Reptiles

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Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer formerly Pituophis melanoleucus)

Citation:

Comparative ecology of two snake species (Crotalus viridis and Pituophis melanoleucus) in southwestern Idaho

Author(s)
Diller, Lowell V. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
343-360
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying June - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 125 d Female Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yr Male Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of body temperature on oxygen consumption and heart rate in the Sonora gopher snake, Pituophis catenfer affinis Hallowell

Author(s)
Greenwald, O.E.
Pages
98-106
Year
Volume
1971
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean 548 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.324/(37.4 - T) resting oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 10-35C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.198T - 0.126 active oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 10-29C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.0101T + 0.162 active oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 29-35C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Distribution and relative abundance of snakes along a transect in California

Author(s)
Sullivan, Brian K.
Pages
247-248
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of abundance along a transect crossing 3 habitat types #/km Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Corral Hollow Road (elev. 91 - 488 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, San Joaquin
Citation:

Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin), Pine, Bull and Gopher Snakes

Author(s)
Sweet, Samuel S. and William S. Parker
Pages
1-8
Year
Volume
474
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Giant Garter Snake (Thamnophis gigas)

Citation:

Thamnophis gigas (Giant Garter snake) reproduction

Author(s)
Hansen, Robert W. and George E. Hansen
Pages
93-94
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 23.1 eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 captured in Fresno and Sacramento counties, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Citation:

The feeding habits of California garter snakes

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
1-32
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Slug (1.4%); Earthworm (23.6%); Frog, Rana (6.9%); Toad, Bufo and Scaphiopus (30.5%); Tree Toad (20.8%); Leech (4.0%); Tadpole (10%); Minnow (1.4%); Unidentified fish (1.4%) % of total recorded food items % Not Reported Not Reported 48 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Geographic variation in reproductive characteristics among Canadian populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T. and Karl W. Larsen
Pages
946-958
Year
Volume
1993
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size range of site means based on sum of live and dead young and undeveloped eggs at parturition young/litter Female Adult 4 - 30/site Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean range of site means g Not Reported Neonate 48 - 203/site Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Garter snake diets in a fluctuating environment: A seven-year study

Author(s)
Kephart, Donald G. and Stevan J. Arnold
Pages
1232-1236
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Anurans (67%); Fish (11%); Leeches (22%) % of stomachs containing prey item % Not Reported Not Reported 36 Eagle Lake (elev., 1555m) [lat., 40^o33'24"N; long., 120^o47'5" W] Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Reproductive ecology of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, at the northern limit of its range

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Pages
336-345
Year
Volume
129
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 12.5 young/litter Female Adult 23 captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 4.95 (SD) Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.6 g Not Reported Neonate 187 captured at Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 0.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

A preliminary study of Thamnophis near Sagehen Creek, California

Author(s)
White, Marshall and James A. Kolb
Pages
126-136
Year
Volume
1974
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean 41 g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 160 Kyburz Flat Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Dietary Composition Hyla (55.5%); Catostomus (21.8%); Microtus (5.4%); Rhinichthys (11.5%) % of total volume of stomach contents % Both Male and Female Not Reported <110 Kyburz Flat Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Citation:

Annual variation in reproduction in snakes in a fluctuating environment

Author(s)
Seigel, R.A. and H.S. Fitch
Pages
497-505
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size minimum and maximum mean annual clutch size young/litter Female Adult 158 over 9 yrs National History Reservation Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population size and survivorship of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, near the northern limit of its distribution

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality range of probability of surviving from spring of one year to spring of next year % Male Adult 43 - 132/yr for 3 yrs Wood Buffalo National Park (lat., 59^o49'N; long., 112^oW) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Quantitative genetics of maximal oxygen consumption in a garter snake

Author(s)
Garland, Theodore Jr. and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
R986-R992
Year
Volume
259
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.15 maximal oxygen consumption at 30C ml O2/hr Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 gravid adults captured near Lassen, CA Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58 d 0.845 SD Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.2 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58d 0.350 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Feeding habits and diet overlap of three species of garter snakes (Thamnophis) on Vancouver Island

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T.
Pages
1967-1974
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition amphibians (41); earthworms (24); birds (1); leeches (1); misc. invertebrates (4); unidentified (13); empty (100) number of stomach examinations yielding various food types # Not Reported Not Reported 179 Vancouver Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorine and mercury residues in snakes from Pilot and Spider Islands, Lake Michigan - 1978

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., Susan D. Haseltine, Russell J. Hall and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
738-743
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Fat (total or %) % lipid of whole animal (not including stomach contents) % Both Male and Female Adult 6 Pilot Island, Lake Michigan Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata formerly Clemmys marmorata)

Citation:

Feeding ecology of the turtle, Clemmys marmorata

Author(s)
Bury, R. Bruce
Pages
515-521
Year
Issue
4
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Algae (2.00); Nematomorpha (0.25); Crustacea (2.55); Araneae (0.15); Odonata nymphs (10.15); Ephemeroptera nymphs (4.60); Trichoptera larvae (17.25); Hemiptera nymphs (0.58); Hemiptera adults (0.41); Orthoptera adults (1.60); Coleoptera larvae (7.95); Coleoptera adults (0.48); Diptera larvae (4.45), Diptera adults (0.30); Osteichthyes (0.90); Amphibia (1.20); Other (0.80) volume (cc) of food items in stomach contents determined by water displacement cc Not Reported Juvenile 30 Hayfork Creek (elev., 750m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Dietary Composition Algae (18.00); Other vegetation (0.30); Nematomorpha (0.05); Crustacea (10.10); Araneae (0.15); Odonata nymphs (4.05); Ephemeroptera nymphs (0.15); Trichoptera larvae (19.80); Hemiptera nymphs (0.40); Hemiptera adults (0.30); Orthoptera adults (0.55); Coleoptera larvae (5.15); Coleoptera adults (0.30); Diptera larvae (0.66), Diptera adults (0.10); Osteichthyes (0.20); Amphibia (4.05); Other (1.35) volume (cc) of food items in stomach contents determined by water displacement cc Female Adult 27 Hayfork Creek (elev., 750m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Dietary Composition Algae (4.00); Other vegetation (0.50); Crustacea (5.55); Odonata nymphs (5.00); Ephemeroptera nymphs (2.91); Trichoptera larvae (7.40); Hemiptera nymphs (0.10); Hemiptera adults (0.10); Orthoptera adults (0.20); Coleoptera larvae (0.75); Coleoptera adults (0.10); Diptera larvae (9.15); Osteichthyes (10.90); Amphibia (7.80); Other (0.50) volume (cc) of food items in stomach contents determined by water displacement cc Male Adult 20 Hayfork Creek (elev., 750m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Citation:

Notes on reproduction in Clemmys marmorata

Author(s)
Feldman, Mark
Pages
10-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 4 Umpqua River, Roseburg, Douglas County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching at 25-30C d Not Reported Embryo 13 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Clemmys marmorata (western pond turtle) size

Author(s)
McKeown, Sean and Dan C. Holland
Pages
59
Year
Issue
2
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean 854 maximum reported body weight g Male Adult 450 largest turtle found near Huron Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Citation:

Nesting behavior and movements of western pond turtles, Clemmys marmorata

Author(s)
Rathbun, Galen B., Nancy Siepel and Dan Holland
Pages
319-324
Year
Issue
3
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range median daily movement m Not Reported Adult 4 Arroyo Laguna-Oak Knoll Creek, San Simeon Point Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo
Home Range mean daily movement m Not Reported Adult 4 Arroyo Laguna-Oak Knoll Creek, San Simeon Point Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo
Citation:

Habits and home range of the Pacific pond turtle, Clemmys marmorata, in a stream community

Author(s)
Bury, Richard Bruce
Pages
205
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 214 density also reported as 333-347 turtles/mile of stream or 85 turtles/acre #/ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 578 marked turtles Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 976 "distance between extremes" or maximum range on a linear scale m Male Adult 19 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 248 "distance between extremes" or maximum range on a linear scale m Female Adult 23 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 363 "distance between extremes" or maximum range on a linear scale m Not Reported Juvenile 18 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 400 average distance moved along stream between relocations m Male Adult 19 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 104 average distance moved along stream between relocations m Female Adult 23 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Home Range 133 average distance moved along stream between relocations m Not Reported Juvenile 18 Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - May Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 578 marked turtles Hayfork Creek (elev., 610m) Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity
Citation:

Notes on the range and life history of the Pacific fresh-water turtle, Clemmys marmorata

Author(s)
Storer, Tracy I.
Pages
429-441
Year
Issue
5
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - Mar. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 7 Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying June - Aug. time of egg deposition Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean lb, oz Both Male and Female Adult 9 Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive parameters of Pacific pond turtles Clemmys marmorata in the streams on the coast of central California

Author(s)
Scott, Norman J., Jr., Galen B. Rathbun, Thomas G. Murphey and Margaret B. Harker
Publisher
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 5.69 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 81 clutches Arroyo Laguna, Little Pico Creek, Pico Creek and San Simeon Creek Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year range of average number of clutches/yr clutches/yr Female Adult 81 clutches Arroyo Laguna, Little Pico Creek, Pico Creek and San Simeon Creek Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative demography of Clemmys marmorata populations in the Trinity River of California in the context of dam-induced alterations

Author(s)
Reese, Devin A. and Hartwell H. Welsh, Jr
Pages
505-515
Year
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range in density estimates at 2 locations #/ha Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Trinity River Exposure Factor Datasets Trinity

Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi)

Citation:

Hibernaculum use by a population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Sonoran desert

Author(s)
Bailey, Scott J., Cecil R. Schwalbe and Charles H. Lowe
Pages
361-369
Year
Issue
3
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - Dec. (begin), Mar.-June (end) Both Male and Female Adult 9 San Pedro River Valley, Pinal County [lat., 32^o38'N; long., 110^o34'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and habitat of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi) in the Picacho mountains of Arizona

Author(s)
Barrett, Sheryl L.
Pages
202-206
Year
Issue
2
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 19 ha Both Male and Female Adult 14 Picacho Mountains, Pinal County Exposure Factor Datasets 4.6 SE
Citation:

Aspects of the ecology of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, in Joshua Tree National Monument, Pinto Basin, Riverside County, California

Author(s)
Barrow, John
Pages
105-131
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density #/mi2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 161 - 243 mm kg Female Adult 18 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 169-279 mm kg Male Adult 19 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 60 - 145 mm kg Not Reported Juvenile 9 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Citation:

Health studies of free-ranging Mojave desert tortoises in Utah and Arizona

Author(s)
Dickinson, Vanessa M., Timothy Duck, Cecil R. Schwalbe and James L. Jarchow
Pages
1-70
Publisher
Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch, Technical Report No. 21
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 3.28 median carapace length = 254.3 mm kg Male Adult 55 City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets 0.56 SD
Body Weight - Mean 2.65 median carapace length = 237.6 mm kg Female Adult 20 City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets 0.39 SD
Citation:

Growth and age at maturity of North American tortoises in relation to regional climates

Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Pages
918-931
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Age at Sexual Maturity determined from ages at which females exceeded the minimum carapace length for tortoises with eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 33 - 101 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 0-4 yrs
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 38 - 112 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 4-8 yrs
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 36 - 105 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 8-12 yrs
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 12 - 41 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 16-20 yrs
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 25-69 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 12-16 yrs
Citation:

Longevity and age-size relationships of populations of desert tortoises

Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Pages
367-374
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1992
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity age estimated from scute annuli; oldest individual measured yr Not Reported Adult 574 Mojave, Sonoran and Sinaloan deserts Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changes in a desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population after a period of high mortality

Author(s)
Germano, David J. and Michele A. Joyner
Pages
190-198
Publisher
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-166
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 59 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 19-173 (95% CI)
Survival/ Mortality range of per capita mortality rates (k) for 2 time periods /yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 115-130 animals/time period Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean BW = 0.000505(CL)^2.826 regression of carapace length (CL; 80 - 260mm) to body weight (BW; g) g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 53 Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Field studies of natality in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi

Author(s)
Hampton, Anne M.
Pages
128-138
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 3 estimated from eggshell fragments in nest eggs/nest Female Adult 15 nests Fremont Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Population Density 300 #/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Fremont Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Foods of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, in Arizona and Utah

Author(s)
Hansen, Richard M., Mark K. Johnson and Thomas R. Van Devender
Pages
247-251
Year
Issue
3
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Threeawn (Aristida spp., 22 +/- 6%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 21 +/- 6%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 20 +/- 7%); Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 19 +/- 3%); Red grama (Bouteloua trifida, 6 +/- 3%) and Sedge (Carex spp., 3 +/- 1%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 66 fecal pellets Lower Grand Canyon, Mohave County (elev. 450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Threeawn (Aristida spp., 16 +/- 5%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 6 +/- 3%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 50 +/- 8%); Bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri, 17 +/- 7%); and Slender janusia (Janusia gracilis, 11 +/- 5%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 18 fecal pellets New Water Mountains, Yuma County (elev. 490 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 64 +/- 4%); Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium, 23 +/- 5%); Common winterfat (Eurotia lanata, 6 +/- 4%) and Vetch (Astragalus and Oxytropis, 4 +/- 2%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 30 fecal pellets Beaver Dam Wash, Washington County (elev. 1000 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal and annual energy budgets of female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Henen, Brian T.
Pages
283-296
Year
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 1578 annual, time-weighted body mass g Female Adult 9 Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 244 SD
Citation:

Physiological ecology of desert tortoises in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Nagy, Kenneth A. and Philip A. Medica
Pages
73-92
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 4.52 annual weighted mean g dry matter/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range size and movements by desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in the eastern Mojave desert

Author(s)
O'Connor, Michael P., Linda C. Zimmerman, Douglas E. Ruby, Susan J. Bulova and James R. Spotila
Pages
60-71
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range minimum convex polygon home ranges determined from telemetered tortoises recaptured at least 17 times, corrected for # of sightings ha Both Male and Female Not Reported 15 animals Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas (elev., 800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth in captive Gopherus agassizi

Author(s)
Patterson, Robert and Bayard Brattstrom
Pages
169-171
Year
Issue
2
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 45.6 (0-hatching); 78.2 (0-5 yrs); 122.6 (5-10 yrs); 164.2 (10-15 yrs); 232.0 (15-20 yrs); 257.3 (20-25 yrs); 274.0 (25-30 yrs) mean carapace length for tortoises aged 0 - 30 yrs. mm Not Reported 1-6 animals/age group Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 30 yrs Laboratory
Citation:

Age-size relationships of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi) in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
974-979
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1987
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Growth Rate PL(mm) = 7.25(Age) + 50.1 linear regression equation relating plastron length (PL; 48-221 mm) to Age (1-26 yrs) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 15 animals; repeated measurements Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) Exposure Factor Datasets 0-26 yrs
Clutch or Litter Size determined by x-ray examination of females eggs/clutch Female Adult 3 animals Rock Valley, Nye County (elev., 1020m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Egg production by the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Page Hayden, Betty L. Burge and Jan B. Roberson
Pages
93-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size range of means for 3 yrs; based on x-ray examination (overall range = 1-8) eggs/clutch Female Adult 20-26 animals Ivanpah Valley, Goffs Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Clutches or Litters per year range of means for 3 yrs; overall range = 1-3 clutches/yr Female Adult 20-26 animals Ivanpah Valley, Goffs Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June egg laying Female Adult 20-26 animals Ivanpah Valley, Goffs Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Population ecology of the desert tortoise at Goffs, San Bernadino County, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Kristin H. Berry, Betty L. Burge, Page Hayden, Lori Nicholson and Jan Bickett
Pages
68-81
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.17 estimated by x-ray examination eggs/clutch Female Adult 35 clutches Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.22SE
Clutches or Litters per year 1.9 Female Adult 19 animals Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.1SE
Time of Mating/ Laying July - Oct. mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Time of Hatching or Parturition autumn hatching Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and Craig L. Lyons
Pages
811-820
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1984
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 3.17 kg Male Adult 24 animals Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.12SE
Clutches or Litters per year range of means for 2 yr period clutches/yr Female Adult 15-40 animals Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Survival/ Mortality range of annual mortality rates from 1980 and 1981 % Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Studies of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Woodbury, Angus M. and Ross Hardy
Pages
145-200
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Not Reported 41 animals Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.25 #/acre Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 50 acres Both Male and Female Not Reported NE Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Not Reported Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying early summer laying Female Not Reported Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity yr Female Adult Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Estimated density and distribution of the desert tortoise at Fort Irwin, National Training Center and Goldstone Space Communications Complex

Author(s)
Woodman, A. Peter, Stephen M. Juarez, Eugene D. Humphreys, Karen Kirtland and Lawrence F. LaPre
Pages
81-99
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of population densities in % of area (800 mi2) surveyed #/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Fort Irwin National Training Center and Goldstone Space Communication Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Desert tortoise (Mojave population) recovery plan

Author(s)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Pages
73
Publisher
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) relocation: implications of social behavior and movements

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H.
Pages
113-125
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 53 ha Male Not Reported Not Reported Argus Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 21 ha Female Not Reported Not Reported Argus Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Gopherus agassizii (Cooper), Desert Tortoise

Author(s)
Auffenberg, Walter and Richard Franz
Pages
1-2
Year
Volume
212
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Young desert tortoise survival: Energy, water and food requirements in the field

Author(s)
Nagy, Kenneth A., David J. Morafka and Rebecca A. Yates
Pages
396-404
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Metabolic Rate FMR (ml CO2/d) = 2.2 g^1.02 field metabolic rate during active seasons as a function of body mass ml CO2/d Not Reported Juvenile 4-22/sampling Fort Irwin National Training Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets < 2 yr San Bernardino
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