Growth Rate 0.0841 mm/d Male 12 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr CANADA 0.01882 SE
Growth Rate 0.1250 mm/d Female 10 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.02155 SE
Growth Rate 0.0697 mm/d Male 7 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.03720 SE
Growth Rate 0.0449 mm/d Female 5 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yr CANADA 0.00996 SE
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition crayfish (24%), wolf spiders (36%), long horned earwigs (20%), sowbugs (25%), german cockroaches (14%), crickets (16%), vascular plants (36%), inorganic material (12%), other animals (10%) % frequency of occurence in stomach contents Not Reported Adult 100 lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The eastern bullfrog in California

Author(s)
Storer, Tracy I.
Pages
219-224
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 17.02 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 24.56 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Population Density 18.2 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 17 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 13.1 SD
Population Density 90.9 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 20 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 97.7 SD
Citation:

Ecology and management of the bullfrog

Author(s)
Bury, R. B. and J.A. Whelan
Pages
23
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 155
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Review Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Emergence, breeding, hibernation, movements and transformation of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in Missouri

Author(s)
Willis, Yuell L., Don L. Moyle, and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
30-41
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May (begin), June (peak), Aug. (end) Measured as examining percentage of females with gonads in different developmental stages Female Adult 350 farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - Mar. Not Reported Adult Not Reported farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range distance of pond shoreline used ft Not Reported Adult 31 farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May (begin), July-Aug. (peak), Oct. (end) Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported farm ponds, Boone County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and movements of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw), in an Ontario pond

Author(s)
Currie, William and Edward D. Bellis
Pages
688-692
Year
Volume
1969
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range 8.6 mean activity radius; median = 7.2 ft; mode = 5.0-5.9 ft ft Both Male and Female Adult 131 pond at Go Home Bay, Ontario [lat.,45N; long., 79^o59'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

An analysis of the food habits of the bullfrog by body size, sex, month, and habitat

Author(s)
Brooks, G. R., Jr.
Pages
173-186
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Insecta (51.8%); Arachnida (11.2%); Amphibia (2.8%); Diploda (1.3%); Gastropoda (1.3%); Crustacea (1.4%);Teleosts (1.1%); Mammalia (0.2%); Oligochaeta (1.3%); Reptilia (0.2%); Pebbles and sand (3.4%); Vegetative material (12.5%); Digested material (11.6%) % occurrence of item; obtained by dividing # of a specific item taken by total # of items; based on stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 129 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Insecta (20.6%); Arachnida (4.8%); Amphibia (27.4%); Diploda (0.3%); Gastropoda (1.0%); Crustacea (4.3%);Teleosts (0.6%); Mammalia (5.0%); Oligochaeta (1.3%); Reptilia (6.4%); Pebbles and sand (8.0%); Vegetative material (12.3%); Digested material (7.3%) % weight of an item; obtained by dividing the weight of a specific item by the total weight of all items; obtained from stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 129 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 0.4 average weight of stomach contents for frogs with an average body weight of 17.5 g g Both Male and Female Not Reported 78 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 2.33 average weight of stomach contents for frogs with an average body weight of 106.3 g g Both Male and Female Not Reported 42 ponds, Hanover County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal rhythms of development and temperature selection in larval bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana Shaw

Author(s)
Crawshaw, Larry I.; Richard N. Rausch; Lonnie P. Wollmuth and Ethan J. Bauer
Pages
346-359
Year
Issue
2
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 0.4 measured at 25C; Taylor-Kollros stages stages/d Not Reported Tadpole 11-14 Exposure Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages 10-22 Laboratory
Growth Rate 0.02 measured at 25C; Taylor-Kollros stages stages/d Not Reported Tadpole 11-14 Exposure Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages 10-22 Laboratory
Citation:

Growth responses of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, fed various live foods

Author(s)
Modzelewski, Edward H., Jr, and Dudley D. Culley, Jr.
Pages
396-405
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 5.9 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 29.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 4.0 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 42.4 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 3.3 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 55.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Citation:

Alternative mating behaviors of young male bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
397-406
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.42 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 2 or 3 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.52 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.23 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yrs
Citation:

A comparison of spring food habits of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in three habitats of central Arkansas

Author(s)
McKamie, J.A. and G.A. Heidt
Pages
107-111
Year
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation % occurrence of 44 food items in stomach contents (species level) Not Reported Not Reported 139 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) cannibalism

Author(s)
Stuart, James N. and Charles W. Painter
Pages
103
Year
Issue
3
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Newly metamorphosed and larval Rana (87%), Aquatic snails (5%), Adult and larval aquatic Coleoptera (3%), Adult and larval Odonata (3%), Other (2%) Total percent volume of stomach contents, frog snout-vent length range = 90 - 190 mm Both Male and Female Adult 138 Wall Lake, southeast Catron County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age, growth, and homing in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Durham, Leonard and George W. Bennett
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June Female Adult Not Reported Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.458 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 37 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.463 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 40 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.115 g Not Reported Tadpole 25 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 46 Laboratory
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates for 11 tadpole stages ul O2/g wet wt./hr Not Reported Tadpole 10-84/age group Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stages 20-46 Laboratory
Citation:

Interactions of temperature and steroids on larval growth, development and metamorphosis in a toad (Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Hayes, Tyrone, Ruth Chan and Paul Licht
Pages
206-215
Year
Volume
266
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May - June Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 0.429 g Not Reported 20 San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets "newly metamorphosed toadlets" 0.02 SE
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 30.80 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Growth, dispersal and survival of the Pacific tree frog

Author(s)
Jameson, David L.
Pages
25-29
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 13.3 % surviving their first year % Not Reported Juvenile 15 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 8 mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 11 % surviving one year % Not Reported Adult 373 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 2 increase in snout-vent length mm/wk Not Reported Juvenile 30 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Observations on the ecology and behavior of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Brattstrom, Bayard H. and James W. Warren
Pages
181-191
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Torpor or Hibernation July - Oct. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Gorman (elev., 4000 ft) and Palmdale (elev., 2000 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Food of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, in northern California

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
56-55
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (8.2%); Lepidoptera larvae (14.8%); Hymenoptera (6.6%); Diptera adult (14.5%); Diptera larvae (8.2%); Coleoptera adults (32.8%); Coleoptera larvae (19.7%); Aranea (9.9%); Acarina (3.3%); Isopoda (9.9%); Chilopoda (4.9%); Pulmonata (11.3%); Megadrili (4.9%) % frogs in which each item occurred in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 61 Lakeport (elev., 1300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Lake
Citation:

Metabolic and morphological adaptation to heterogenous environments of the Pacific tree toad, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Jameson, David L., William Taylor and John Mountjoy
Pages
75-89
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates measured at 20C mm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 7/location and sex captured in San Diego, Julian and Willows, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range range of distances moved from original site of capture m Not Reported Juvenile 7 Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras
Growth Rate 0.005 changes in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 0.0049
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 11 # large ovarian eggs/female #/clutch Female Adult 26 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Growth Rate see citation figure of growth rates based on changes in snout-vent length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Longevity range of oldest individuals recorded yrs Both Male and Female Adult 3 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Dietary Composition earthworm (1); sowbugs (14); amphipod (1); centipede (1); millipede (4); spiders (6); springtail (1); thysanuran (1); camel crickets (15); lepidopterous larva (1); dipteran (1); beetles (5); ant (1) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 27 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Foods of Plethodon larselli, Plethodon dunni and Ensatina eschscholtzi in the Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
226-228
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition gastropoda (1.5%); annelida (1.5%); acarina (10.0%); araneida (17.7%); non-insect arthropods (16.9%); collembola (16.2%); hemiptera (8.5%); coleoptera (3.1%); lepidoptera (0.8%); hymenoptera (12.3%); diptera (10.0%); orthoptera (1.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class >45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition acarina (32.5%); araneida (22.6%); non-insect arthropods (22.6%); collembola (16.1%); coleoptera (6.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class <45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.2 (10C); 20.7 (15C); 24.0 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/h Not Reported Juvenile 4-7/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 20.7 (10C); 31.2 (15C); 63.3 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 4-5/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Small mammals and other prey in the diet of the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

Author(s)
Bury, R. Bruce
Pages
524-526
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Coleoptera adult (0.21); Orthoptera adult (0.13); Diptera adult (0.07); Lepidoptera larvae (0.20); Hymenoptera (0.05); Arachnida (0.15); Acarina (0.05); Diplopoda (0.37); Isopoda (0.05); Gastropoda (0.50); Amphibian (0.75); Reptilia (5.20); Mammalia (5.50); Rocks (0.05); Vegetable matter (0.05) mean volume of gut contents cc Not Reported Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets Del Norte, Humboldt, Marin
Citation:

Comparative food habits of four species of stream-dwelling vertebrates (Dicamptodon ensatus, D. copei, Cottus tenuis, Salmo gairdneri)

Author(s)
Antonelli, Arthur L., Ronald A. Nussbaum and Stamford D. Smith
Pages
277-289
Year
Issue
4
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation monthly % of gut content samples in which organism occurred (n=38 diet items) Not Reported Not Reported 3-34/mo Maratta Creek, Cowlitz County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (14.0%); Gastropoda (2.0%); Nematomorpha (2.0%); Arachnoidea (8.0%); Plecoptera (46.0%); Tricoptera larvae (52.0%); Tricoptera adults (6.0%); Coleoptera larvae (30.0%); Coleoptera adults (28.0%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (28.0%); Emphemeroptera adults (2.0%); Diptera larvae (20.0%); Diptera adults (10.0%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.0%); Orthoptera (2.0%); Misc. (46.0%) % of stomach contents containing item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stomach contents of Idaho larval Dicamptodon

Author(s)
Metter, Dean E.
Pages
435-436
Year
Volume
1963
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (7%); Gastropoda (1%); Nematomorpha (1%); Arachnoidea (4%); Plecoptera nymphs (23%); Tricoptera larvae (26%); Tricoptera adults (3%); Coleoptera larvae (15%); Coleoptera adults (14%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (14%); Diptera larvae (10%) Diptera adults (5%); Lepidoptera (2%); Orthoptera (1%); Misc. (23%) % of stomachs containing the item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa)

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities of egg masses measured each yr for 4 yrs #/ 10 m2 Not Reported Embryo 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The number of egg masses and eggs laid by the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Brame, Arden H.
Pages
169-170
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/mass Female Adult 6 egg masses Sycamore Canyon Creek, San Gabriel Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Ontogenetic changes in California newts (Taricha torosa) in response to chemical cues from conspecific predators

Author(s)
Kats, Lee B., Jennifer A. Breeding and Kimberly M. Hanson
Pages
321-325
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density 2.6 #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of larval densities in pools with or without adults during June-July #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Los Angeles
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 4-7/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Male Adult 1-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets sperm evacuated testes
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas (Baird and Girard), in western Montana

Author(s)
Black, Jeffrey Howard and Royal Bruce Brunson
Pages
109-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported ponds, Missoula and Ravalli counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during rest and activity in Montane Bufo boreas boreas and Rana pipiens

Author(s)
Carey, Cynthia
Pages
213-228
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 40.2 g Both Male and Female Adult 50 East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.62 SE
Metabolic Rate log SMR = -2.23 + 0.037(T) equation relating standard metabolic rate (SMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) on animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 30 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate log AMR = -1.13 +0.067(T) - 0.0008(T)^2 polynomial equation relating active metabolic rate (AMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) in animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 49 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 223 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr.-May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 105.3 eggs/cluster averaged 14.8 eggs/female Female Adult 16 Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets 31.03 SD
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Citation:

Growth and age of Alberta long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei): a comparison of two methods of estimation

Author(s)
Russell, Anthony P., G. Lawrence Powell and Dean R. Hall
Pages
397-412
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yrs Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Longevity 10 maximum lifespan yr Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus formerly Bufo microscaphus ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Observations on the natural history of the California toad, Bufo californicus Camp

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis June - July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Mojave River Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.092 change in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras USA 0.0071

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Life history patterns of the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum in the high Cascade mountains of southern Oregon

Author(s)
Kezer, James and Donald S. Farner
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Crater Lake, Munson Oxbow Pond, Aant Point Pond, Whitehorse Bluff ponds and Lake West Exposure Factor Datasets
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