Amphibians

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Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.458 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 37 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.463 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 40 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.115 g Not Reported Tadpole 25 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 46 Laboratory
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates for 11 tadpole stages ul O2/g wet wt./hr Not Reported Tadpole 10-84/age group Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stages 20-46 Laboratory
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 30.80 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 25.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 71.2 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 32.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 29.41 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets

Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus formerly Bufo microscaphus ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Observations on the natural history of the California toad, Bufo californicus Camp

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis June - July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Mojave River Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Observations on the ecology and behavior of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Brattstrom, Bayard H. and James W. Warren
Pages
181-191
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Torpor or Hibernation July - Oct. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Gorman (elev., 4000 ft) and Palmdale (elev., 2000 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Food of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, in northern California

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
56-55
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (8.2%); Lepidoptera larvae (14.8%); Hymenoptera (6.6%); Diptera adult (14.5%); Diptera larvae (8.2%); Coleoptera adults (32.8%); Coleoptera larvae (19.7%); Aranea (9.9%); Acarina (3.3%); Isopoda (9.9%); Chilopoda (4.9%); Pulmonata (11.3%); Megadrili (4.9%) % frogs in which each item occurred in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 61 Lakeport (elev., 1300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Lake
Dietary Composition Collembola (1.4%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.1%); Hymenoptera (4.1%); Diptera adult (8.1%); Diptera larvae (1.4%); Coleoptera adults (14.9%); Coleoptera larvae (4.1%); Plecoptera (2.7%); Hemiptera (6.8%); Aranea (6.8%); Acarina (1.4%) % frogs in which each item occurred in stomach contents % Both Male and Female Not Reported 74 Eureka Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Effects of variation in natural algal and detrital diets on larval anuaran (Hyla regilla) life history traits

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J., Jane C. Marks and Mary E. Power
Pages
446-457
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - Aug. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported South Fork Eel River, Branscomb [lat., 39^o44' N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of average weight at metamorphosis, tadpoles fed green algae in field enclosures mg Both Male and Female Juvenile 16-24/group South Fork Eel River, Branscomb [lat., 39^o44' N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of average weight at metamorphosis, tadpoles fed seston, detritus or blue green algae in field enclosures mg Both Male and Female Juvenile 7-12/group South Fork Eel River, Branscomb [lat., 39^o44' N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Multiple egg clutches in Hyla regilla, H. cinerea and H. gratiosa

Author(s)
Perrill, Stephen A. and Richard E. Daniel
Pages
513-516
Year
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult 85 pairs in amplexus San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year estimated by number of times a female was found in amplexus with palpable eggs clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 267.7 eggs/clutch Female Adult 40 San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets 128.7 SD
Citation:

The reproductive ecology of the pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla)

Author(s)
Schaub, David L. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
409-416
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition May Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Moscow, Latah County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth, dispersal and survival of the Pacific tree frog

Author(s)
Jameson, David L.
Pages
25-29
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate range of average increase in snout-vent length for 7 size classes (snout vent length; 28.0 - 35.9 mm) mm/yr Not Reported Adult 13 - 52 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 13.3 % surviving their first year % Not Reported Juvenile 15 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 8 mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 11 % surviving one year % Not Reported Adult 373 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 2 increase in snout-vent length mm/wk Not Reported Juvenile 30 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolic and morphological adaptation to heterogenous environments of the Pacific tree toad, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Jameson, David L., William Taylor and John Mountjoy
Pages
75-89
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Lab
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates measured at 20C mm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 7/location and sex captured in San Diego, Julian and Willows, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.27 g Both Male and Female Adult 90 Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Time of Mating/ Laying spring - summer breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Population Density 16.25 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 27 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino 7 SD

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla), California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 194.1 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 14.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 21.7 mean final distance from original site of capture m Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.1
Home Range 22.2 mean final distance from original site of capture m Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.8
Home Range range of distances moved from original site of capture m Not Reported Juvenile 7 Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras
Growth Rate 0.005 changes in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 0.0049
Citation:

Foods of Plethodon larselli, Plethodon dunni and Ensatina eschscholtzi in the Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
226-228
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition gastropoda (1.5%); annelida (1.5%); acarina (10.0%); araneida (17.7%); non-insect arthropods (16.9%); collembola (16.2%); hemiptera (8.5%); coleoptera (3.1%); lepidoptera (0.8%); hymenoptera (12.3%); diptera (10.0%); orthoptera (1.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class >45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition acarina (32.5%); araneida (22.6%); non-insect arthropods (22.6%); collembola (16.1%); coleoptera (6.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class <45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparison of food habits of Ensatina eschscholtzii and Aneides lugubris

Author(s)
Zweifel, Richard G.
Pages
285-287
Year
Volume
1949
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition sow bugs (42%); centipedes (42%); spiders (60%); springtails (47%); beetles (36%); caterpillars (5%); ants (13%) % of stomach containing food item % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 Dixie Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 0.26 g Not Reported Juvenile 23 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.60 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 37 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 4.30 g Female Adult 11 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.80 g Male Adult 19 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Crustacea (1); Arachnida (19); Diplopoda (5); Chilopoda (3); Hexapoda (32) number of each item in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 21 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 17.3 average distance moved between recaptures ft Female Adult 13 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Home Range 32.8 average distance moved between recaptures ft Male Adult 17 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Adult 25 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutches or Litters per year 1 clutch/yr Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutch or Litter Size 11 # large ovarian eggs/female #/clutch Female Adult 26 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Growth Rate see citation figure of growth rates based on changes in snout-vent length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Longevity range of oldest individuals recorded yrs Both Male and Female Adult 3 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Dietary Composition earthworm (1); sowbugs (14); amphipod (1); centipede (1); millipede (4); spiders (6); springtail (1); thysanuran (1); camel crickets (15); lepidopterous larva (1); dipteran (1); beetles (5); ant (1) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 27 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Body Weight - Mean 6 g Both Male and Female Adult 9 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Duration of Incubation or Gestation mo Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying late spring - early summer time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying Oct. - Mar. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Hatching or Parturition fall - early winter Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Dietary Composition sowbug (1); centipede (1); millipede (6); spiders (7); wood ticks (2); scavenger mite (1); solpugid (1); springtails (5); worker termites (15); hemipteran (1); fly (1); beetles (11); ants (2) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Madelia Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Comparative studies on the distribution and foods of plethodontid salamanders in the redwood region of northern California

Author(s)
Bury, R.B. and M. Martin
Pages
331-335
Year
Issue
4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (68%); Coleoptera adults (49%); Coleoptera larvae (11%); Diptera adults (14%); Diptera larvae (16%); Hymenoptera (22%); Acarina (19%); Araneae (57%); Diplopoda (38%); Isopoda (32%) % frequency of major food items % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 37 1-2 mi WSW of Pepperwood, Humboldt Co. Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.092 change in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras USA 0.0071

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Life history patterns of the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum in the high Cascade mountains of southern Oregon

Author(s)
Kezer, James and Donald S. Farner
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Crater Lake, Munson Oxbow Pond, Aant Point Pond, Whitehorse Bluff ponds and Lake West Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Cutaneous and pulmonary gas exchange in ambystomatid salamanders

Author(s)
Whitford, Walter G. and Victor H. Hutchison
Pages
573-577
Year
Volume
1966
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation tidal volume and breathing rate data Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of pulmonary and cutaneous oxygen consumption ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 281.0 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 19.5 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes

Author(s)
Tyler, Torrey, William J. Liss, Lisa M. Ganio, Gary L. Larson, Robert Hoffman, Elisabeth Deimling and Gregg Lomnicky
Pages
94-105
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of larval density estimates in 8 fishless lakes utilizing 3 survey methodologies during day and night larvae/100 m shoreline Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Benthic macroinvertebrates (75%): Diptera (66.7); Chironomidae (41.7%); Coleoptera (58.3%); Trichoptera (50%); Ephemeroptera (25%); Amphipoda (16.7%); Plecoptera (8.3%); Pelecypoda (8.3%); Crustacean zooplankton (41.7%): Cladocerans (41.7%); Unidentified (41.7%); Imm. Daphnids (25.0%); Daphnia rosea (25%); Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (16.7%); Chydorus spaericus (8.3%); Copepods (16.7%); Cylopoids (16.7%); Calanoids (8.3%); Harpactacoids (8.3%) % larvae stomachs that contained prey item % Not Reported Juvenile 13 North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 15.4 mg Not Reported Juvenile 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 d post-hatch 0.3 SE Laboratory

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Small mammals and other prey in the diet of the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

Author(s)
Bury, R. Bruce
Pages
524-526
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Coleoptera adult (0.21); Orthoptera adult (0.13); Diptera adult (0.07); Lepidoptera larvae (0.20); Hymenoptera (0.05); Arachnida (0.15); Acarina (0.05); Diplopoda (0.37); Isopoda (0.05); Gastropoda (0.50); Amphibian (0.75); Reptilia (5.20); Mammalia (5.50); Rocks (0.05); Vegetable matter (0.05) mean volume of gut contents cc Not Reported Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets Del Norte, Humboldt, Marin
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (14.0%); Gastropoda (2.0%); Nematomorpha (2.0%); Arachnoidea (8.0%); Plecoptera (46.0%); Tricoptera larvae (52.0%); Tricoptera adults (6.0%); Coleoptera larvae (30.0%); Coleoptera adults (28.0%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (28.0%); Emphemeroptera adults (2.0%); Diptera larvae (20.0%); Diptera adults (10.0%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.0%); Orthoptera (2.0%); Misc. (46.0%) % of stomach contents containing item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food and feeding of larval Dicamptodon ensatus from California

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and Carl B. Schreck
Pages
280-281
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Ambystoma gracile (39.2%); Trichoptera larvae (19.6%); Trichoptera adults (1.9%); Coleoptera larvae (37.2%); Coleoptera adults (21.6%); Odonata larvae (70.5%); Odonata adults (1.9%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (1.9%); Gammarid amphipoda (3.9%); Hemiptera adults (5.9%); Arachnoidea (3.9%); Chironomidae (19.6%); Oniscoid isopoda (1.9%); Misc. (25.5%); Empty (3.9%) % frequency of ocurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 51 Fern Lake, Arcata Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians

Author(s)
Corn, Paul Stephen and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
39-57
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 2.28 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 23 stream reaches streams in uncut forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.36 SE
Population Density 0.50 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 20 stream reaches streams in logged forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.24 SE
Citation:

Nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A.
Pages
257-262
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May time of laying Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 275 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population structure, growth and size of larval Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Glen W. Clothier
Pages
218-227
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 57 % mortality during first yr of life % Not Reported Juvenile 61 Gauldy Mountain, Tillamook County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate increase in total length mm/mo Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Mary's Peak and Palouse Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relationship between cover availability and larval pacific giant salamander density

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
355-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density see citation figure of population density estimates #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Caspar Creek Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
705-718
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range over 4 yrs #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2-3 yrs Mendocino
Dietary Composition Ephemeroptera (59.1%); Trichoptera (11.7%); Plecoptera (4.5%); Diptera (8.1%); Coleoptera (3.6%); Odonata (1.0%); Hemiptera (<1.0%); Non-Insecta (3.4%); Vertebrates (<1.0%); Terrestrial organisms, Insecta (8.8%) average proportion of total prey items in stomach contents on 11 sampling dates % Not Reported Juvenile 502 Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.2 (10C); 20.7 (15C); 24.0 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/h Not Reported Juvenile 4-7/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 20.7 (10C); 31.2 (15C); 63.3 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 4-5/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 20.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 17 Exposure Factor Datasets larvae 8.3 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 24.0 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets 9.9 Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative food habits of four species of stream-dwelling vertebrates (Dicamptodon ensatus, D. copei, Cottus tenuis, Salmo gairdneri)

Author(s)
Antonelli, Arthur L., Ronald A. Nussbaum and Stamford D. Smith
Pages
277-289
Year
Issue
4
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation monthly % of gut content samples in which organism occurred (n=38 diet items) Not Reported Not Reported 3-34/mo Maratta Creek, Cowlitz County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stomach contents of Idaho larval Dicamptodon

Author(s)
Metter, Dean E.
Pages
435-436
Year
Volume
1963
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (7%); Gastropoda (1%); Nematomorpha (1%); Arachnoidea (4%); Plecoptera nymphs (23%); Tricoptera larvae (26%); Tricoptera adults (3%); Coleoptera larvae (15%); Coleoptera adults (14%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (14%); Diptera larvae (10%) Diptera adults (5%); Lepidoptera (2%); Orthoptera (1%); Misc. (23%) % of stomachs containing the item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 10.67 g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa, San Francisco 3.37 SD
Metabolic Rate 46.1 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 5.0 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 66.7 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 118.3 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Citation:

Modified interactions between salamander life stages caused by wildfire-induced sedimentation

Author(s)
Kerby, J. Lawrence and Lee B. Kats
Pages
740-745
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean larval density estimates over 2 yrs # larvae/m2 Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

Growth and age of Alberta long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei): a comparison of two methods of estimation

Author(s)
Russell, Anthony P., G. Lawrence Powell and Dean R. Hall
Pages
397-412
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 10 maximum lifespan yr Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
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