Carnivores (Carnivora)

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Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Population dynamics of the kit fox in western Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
122-127
Year
Issue
3
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes over four years pups Female Adult 2-6 litters/year western Utah Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal late summer time of juvenile dispersal from natal territory Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported western Utah Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 5+ average maximum age attained yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported western Utah Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 4.2 average body weight lbs Female Adult 6 Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets

Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Coyote, Canis latrans, ecology in a rural-urban environment

Author(s)
Atkinson, K.T. and D.M. Shackleton
Pages
49-54
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 17.0 95% home range estimated by minimum convex polygon method km2 Female Adult 3 Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 20.7 SD
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
174-181
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal Oct. - Jan. Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 13 Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range range across 4 yrs and 4 habitat types km2 Both Male and Female Not Reported 4 - 16/sample Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range size of coyotes: A critical review

Author(s)
Laundre, John W. and Barry L. Keller
Pages
127-139
Year
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range review Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits and average weights of a fall-winter sample of eastern coyotes, Canis latrans

Author(s)
Moore, Gary C. and John S. Millar
Pages
105-106
Year
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean 15.24 unskinned weight estimated from skinned weight kg Female Adult 23 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Population characteristics of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the northern Chihuahuan desert of New Mexico

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A., Steven M. Ebbert and Brian T. Kelly
Pages
197-207
Year
Volume
138
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 9.5 kg Female Adult 13 Jornada Experimental Range, Dona Ana County (elev., 1320-1390 m) Exposure Factor Datasets >3 yrs 1.0 SE
Citation:

Summer food habits of coyotes in Idaho's River of No Return Wilderness Area

Author(s)
Elliott, Charles E. and Richard Guetig
Pages
63 - 65
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Columbian ground squirrel (56.85); mule deer (27.4%); deer mouse (15.6%); moose (13.7%); northern pocket gopher (11.7%); montane vole (11.7%); golden-mantled ground squirrel (5.8%); Audubon's cottontail (3.9%); horse (3.9%); unknown mammals (5.8%); reptiles (3.9%); arthropods (39.2%); birds (27.4%); plants (21.5%) % occurrence of major (>1.9%) food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 51 scats Big Creek Ranger District Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Berg, William E. and Robert A. Chesness
Pages
229-247
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition deer (41.8%); livestock (23.3%); mice (3.6%); porcupine (4.0%); snowshoe hare (12.8%); striped skunk (2.0%); red squirrel (0.7%); muskrat (1.8%); beaver (0.6%); racoon (0.2%); ruffed grouse (1.0%); bird (0.1%); poultry (1.4%); unknown (2.0%) % weight of item in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 1204 Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity oldest age; less than 1% of population yrs Not Reported Adult 960 Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of average weights kg Male Adult Not Reported Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote morphometric characteristics and mass dynamics in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L.
Pages
360-365
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 10.2 kg Female Adult 53 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets >2 yr Kern 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 2.5 kg Male Pup 19 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets <1yr Kern 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 12.1 kg Male Adult 82 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets >2yr Kern 0.2 SE
Citation:

Physical development in coyotes (Canis latrans), with a comparison to other canids

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc and Robert Jamieson
Pages
685-692
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 461 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 10d Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 657 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 20d Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 867 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 30d Laboratory
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in central Alberta, 1964-1968

Author(s)
Nellis, Carl H. and Lloyd B. Keith
Pages
389-399
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Survival/ Mortality mortality rate % Not Reported Adult Not Reported Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets > 1 yr CANADA
Dietary Composition large mammals (44%); mice (22%); snowshoe hare (3%); birds (11%); vegetation (7%); misc. (3%) % volume, determined from stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 344 Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Home Range 14.6 mean distance moved by coyotes marked in 1964-1968 and relocated by 1976 km Both Male and Female Pup 28 Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 4.2 SE
Citation:

The distribution and abundance of coyotes: The effects of allochthonous food subsidies from the sea

Author(s)
Rose, Michael D. and Gary A. Polis
Pages
998-1007
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Terrestrial: Reptiles (1.8%); Rodents (21.0%); Lagomorphs (6.6%); Birds (6.3%); Arthropods (5.7%); Vegetation (8.1%) Marine: Reptiles (0.6%); Mammals (0.3%); Fish (12.0%); Birds (16.5%); Arthropods (17.7%); Vegetation (0.6%) average percent occurrence of item in scats from 4 coastal sites % Not Reported Not Reported 152 Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California del Norte [lat., 28^o55' N; long., 113^o30' W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Dietary Composition Terrestrial: Reptiles (7.1%); Rodents (48.0%); Lagomorphs (15.9%); Birds (1.0%); Arthropods (11.8%); Vegetation (15.5%) Marine: Birds (0.3%) average percent occurrence of item in scats from 4 inland sites % Not Reported Not Reported 170 Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California del Norte [lat., 28^o55' N; long., 113^o30' W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

An estimate of minimum density for coyotes in western Tennessee

Author(s)
Babb, Jeffrey G. and Michael L. Kennedy
Pages
186-188
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0.35 minimum density #/km2 Both Male and Female Not Reported 34 Gibson and Carroll Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Summer and fall food habits of coyotes in southwestern North Dakota

Author(s)
Lewis, Thomas L., William F. Jensen, Kay A. Keehr and Robert W. Seabloom
Pages
287-292
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (80%; deer 45.4%, rabbits 23.7%); birds (2.0%); reptiles (0.7%); insects (10.5%); vegetation (46.7%) % of scats containing food item % Not Reported Not Reported 152 scats Billings County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote food habits in southeastern Arizona

Author(s)
Ortega, Joseph C.
Pages
152-155
Year
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition leporids (68.5%); Sigmodon spp. (31.8%); aves (5.9%); grass (16.3%); Juniperus deppeana (7.2%); other vegetation (20.0%); other materials (9.6%) overall % occurrence of major food items (>5%) in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 759 scats Appleton-Whittel Research Ranch, Santa Cruz County (elev., 1500 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Body size and condition of coyotes in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A., Richard M. Engeman and Jeffrey F. Bromaghin
Pages
47 - 52
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 7.6 kg Male Juvenile 38 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 yrs 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 6.5 kg Female Juvenile 40 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 yrs 0.2 SE
Citation:

Food habits of the coyote in California

Author(s)
Ferrel, Carol M., Howard R. Leach and Daniel F. Tillotson
Pages
301-341
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition rodent (33.2%); deer (17.0%); other stock (14.8%); rabbit (13.2%); misc. (10.0%); sheep (4.6%); bird (3.8%); vegetation (3.4%) overall % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 407 coastal region Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition rodent (27.0%); deer (18.3%); other stock (9.4%); rabbit (22.2%); misc. (10.5%); sheep (6.7%); bird (5.0%); vegetation (0.9%) overall % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 611 northeast region Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nutritional levels and growth rates of hand-reared coyote pups

Author(s)
Barnum, Douglas A., Jeffrey S. Green, Jerran T. Flinders and Norman L. Gates
Pages
820-823
Year
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean BW = -0.5049 + 0.0469A equation for predicting body weights (BW, g) of known age (A, days) pups g Both Male and Female Juvenile captured near Moscow, ID Exposure Factor Datasets 30 - 154 d Laboratory
Citation:

Relationship between coyote group size and diet in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
647-653
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation figure of seasonal changes in diet based on scat analysis; mean % volume of food items % Not Reported Not Reported 3270 scats Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310 - 1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote movements, habitat use, and food habits in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Litvaitis, John A. and James H. Shaw
Pages
62-68
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 68.7 minimum area home range km2 Female Adult 6 Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 89.1 SD
Home Range 31.3 minimum area home range km2 Male Adult 5 Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 42.5 SD
Citation:

Energy requirements of eastern coyotes

Author(s)
Pekins, Peter J. and William W. Mautz
Pages
656-659
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 10.6 yearly mean basal metabolic rate; range of seasonal means L O2/kg/d Both Male and Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Summer food habits and population density of coyotes, Canis latrans, in boreal forests of sutheastern Quebec

Author(s)
Samson, Claude and Michel Crete
Pages
227-233
Year
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density range of density estimates #/10 km2 Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Gaspesie Conservation Park and Chic-Chocs Game Reserve [lat., 49^o00N'; long., 66^o00' W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Food habits of coyotes, Canis latrans, in eastern Tehama county, California

Author(s)
Barrett, Reginald H.
Pages
184-192
Year
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 0.5 #/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Red Bluff Exposure Factor Datasets Tehama
Citation:

Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
640-646
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 11.3 mean annual home range of resident coyotes km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 56 Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.8 SD

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

Citation:

Metabolism and body temperature of two desert canids: Coyotes and kit foxes

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
624 - 635
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.0028 winter basal metabolic rate watts/g Both Male and Female Adult 12 foxes Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Notes on ecology and food of the Kit fox in Central Utah

Author(s)
Smith, Dwight G.
Pages
96 - 98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 4 mean number of pairs on study area pairs/207 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 mean animal density in study area adult/12.9 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)

Citation:

Breeding habits of captive long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)

Author(s)
Wright, Philip L.
Pages
338-344
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 mo Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The sexual cycle of the male long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata)

Author(s)
Wright, Philip L.
Pages
343-352
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year 1 litter/yr Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Notes on the ecology of weasels in Gunnison County, Colorado

Author(s)
Quick, Horace F.
Pages
281-290
Year
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Microtus (52%); Peromyscus (19.5%); Eutamias (18.2%); Cynomys (2.6%); Thomomys (3.9%); Citellus (2.6%); Ochotona (1.3%); Vespula (6.5%); Tettigoniidae (2.6%) % occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 77 scats Gunnison County (elev., >7500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 2 #/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Gunnison County (elev., >7500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth and behavior of a litter of captive long-tailed weasels

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C.
Pages
412-415
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 22 % body weight consumed/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 7 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 5-7 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Mustela frenata

Author(s)
Sheffield, Steven R. and Howard H. Thomas
Pages
1-9
Year
Volume
570
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Food Ingestion Rate review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Physical characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K., David W. Kuehn, Pamela L. Coy and Randy K. Markl
Pages
371-374
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 2.48 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 6 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets 1 year 0.30 SE
Body Weight - Mean 1.74 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 10 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets 1.0 years 0.10 SE
Body Weight - Mean 3.84 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 15 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets >1.5 years 0.19 SE
Citation:

Insect food of skunks

Author(s)
Kelker, George Hills
Pages
164-170
Year
Issue
2
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition insects; % by volume; scat analysis % Not Reported Not Reported 952 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Parameters of population and seasonal activity of striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in Alberta and Saskatchewan

Author(s)
Schowalter, David B. and John R. Gunson
Pages
409-420
Year
Issue
4
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 3.2 kg Female Juvenile 58 juveniles Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.7 SD
Body Weight - Mean 0.07 kg Male Juvenile 7 juveniles Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.1 SD
Body Weight - Mean kg Female Adult 556 females Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Biology of striped skunks on a southwestern Lake Erie Marsh

Author(s)
Bailey, Theodore N.
Pages
196-207
Year
Issue
1
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition mid April-mid May Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 12 animals/mi^2 Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Biology of the striped skunk

Author(s)
Verts, B. J.
Pages
182
Publisher
University of Illinois Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 62-66 d Both Male and Female Embryo 3 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 7.3 pups/litter Female Adult 21 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.25
Citation:

Age-related Reproduction in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in the upper Midwest

Author(s)
Greenwood, Raymond J. and Alan B. Sargeant
Pages
657-662
Year
Issue
3
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Clutch or Litter Size 7.2 live embryo counts pups/litter Female Adult 178 females east-central North Dakota; west -central Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets primarily 1 and 2 years old 0.4 SE
Citation:

Reproduction in captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
452-455
Year
Issue
2
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Mating/ Laying mid-February-mid April Both Male and Female Adult 25-200 animals Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Evaluation of mark-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance

Author(s)
Greenwood, Raymond J., Alan B. Sargeant and Douglas H. Johnson
Pages
332-340
Year
Issue
2
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 308 ha Male Not Reported 15 males Walum, ND Exposure Factor Datasets 170 SD
Citation:

Ecological aspects of winter dormancy in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Mutch, Graham G. R. and Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
607-615
Year
Issue
3
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 3769 g Male Adult 5 Delta Marsh Mannitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.91 SE

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Costa, Daniel P.
Pages
35-44
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 24.3 combined male and female weights kg Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 18.6 kg Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 21.6 % of body mass/d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Breeding patterns and reproductive success of California sea otters

Author(s)
Riedman, Marianne L., James A. Estes, Michelle M. Staedler, Alisa A. Giles and David R. Carlson
Pages
391-399
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.75 pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 7-10 years) Female Adult 12 Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets 7-10 years Monterey
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.0 pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 11-14 years) Female Adult 4 Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets 11-14 years Monterey
Citation:

Metabolism and thermoregulation in the sea otter

Author(s)
Morrison, Peter, Mario Rosenmann and James E. Estes
Pages
218-229
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.99 average metabolic rate in air cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 1.21 average metabolic rate in water cc O2/g x hr Not Reported Not Reported 13 Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory
Citation:

Annual reproduction, dependency period, and apparent gestation period in two California sea otters, Enydra lutris

Author(s)
Loughlin, Thomas R., Jack A. Ames, and Judson E. Vandevere
Pages
347-349
Year
Issue
2
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal observed ages at which pups were no longer observed with mothers mo Not Reported Juvenile 5 pups near Monterey Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Citation:

Movements, home range, and territories of male sea otters off central California

Author(s)
Jameson, Ronald J.
Pages
159-172
Year
Issue
2
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 29.5 resident and non-resident males were not significantly different kg Male Adult 22 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE
Body Weight - Mean Individual data available in Table 2 kg Male Juvenile 33 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Estes, James A.
Pages
1-8
Year
Volume
133
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food selection and some foraging tactics of sea otters

Author(s)
Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson and A.M. Johnson
Pages
606-641
Publisher
Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition unidentifed crab (11.5%), pugettia (8.9%), cancer species (11.0%), unidentified abalone (0.7%), red abalone (1.0%), black abalone (0%), clam (2.9%), turbon snail (12.0%), kelp and holdfasts (0.2%), unidentifed (37.7%), mussel (2.6%), annelid (1.0%), limpet (0.2%), scallop (0%), octopus (6.2%), red urchin (0%), cucumaria (0.2%), purple uechin (1.0%), pisaster species (1.7%), barnacle (1.2%) dietary composition for adults % Both Male and Female Adult 608 Piedras Blancas Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 1.75 kg Male Juvenile 4 Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets newborn
Citation:

Movement and spatial use patterns of California sea otters

Author(s)
Ralls, Katherine, Thomas C. Eagle and Donald B. Siniff
Pages
1841-1849
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method ha Male Adult 9 animals Monterey to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Growth Rate 109.2 daily weight gain during the 2nd mo of life g/d Male Pup 5 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 41.62 SE
Growth Rate 75.8 daily weight gain during the 2nd mo of life g/d Female Pup 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 62.56 SE
Food Ingestion Rate 8.00 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight %/d Male Pup 7 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5-30 d 0.260 SE
Citation:

Newborn size in marine mammals

Author(s)
Scheffer, V. B.
Pages
19-26
Year
Issue
3
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean neonate weight lbs Not Reported Neonate 16 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); I. Early postnatal growth

Author(s)
Boness, D. J., O. T. Oftedal,and K. A. Ono
Pages
173-179
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 8.4 mean size neonate ; pre El Nino 1982 kg Not Reported Neonate 39 neonates San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 3 days or less 0.146 SE
Body Weight - Mean 8.1 mean weight; El Nino 1983 kg Not Reported Neonate 31 neonates San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 3 days or less 0.163 SE
Body Weight - Mean 8.2 mean weight, post el Nino 1984 kg Not Reported Neonate 16 neonates San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 3 days or less 0.229 SE
Citation:

Food habits of the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus, at San Clemente Island, California, 1981-86

Author(s)
Lowry, Mark S., Charles W. Oliver, Carolyn Macky and Jeannie B. Wexler
Pages
509-521
Year
Volume
88
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (51.3%); jack mackerel (24.6%); pelagic crab (21.2%); Pacific whiting (19.6%); rockfish (19.0%); market squid (16.3%); blacksmith (10.7%); Pacific mackerel (9.5%); octopus (5.1%); squid (2.2%); senorita (1.1%); lanternfish (1.3%) % of scats in which major (>1%) prey occurred % Not Reported Not Reported 1309 scats San Clemente Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (24.7%); jack mackerel (11.8%); pelagic red crab (10.2%); Pacific whiting (9.4%); rockfish (9.2%); market squid (7.9%); blacksmith (5.1%); Pacific mackerel (4.6%); octopus (2.5%); squid (1.1%) % occurrence of major (>1%) prey taxon from a tally of occurrences of all prey taxa in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 1309 scats San Clemente Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

An overview of captive births and survivorship of California sea lions 1985-1995

Author(s)
Gates, Luke, Suzanne Tatersall and David Nicholson
Pages
5-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Survival/ Mortality 66 mean annual survivorship for animals >30 d % Not Reported Juvenile 38 births/10 yr captive in British facilities Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal and annual variability in the diet of California Sea Lions Zalophus californianus at San Nicholas Island, California, 1981-86

Author(s)
Lowry, Mark S., Brent S. Stewart, Carolyn B. Heath, Pamela K. Yochem and John M. Francis
Pages
331-336
Year
Issue
2
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition northern anchovy (50.6%); Pacific whiting (29.3%); jack mackerel (27.9%); rockfish (25.9%); Pacific mackerel (11.3%); unid. fishes (6.6%); market squid (21.9%); octopus (6.4%); squid, Onychoteuthis (4.7%); squid, Abraliopsis (2.2%); pelagic red crab (10.8%) % frequency of occurrence of major (>2%) prey in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 1232 scats San Nicholas Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The pinnipeds of the California current

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A. and Clifford H. Fiscus
Pages
68-78
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Sources and rates of San Joaquin kit fox mortality in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Disney, Michele and Linda K. Spiegel
Pages
73-82
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 57 foxes extreme southern San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 Male Adult 25 foxes extreme southern San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Survival/ Mortality Survival rates of radiocollared foxes for 1990, 1991 Female Adult 32 foxes extreme southern San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Home range characteristics of the San Joaquin kit fox in western Kern County, California

Author(s)
Spiegel, Linda K. and Michael Bradbury
Pages
83-92
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 5.82 nocturnal range, based on noctural locations of marked individuals km2 Both Male and Female Adult 26 south San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 0.45 SE
Home Range 6.13 based on all observations of marked individuals km2 Both Male and Female Adult Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 0.45 SE
Citation:

Distribution and habitat requirements of the San Joaquin kit fox in the northern extreme of their range

Author(s)
Orloff, Susan, Frank Hall and Linda Spiegel
Pages
60-70
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 80 % Both Male and Female Juvenile 5 foxes Bethany Reservoir Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda
Survival/ Mortality 67 % Both Male and Female Adult 3 foxes Bethany Reservoir Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda
Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density denning density den/28 ha - 1 den/37 ha Both Male and Female Adult 1010 dens Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Prey abundance and food habits of San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes velox macrotis) at Camp Roberts Army National Guard Training Site, California

Author(s)
Logan, Christopher G., William H. Berry, William G. Standley and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
21
Publisher
EG and G Energy Measurements, Inc., Operations Report No. 10617-2158
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Spermophilus beecheyi (35%), soluble material (16.6%), grasshoppers/crickets (12.9%), lagomorphs (12.2%), kangaroo rats (9.1%), miscellaneous (10.2%), deer mice/wood rats (7.7%), birds (5.2%), beetles/weevils (3.5%), vegetation (2.8%), snakes (2.0%), pocket mice (0.8%), pocket gophers (0.5%), lizards (0.2%) frequency of occurrence of prey items found in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 649 scats Camp Roberts Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey, San Luis Obispo
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