Both Male and Female

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Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Reproductive capacities of control mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) during a one-generation reproduction study

Author(s)
Piccirillo, V.J. and R.P. Quesenberry
Pages
133-140
Year
Issue
5/6
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 574.7-1182.8 g/wk range of mean food consumption over the breeding period Both Male and Female Adult 90 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (50.6%), fauna (49.4%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 19-25 d
Dietary Composition flora (71%), fauna (29%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 26-35 d
Citation:

Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Harold F. Duebbert and David E. Sharp
Pages
1-28
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 3.62 breeding pairs/km2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Koenig study area Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season
Citation:

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

Author(s)
McEwan, E. H. and A.F. Koelink
Pages
27-31
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 80 resting heat production kcal/kg/day Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds/treatment Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The Central, Imperial, and Coachella Valleys of California

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E., Daniel P. Connelly, and Roger L. Pederson
Pages
475-505
Publisher
Texas Tech University Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 314,712 mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Comparative diets of burrowing owls in Oregon and Washington

Author(s)
Green, Gregory A., Richard E. Fitzner, Robert G. Anthony and Lee E. Rogers
Pages
88-93
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition vertebrate (86.7%), invertebrate (13.3%) diet composition by percent biomass in pellets Both Male and Female Adult pellets 5,559 Columbia Basin Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition vertebrate (89.9%), invertebrate (10.1%) diet composition by percent biomass in pellets Both Male and Female Adult 769 pellets Columbia Basin Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (31.4%), birds (5.9%), insects (28.6%), vegetation (61.0%) mean percent occurrence in pellets Both Male and Female Not Reported 608 pellets Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mammals (41.2%), birds (2.0%), insects (23.3%), vegetation (55.5%) mean percent occurrence in pellets Both Male and Female Not Reported 366 pellets Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest site characteristics and reproductive success of burrowing owls (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Durango, Mexico

Author(s)
Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
143-148
Year
Issue
1
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density nesting density based on nearest-neighbor test pairs/km2 Both Male and Female Adult 23-29 pairs Mapimf Biosphere Reserve, Durango (1,000-1,350 m) Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.91 fledglings/successful nest Both Male and Female Adult 52 nests Mapimf Biosphere Reserve, Durango (1,000-1,350 m) Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO

Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Citation:

Bats of America

Author(s)
Barbour, R.W. and W.H. Davis
Pages
285
Publisher
University of Kentucky Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Review Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size Review Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Fat (total or %) total extractable lipids in carcass % Both Male and Female Adult 4 bats near cities Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Nocturnal and seasonal activities of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus

Author(s)
O'Shea, Thomas J. and Terry A. Vaughn
Pages
269-284
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition late May through June time of parturition through time when young begin to fly Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Camp Verde, Yavapai County Exposure Factor Datasets

Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi)

Citation:

Growth and age at maturity of North American tortoises in relation to regional climates

Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Pages
918-931
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 38 - 112 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 4-8 yrs
Citation:

Changes in desert tortoise populations at four study sites in California

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H., Lori L. Nicholson, Steve Juarez and A. Peter Woodman
Pages
60-80
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2 yrs western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 4.8 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults between 1973 and 1985 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-size relationships of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi) in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
974-979
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1987
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Growth Rate PL(mm) = 7.25(Age) + 50.1 linear regression equation relating plastron length (PL; 48-221 mm) to Age (1-26 yrs) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 15 animals; repeated measurements Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) Exposure Factor Datasets 0-26 yrs
Citation:

Population ecology of the desert tortoise at Goffs, San Bernadino County, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Kristin H. Berry, Betty L. Burge, Page Hayden, Lori Nicholson and Jan Bickett
Pages
68-81
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying July - Oct. mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

Citation:

Notes on ecology and food of the Kit fox in Central Utah

Author(s)
Smith, Dwight G.
Pages
96 - 98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 4 mean number of pairs on study area pairs/207 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 mean animal density in study area adult/12.9 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Citation:

Energy expenditure in free-ranging lizards

Author(s)
Bennett, Albert F. and Kenneth A. Nagy
Pages
697-700
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Metabolic Rate 0.185 resting metabolic rate at 35C, estimated as carbon dioxide production rate ml CO2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 11 Ecology Research Area, University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets reproductively active 0.015SE
Metabolic Rate 0.192 resting metabolic rate at 35C, estimated as carbon dioxide production rate ml CO2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 19 Ecology Research Area, University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets reproductively inactive 0.017SE
Citation:

Seasonal, sexual and altitudinal variations in stomach content and ingested fat in Sceloporus occidentalis

Author(s)
Jameson, E.W. Jr., A.A. Heusner and Donna Lem
Pages
255-261
Year
Issue
3
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Food Ingestion Rate SCW = 0.46(BW)^0.63 equation relating stomach content fresh weight (SCW; mg) to body weight (BW; g) mg Both Male and Female Not Reported 920 animals yellow pine forest (elev., 1500m) and valley grassland (elev., 150m), central Sierra Nevada Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 127 estimated average stomach content fresh weight in 5 g lizard mg Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported central Sierra Nevada (elev., 150m and 1500m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. levipes)

Citation:

Movements and activity patterns of the light-footed clapper rail

Author(s)
Zembal, Richard, Barbara W. Massey and Jack M. Fancher
Pages
39-42
Year
Issue
1
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 0.81 mean home range size of radiotagged and untagged birds ha Both Male and Female Adult 9 radiotagged birds upper Newport Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Orange

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during rest and activity in Montane Bufo boreas boreas and Rana pipiens

Author(s)
Carey, Cynthia
Pages
213-228
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 40.2 g Both Male and Female Adult 50 East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.62 SE
Metabolic Rate log SMR = -2.23 + 0.037(T) equation relating standard metabolic rate (SMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) on animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 30 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Merriam's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami)

Citation:

Population Ecology of a desert rodent: Dipodomys merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert

Author(s)
Zeng, Zongyong and James H. Brown
Pages
1328-1340
Year
Issue
5
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 7.8 #/ha Both Male and Female Not Reported 782 Cave Creek Bajada, Cochise County (elev., 1330 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative ecology of sympatric Dipodomys agilis and Dipodomys merriami in southern California

Author(s)
McClenaghan, Leroy R.
Pages
175-185
Year
Issue
14
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 29 #/ha Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Jacumba (elev., 988 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 85.1 average monthly survival %/mo Both Male and Female Not Reported 220 Jacumba (elev., 988 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction and food habits of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami

Author(s)
Bradley, W. Glenn and Roger A. Mauer
Pages
497-507
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of seasonal changes in mean body weight g Both Male and Female Adult 2-96/mo Las Vegas Valley, Clark County (elev., 2500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth and development of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami

Author(s)
Chew, Robert M. and Bernard B. Butterworth
Pages
75-95
Year
Volume
23
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Juvenile 34 captured at Indian Cove, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative population ecology of eleven species of rodents in the Chihuahuan Desert

Author(s)
Brown, J. H. and Z. Zeng
Pages
46-63
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 7.93 mean density #/ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 968 Portal, Cochise County (elev. 1330 m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 30.2 estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 14.3 estimated breeding density in planted field habitat (14 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets

Desert Sideblotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana ssp. stejnegeri)

Citation:

Density, growth and home range of the lizard Uta stansburiana steinegeri in southern Dona Ana county, New Mexico

Author(s)
Worthington, Richard D. and Edward R. Arvizo
Pages
124-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 50.2 #/ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 marked lizards Dona Ana county [lat., 31^o47'10" N; long., 106^o35'05"W], (elev., 1250m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Resident mourning doves in Berkeley, California

Author(s)
Leopold, A. Starker, and Mark F. Dedon
Pages
780-789
Year
Issue
3
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Longevity 1.53 mean life span yr Both Male and Female Adult 725 birds Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa 0.19 SE
Citation:

Life history and productivity of a population of western mourning doves in California

Author(s)
Cowan, John B.
Pages
505-521
Year
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 14-15 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Time of Nesting mid-March to September 20 nesting season duration (peaks in July) Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in fruit orchards in north-central Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L., Dwight G. Smith, David M. Gaudet and Albert W. Erickson
Pages
230-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.8 mean number of young fledged per nesting attempt Both Male and Female Fledgling 123 nests Rufus Woods Lake area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth and calculation of age in mourning dove nestlings

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C. and Michael Jaeger
Pages
843-852
Year
Issue
4
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 7.04 mean body weight g Both Male and Female Hatchling 28 nestlings Fremont and Waterloo areas Exposure Factor Datasets day of hatch
Citation:

Some aspects of the population ecolgoy of breeding mourning doves in Georgia

Author(s)
Hopkins, Milton N. and Eugene P. Odum
Pages
132-143
Year
Issue
2
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 3.3 mean breeding density Both Male and Female Adult ten 100 ac plots southwest and northeast areas Exposure Factor Datasets

Island Night Lizard (Xantusia riversiana)

Citation:

Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California

Author(s)
Fellers, Gary M. and Charles A. Drost
Pages
28-78
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 17.2 m2 Both Male and Female Adult 6 Santa Barbara Island Exposure Factor Datasets

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Food of the pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, in northern California

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
56-55
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (1.4%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.1%); Hymenoptera (4.1%); Diptera adult (8.1%); Diptera larvae (1.4%); Coleoptera adults (14.9%); Coleoptera larvae (4.1%); Plecoptera (2.7%); Hemiptera (6.8%); Aranea (6.8%); Acarina (1.4%) % frogs in which each item occurred in stomach contents % Both Male and Female Not Reported 74 Eureka Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Effects of variation in natural algal and detrital diets on larval anuaran (Hyla regilla) life history traits

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J., Jane C. Marks and Mary E. Power
Pages
446-457
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - Aug. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported South Fork Eel River, Branscomb [lat., 39^o44' N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets

Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani)

Citation:

Reproduction of the brush rabbit in California

Author(s)
Mossman, Archie S.
Pages
177-184
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - May time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Napa
Body Weight - Mean weight just prior to birth g Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Napa
Citation:

Sylvilagus bachmani

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Brown pelicans in central and northern California

Author(s)
Briggs, Kenneth T., Wm. Breck Tyler, David B. Lewis, Paul R. Kelly and Donald A. Croll
Pages
353-373
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to mid-summer time of northward movement from southern breeding areas Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 3 years northern and central coast Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.23 mean density at sea off central and northern coast birds/km^2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 3 years central and northern coast Exposure Factor Datasets 0.23 SE

California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Citation:

Reproductive behaviour and multiple paternity of California ground squirrels

Author(s)
Boellstorff, Diane E., Donald H. Owings, Maria Cecilia T. Penedo and Marta J. Hersek
Pages
1057-1064
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb.-Mar. breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Camp Ohlone, East Bay Regional Park District Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

Thermoregulation and resting metabolic rate of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups

Author(s)
Thompson, Steven, D., Kathryn A. Ono, Olav T. Oftedal and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
730-736
Year
Issue
6
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 12,000 g Both Male and Female Pup 39 captured at San Nicolas Island, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 3-5 wks 231 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen uptake of the California sea lion and harbour seal during exposure to heat

Author(s)
Matsuura, D. T. and G. C. Whittow
Pages
711-715
Year
Issue
3
Volume
225
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 321.4 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 16.4C. ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 3-4 yrs 23.7 SE Laboratory

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

A preliminary report on the biology of the willow flycatcher in the central Sierra Nevada

Author(s)
Stafford, Michael D. and Bradley E. Valentine
Pages
66-77
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Hatching Success 75% hatching success among total eggs laid Both Male and Female Hatchling 8 nests Sierra National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno

California Vole (Microtus californicus)

Citation:

Territoriality and mating system of California voles

Author(s)
Ostfeld, Richard S.
Pages
691-706
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type California Counties
Population Density range in mean density for 2 yr #/ha Both Male and Female Adult Richmond Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa

Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. sirtalis)

Citation:

Temperature-dependent shifts in the metabolism of a cool temperate reptile, Thanmophis sirtalis parietalis

Author(s)
Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
495-503
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at 5-27C ml O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 20 captured at Miami, Florida Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The bioenergetics of hibernation in the eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

Author(s)
Costanzo, Jon P.
Pages
682-692
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.42 estimated from changes in body composition cal/g/d Both Male and Female Not Reported 13 captured in Portage County, WI Exposure Factor Datasets hibernating Laboratory

Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)

Citation:

Survival estimates for snowy plovers breeding at Great Salt Lake, Utah

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C.
Pages
1106-1109
Year
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity 2.7 mean life expectancy for an adult plover, based on survival estimate yr Both Male and Female Adult 361 birds captured over 3 yrs Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spacing out at Mono Lake: Breeding success, nest density, and predation in the snowy plover

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel, David W. Winkler and Christopher W. Swarth
Pages
13-24
Year
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 0.743 minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals (2 years and both sexes pooled) Both Male and Female Adult 101 birds Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey

San Joaquin Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni)

Citation:

Population density, census methods, habitat relationships, and home range of the San Joaquin Antelope squirrel, 1988-1989

Author(s)
Harris, John H. and Danielle M. Stearns
Pages
37
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Nongame Bird and Mammal Section
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density #/ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Elkhorn Plain Ecological Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo

Fresno Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nitratoides ssp. exilis)

Citation:

Observations on the natural history of the Fresno kangaroo rat

Author(s)
Culbertson, A.E.
Pages
189-193
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 2.2 g Both Male and Female Neonate 7 adults captured near Fresno Exposure Factor Datasets at birth Laboratory

Stephens' Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephensi)

Citation:

Temporal and spatial demographic patterns in Dipodomys stephensi from Riverside County, California

Author(s)
McClenaghan, Leroy R. Jr. and Ernest Taylor
Pages
636-645
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 36.1 average density over 19 mo study #/ha Both Male and Female Not Reported 125 Lake Mathews [lat., 33^o50'N; long., 117^o27'30"W] Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day g Both Male and Female Not Reported 2 birds Exposure Factor Datasets captive Laboratory

Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
174-181
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range range across 4 yrs and 4 habitat types km2 Both Male and Female Not Reported 4 - 16/sample Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Energy requirements of eastern coyotes

Author(s)
Pekins, Peter J. and William W. Mautz
Pages
656-659
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 163.5 field metabolic rate estimated as 3 times basal metabolic rate kcal/kg Both Male and Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in Iowa

Author(s)
Andrews, Ronald D. and Edward K. Boggess
Pages
249-265
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Apr. breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food and energy use by captive coyotes

Author(s)
Litvaitis, John A. and William W. Mautz
Pages
56-61
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate range of daily dry matter intake per unit metabolic weight (g food/body weight^0.75) for deer, hare or mice diets g/kg/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 captured in Aroostook County, ME Exposure Factor Datasets 9 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Physical development in coyotes (Canis latrans), with a comparison to other canids

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc and Robert Jamieson
Pages
685-692
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 461 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 10d Laboratory
Citation:

Summer food habits and population density of coyotes, Canis latrans, in boreal forests of sutheastern Quebec

Author(s)
Samson, Claude and Michel Crete
Pages
227-233
Year
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition see citation figure of monthly average volume (%) of food items in scats during 2 summers Both Male and Female Not Reported 666 scat samples Gaspesie Conservation Park and Chic-Chocs Game Reserve [lat., 49^o00N'; long., 66^o00' W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Dynamics of a loggerhead shrike population in Minnesota

Author(s)
Brooks, Bonnie L. and Stanley A. Temple
Pages
441-450
Year
Issue
3
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.47 annual adult survival (based on reoccupancy rate from the previous year), over 3 years Both Male and Female Adult 16-37 territories/year southern Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effect of vegetation height on hunting behavior and diet of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Territory Size 8.35 mean territory size in pasture habitat ha Both Male and Female Adult 6 territories Archbold Biological Station near Lake Placid Exposure Factor Datasets 0.66 SD

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Reproduction in captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
452-455
Year
Issue
2
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation days Both Male and Female Embryo 59 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Biology of the striped skunk

Author(s)
Verts, B. J.
Pages
182
Publisher
University of Illinois Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb/Mar Both Male and Female Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Environmental and endocrine control of reproduction in the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia. I. Temporal Organization of the breeding cycle

Author(s)
Wingfield, John C.
Pages
406-416
Year
Issue
3
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Molt 9 August-10 November includes prebasic molt Both Male and Female Not Reported about 10 Rockefeller University field research center Exposure Factor Datasets

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Crustacea (1); Arachnida (19); Diplopoda (5); Chilopoda (3); Hexapoda (32) number of each item in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 21 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. bairdii), Audubon's Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii ssp. neomexicanus)

Citation:

Attempts to breed cottontail rabbits in captivity

Author(s)
Dice, L. R.
Pages
225-229
Year
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28 d Both Male and Female Adult 3 litters captured in Rago, Kansas Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. sonoriensis)

Citation:

Metabolic characteristics of mountain, desert and coastal populations of Peromyscus

Author(s)
Murie, Martin
Pages
723-740
Year
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 2.25 resting oxygen consumption rate at 25C cc O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. gambelii)

Citation:

Comparative energetics in two sympatric species of Peromyscus

Author(s)
Mazen, Walter S. and Robert L. Rudd
Pages
573-574
Year
Issue
3
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 7.9 average long term metabolic rate, assessed overnight cc O2/g/h Both Male and Female Not Reported 20 collected 5 km east of Chico, Butte County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 0.139 SD Laboratory

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Suisun Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. maxillaris), San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. samuelis)

Citation:

San Francisco Bay Region Salt Marsh Song Sparrow Survey, 1974

Author(s)
Walton, Brian James
Pages
19
Publisher
California Fish and Game, Special Wildlife Investigations
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Population Density see table 1 Both Male and Female Adult 64 sites San Francisco Bay region Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa breeding

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Status and reproduction of the peregrine falcon at a coastal lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico

Author(s)
Castellanos, Aradit, Federico Salinas-Zavala and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
110-112
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May - June Both Male and Female Hatchling 3 breeding pairs Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Baja California Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Population turnover in Colorado peregrines

Author(s)
Enderson, James H. and Gerald R. Craig
Pages
8
Publisher
Raptor Research Foundation
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 16 average maximum loss rate; estimated by number of individuals returning to nest in 2 successive yrs % Both Male and Female Adult 23 - 34 cases Exposure Factor Datasets

Valley Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. fitchi)

Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in ecological energetics of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, with analysis of the precision of doubly labeled water measurements

Author(s)
Peterson, Charles C., B. Michael Walton and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
333-349
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Food Ingestion Rate 14 average % of their body mass in frogs ingested per day, estimated from field metabolic rate % Both Male and Female Adult 72 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen

Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii ssp. extimus)

Citation:

Status and breeding ecology of the southwestern willow flycatcher in the Grand Canyon

Author(s)
Sogge, Mark K., Timothy J. Tibbitts, Jim R. Petterson
Pages
142-157
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis June 29 (earliest fledging) - July 13 (latest fledging) dates of earlies and latest recording fledging Both Male and Female Fledgling 17 nest attempts (in 5 sample years) Colorado River Exposure Factor Datasets

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
218-225
Year
Issue
2
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis mid-June to late July Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Citation:

Food habits of four species of rodents on a short-grass prairie in Colorado

Author(s)
Flake, Lester D.
Pages
636-647
Year
Issue
3
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition ANIMAL MATTER: Coleoptera adults (9.8); Coleoptera larvae (1.1); Grasshoppers (7.7); Leaf hoppers (1.7); Lepidoptera adults (1.3); Lepidoptera larvae (1.0); Spiders (2.4); PLANT MATTER: Seeds (47.8); Total forbs (4.8) - Kochia scoparia (3.1); Total grasses and sedges (4.3); Total shrubs (0.9). estimated percent volume, by ranking method, of total matter in stomach contents % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 102 Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal diets of deer mice on bentonite mine spoils and sagebrush grasslands in southeasten Montana

Author(s)
Sieg, Carolyn Hull, Daniel W. Uresk and Richard M. Hansen
Pages
81-89
Year
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition arthropods (52.1-75.0%), seeds (34.5-9.1%), grasses (2.1-0.7%), forbs (4.1-11.0%), shrubs (2.6-2.0%), algae (1.4-0.9%), fungi (2.9-1.6%) relative amounts of food types in diet for two consecutive years Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 192 southeastern Carter county Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.0 three year mean fledging rate number of fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Costa, Daniel P.
Pages
35-44
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 24.3 combined male and female weights kg Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SE Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 168 Net metabolizable energy Kcal/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. bairdii)

Citation:

Energetics of the prairie deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii

Author(s)
Morris, John G. and S. Charles Kendeigh
Pages
368-76
Year
Issue
2
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Body Fat (total or %) 9.2 fat as % of total body weight % Both Male and Female Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets summer-acclimatized Laboratory

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Ecology and management of the bullfrog

Author(s)
Bury, R. B. and J.A. Whelan
Pages
23
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 155
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Review Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Sources and rates of San Joaquin kit fox mortality in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Disney, Michele and Linda K. Spiegel
Pages
73-82
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 57 foxes extreme southern San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

Effects of two sagebrush control methods on nongame birds

Author(s)
Castrale, John S.
Pages
945-952
Year
Issue
4
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of mean breeding bird densities on three grassland-sagebrush sites (over two years) territories/16 ha Both Male and Female Adult 3 sites Wasatch National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Notes on the breeding biology of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora)

Author(s)
Storm, Robert M.
Pages
251-259
Year
Issue
4
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets

Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)

Citation:

Relationship of space use to population density in an herbivorus lizard

Author(s)
Alberts, Allison C.
Pages
469-479
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range over 3 yrs at 3 sites #/ha Both Male and Female Adult 96 marked lizards Coachella Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside

Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia sila formerly Gambelia silus)

Citation:

Growth and reproduction in two closely related species of leopard lizards, Gambelia silus and Gambelia wislizenii

Author(s)
Tollestrup, Kristine
Pages
1-20
Year
Issue
1
Volume
108
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, Delano and Kettleman Hills Exposure Factor Datasets Kern, Kings, Tulare
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