Carnivores (Carnivora)
Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.83 | pups/litter | Female | Juvenile | 29 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.97 SD | Laboratory | |||
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | 8 | weeks | Both Male and Female | Pup | 2-12 litters | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||||
| Longevity | 6 | years | Not Reported | Adult | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||||
| Survival/ Mortality | 59.81 | mortality 0-2 months | % | Both Male and Female | Pup | 321 pups | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0-2 months | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 63 | days | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 1 animal | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Fruit 26.7; mammals 19.6; insects 6.8; grasses, leaves, buds 10.8; Carrion 13.5; grains, nuts 11.3; garbage 6.8; earthworms 0.9; birds 1.9; reptiles, amphibians 1.4; crustaceans 0.3; mollusks trace | % by bulk; stomach analysis | % | 1067 animals | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Dietary Composition | insects 43.06; fruits 27.56; mammals 16.25; grains 8.69; Carrion 1.76; Birds 1.46; reptiles, amphibians 1.14. | frequency %; stomach and fecal analysis | % | 570 fecal analyses; 50 stomach analyses | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | newborn | g | Female | Neonate | 3 embryos | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Clutch or Litter Size | 5.8 | examination of reproductive tract | embryos | Female | Neonate | 40 females | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | insects; % by volume; scat analysis | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 952 scats | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 7.2 | live embryo counts | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 178 females | east-central North Dakota; west -central Minnesota | Exposure Factor Datasets | primarily 1 and 2 years old | 0.4 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | mid-February-mid April | Both Male and Female | Adult | 25-200 animals | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | days | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 59 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | May-early June | Both Male and Female | Neonate | 118 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||
| Clutch or Litter Size | 4.28 | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 118 litters | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 61.5 | second estrus | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 4 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| Time of Mating/ Laying | second half of May | second estrus | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | second half of July | second estrus | Both Male and Female | 4 females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | range of mean litter sizes for two years | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 15 litters | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | ||
| Population Density | animals/km2 | Not Reported | Not Reported | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | ||||
| Home Range | 2556 | home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures | m | Male | Adult | 17 | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 231SE |
| Home Range | 1970 | home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures | m | Female | Adult | 30 females | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 170 SE |
| Home Range | 3310 | home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures | m | Male | Juvenile | 29 juveniles | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 410 SE |
| Home Range | 4150 | home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures | m | Female | Juvenile | 19 juveniles | Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 1191 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 0.07 | kg | Female | Juvenile | 6 juveniles | Saskatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.1 SD |
| Body Weight - Mean | 3.2 | kg | Female | Juvenile | 58 juveniles | Saskatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.7 SD |
| Body Weight - Mean | 0.07 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 7 juveniles | Saskatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.1 SD |
| Body Weight - Mean | kg | Female | Adult | 556 females | Saskatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | kg | Male | Adult | 284 males | Saskatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 4.7 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 18 juveniles | SasKatchewan; Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 1.5 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 2.7 | km2 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 8 animals | Alberta 49 deg. N, 112 deg. 45' W | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 4654 | without fur | g | Male | Not Reported | 1 male | Manitoba; Ontario | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Body Weight - Mean | 3063 | without fur | g | Female | Not Reported | 2 females | Manitoba; Ontario | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | percent grasshoppers in stomach contents (43% of animals examined) | % grasshoppers | Not Reported | Not Reported | 230 animals | Ithaca | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | 21 Feb-5 April | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 118 litters/females | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 10 | months | Female | Adult | 1 female | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 1 female | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 1 female | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | mid February-mid March | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | mid April-mid May | Both Male and Female | Embryo | Not Reported | Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Population Density | 12 | animals/mi^2 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | Not Reported | Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 308 | ha | Male | Not Reported | 15 males | Walum, ND | Exposure Factor Datasets | 170 SD | |
| Home Range | 242 | ha | Female | Not Reported | 24 animals | Walum, ND | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 119 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | review | Both Male and Female | Embryo | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | review | Both Male and Female | Neonate | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | review | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Metabolic Rate | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Population Density | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 6.2 | lb | Male | Adult | 115 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.2 | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 4.4 | lb | Female | Adult | 82 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.2 | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 33.4 | g | Not Reported | Neonate | 12 | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Dietary Composition | see citation | stomach contents and fecal analysis | Both Male and Female | Adult | 149; 20 | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Time of Mating/ Laying | Feb/Mar | Both Male and Female | Adult | 19 | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 62-66 | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 3 | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Clutch or Litter Size | 7.3 | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 21 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.25 |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 3769 | g | Male | Adult | 5 | Delta Marsh Mannitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 1.91 SE | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 2584 | g | Male | Adult | 5 | Delta Marsh Mannitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 20.9 SE | ||
| Body Fat (total or %) | 31.9 | % | Male | Adult | 5 | Delta Marsh Mannitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.3 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Body Fat (total or %) | 10.1 | % | Male | Adult | 5 | Delta Marsh Mannitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | 2.1 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 142 | calculated basal metabolic rate | kcal/d | Male | Adult | 5 | Delta Marsh Mannitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 5 SE |
Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 29.5 | resident and non-resident males were not significantly different | kg | Male | Adult | 22 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.3 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | Individual data available in Table 2 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 33 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 6.5 | yr | Male | 22 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Population Density | 15 | maximum density at this time of year | per 1000 ha | Male | Adult | 7 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Home Range | 40.3 | ha | Male | Adult | 10 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 4.0 SE | |
| Home Range | 78.0 | ha | Male | Adult | 5 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 7.2 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 50 | resident population density (see citation for map of study area) | animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Population Density | 150 | population density for resident and non-resident animals (see citation for map of study area) | animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | abalone (43%), crabs (16%), urchins (13%), other (28%) | The composition is based on occurrence of observed items. | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 5.6 | km^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 9 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 1.9 SD |
| Home Range | 4.6 | km^2 | Male | Adult | 5 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 0.8 SD |
| Home Range | 6.8 | km^2 | Female | Adult | 4 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 2.3 SD |
| Home Range | 3.7 | km^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 11 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 3.1 SD |
| Home Range | 0.8 | km^2 | Male | Adult | 3 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 0.8 SD |
| Home Range | 4.7 | km^2 | Female | Adult | 8 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 2.9 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 24.3 | combined male and female weights | kg | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.5 SE | Laboratory | |
| Body Weight - Mean | 18.6 | kg | Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||
| Food Ingestion Rate | 21.6 | % of body mass/d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.3 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Water Ingestion Rate | 269 | mL/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 25 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Water Ingestion Rate | 62 | Sea water ingestion rate | mL / kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 27 SE | Laboratory | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | 234 | Daily total energy consumption | Kcal/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 19 SE | Laboratory | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | 168 | Net metabolizable energy | Kcal/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 54 | population density, 1975 - 1977 | Animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 54 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Body Weight - Mean | Weight for males | kg | Male | Both Adults and Juveniles | 15 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | Weight for females | kg | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 9 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Home Range | 35 | Home range for territorial males | ha | Male | Adult | 4 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 8.75 SE |
| Home Range | 44 | Home range for non-territorial males | ha | Male | Adult | 7 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 13.36 SE |
| Home Range | 80 | ha | Female | Adult | 8 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 19.04 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 198 | d | Female | Adult | 53 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | > 3 years | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.4 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 3-6 years) | Female | Adult | 5 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 3-6 years | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.75 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 7-10 years) | Female | Adult | 12 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 7-10 years | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.0 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 11-14 years) | Female | Adult | 4 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 11-14 years | Monterey |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | unidentifed crab (11.5%), pugettia (8.9%), cancer species (11.0%), unidentified abalone (0.7%), red abalone (1.0%), black abalone (0%), clam (2.9%), turbon snail (12.0%), kelp and holdfasts (0.2%), unidentifed (37.7%), mussel (2.6%), annelid (1.0%), limpet (0.2%), scallop (0%), octopus (6.2%), red urchin (0%), cucumaria (0.2%), purple uechin (1.0%), pisaster species (1.7%), barnacle (1.2%) | dietary composition for adults | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | 608 | Piedras Blancas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | unidentifed crab (15.0%), pugettia (4.5%), cancer species (6.8%), unidentified abalone (0%), red abalone (0%), black abalone (0%), clam (0.8%), turbon snail (19.6%), kelp and holdfasts (0%), unidentifed (42.9%), mussel (0.8%), annelid (0%), limpet (0%), scallop (0%), octopus (0.8%), red urchin (6.0%), cucumaria (0%), purple urchin (2.3%), pisaster species (0.8%), barnacle (0%) | dietary composition for juveniles | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 156 | Piedras Blancas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | see Figure 1 | oxygen consumption measured at 15-20 C | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fed | Laboratory | |
| Surface Area | see Figure 3 | estimated surface area | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fed | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | clams (34-61%), mussels (7-20%), crabs (2-11%), other invertebrates (4-5%), unknown prey (12-33%) | relative occurences of prey items in diet, based on observation (range crosses three locations) | Not Reported | Adult | 752-833 foraging dives/site | Prince William Sound | Exposure Factor Datasets |
