Carnivores (Carnivora)
Coyote (Canis latrans)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0.5 | #/km2 | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Red Bluff | Exposure Factor Datasets | Tehama | |
| Dietary Composition | rodents (27.7%); rabbits (2.9%); carnivores (1.1%); ungulates (28.5%); birds (2.4%); reptiles (1.2%); fish (0.3%); invertebrates (1.9%); vegetable matter (34.0%) | annual average % relative frequency of occurrence in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1042 scats | Red Bluff | Exposure Factor Datasets | Tehama |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | grasses (81.6%); persimmon (3.7%); unidentified seeds (5.2%); other plant material (44.9%); grasshoppers (11.8%); beetles (12.5%); chicken (2.2%); other birds (3.7%); cottontail (13.9%); pocket gopher (5.9%); cotton rat (14.7%); wood rat (2.2%); pine vole (2.2%); coyote (28.7%); cattle (33.8%) | % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 136 | Cleveland, Grady and McClain Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 15.7 | overall annual home range estimated using the minimum convex polygon method | km2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 9 | Saguaro National Park, Pima County (elev., 800-1300m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 4.2 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | leporids (66.5%); rodents (21.5%); livestock (17.8%); coyote (2.1%); birds (17.8%); reptiles (5.4%); insects (18.6%); fruit (4.5%); other (2.1%); refuse (5.8%) | % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents estimated over 6 yrs | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 242 | Naval Petroleum Reserves, Bakersfield (elev., 88-473m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Kern |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.87 | mean annual survival rate | Both Male and Female | Adult | 52 | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | > 2yrs | |
| Population Density | 0.29 | pre-whelping density | #/km2 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.2 | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 16 | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | Oct. - Jan. | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 13 | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Home Range | range across 4 yrs and 4 habitat types | km2 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 4 - 16/sample | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | see citation | figure of seasonal changes in diet based on scat analysis; mean % volume of food items | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 3270 scats | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310 - 1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 11.3 | mean annual home range of resident coyotes | km2 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 56 | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 5.8 SD |
| Home Range | 106.5 | mean annual home range of transient coyotes | km2 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 16 | Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310-1740 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 27.7 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 10 | kg | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 18 | captured in Maricopa County, AZ | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.04 SE | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 10.1 | overall home range estimated by minimum convex method (95% probability) | km2 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 12 | McRae and Irwin Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | 6.9 (95% CI) |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | % body weight/d based on a deer and snowshoe hare diet | %/d | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 3 animals/ 1-2 time periods | Chequamegon National Forest | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 5.0 | estimated by placental scars | young/litter | Female | Adult | 59 | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | review | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mammals (80%; deer 45.4%, rabbits 23.7%); birds (2.0%); reptiles (0.7%); insects (10.5%); vegetation (46.7%) | % of scats containing food item | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 152 scats | Billings County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 68.7 | minimum area home range | km2 | Female | Adult | 6 | Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 89.1 SD |
| Home Range | 31.3 | minimum area home range | km2 | Male | Adult | 5 | Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 42.5 SD |
| Home Range | 39.9 | minimum area home range | km2 | Female | Juvenile | 4 | Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | 27.6 SD |
| Dietary Composition | rodents (53%); fruits and seeds (32%); deer (20%); insects (19%); avian (19%); lagomorphs (11%); armadillo (9%); cattle (6%); reptile (4%) | overall % occurrence in scats | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 361 scats | Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mammals (28.9%; cottontail rabbit, 12.1%, Botta's pocket gopher, 6.8%); birds (15.9%); vegetation (21.7%); misc. (16.7%) | % frequency of occurrence of items in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 97 scats | El Cajon, near San Diego | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Mammals: Sylvilagus sp. (50.6 - 73.1%); Lepus sp. (0 - 5.0%); Neotoma (0 - 5.5%); Microtus (0-11.1%); Cricetid mice (1.2-8.9%); Bos taurus (1.9 - 7.9%); Odocoileus hemionus (3.6 - 15.5%) | range of % relative dry weight of major food items (>5%) measured at 3 sites, based on scat analysis | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 42 - 48/ site | Montezuma, La Plata and Saguache Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 15 | maximum lifespan | yrs | Male | Adult | 1 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mesquite pods (29%); prickly pear fruit (16%); other plants(24%); rodent (28%); lagomorph (22%); mule deer (3%); other mammals (3%); dog food or human-related (35%); misc. (14%) | annual % occurrence of prey items identified in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 667 scats | suburban area near Saguaro National Monument | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | mesquite pods (39%); prickly pear fruit (21%); other plants(35%); rodent (27%); lagomorph (20%); mule deer (9%); other mammals (4%); dog food or human-related (trace); misc. (16%) | annual % occurrence of prey items identified in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 449 scats | rural area near Saguaro National Monument | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | snowshoe hare (31.7%); white-tailed deer (24.5%); plants (20.4%); small mammals (14.3%); non-edibles (13.2%); large birds (6.0%); porcupine (4.9%); Canis spp. (2.6%); carrion (1.9%); small birds (1.9%); apple (1.9%); human garbage (1.5%); moose (1.5%); feces (1.1); sheep (1.1%); cattle (0.8%) | % frequency of occurrence of items identified from stomach contents | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 265 | New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Body Weight - Mean | 13.32 | unskinned weight estimated from skinned weight | kg | Male | Juvenile | 89 | New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Body Weight - Mean | 16.64 | unskinned weight estimated from skinned weight | kg | Male | Adult | 50 | New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Body Weight - Mean | 11.42 | unskinned weight estimated from skinned weight | kg | Female | Juvenile | 80 | New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Body Weight - Mean | 15.24 | unskinned weight estimated from skinned weight | kg | Female | Adult | 23 | New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | leporids (68.5%); Sigmodon spp. (31.8%); aves (5.9%); grass (16.3%); Juniperus deppeana (7.2%); other vegetation (20.0%); other materials (9.6%) | overall % occurrence of major food items (>5%) in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 759 scats | Appleton-Whittel Research Ranch, Santa Cruz County (elev., 1500 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | 10.6 | yearly mean basal metabolic rate; range of seasonal means | L O2/kg/d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| Metabolic Rate | 163.5 | field metabolic rate estimated as 3 times basal metabolic rate | kcal/kg | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 7.8 | mean den area; land area around a den or rendezvous used by group | km2 | Female | Adult | 3 | Missouri River Breaks | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Home Range | 9.7 | mean den area; land area around a den or rendezvous used by group | km2 | Male | Adult | 12 | Missouri River Breaks | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | range of means for two yearling age groups | kg | Male | Juvenile | 19-35 | Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.5 - 2.0 yrs |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of means for two yearling age groups | kg | Female | Juvenile | 22 - 32 | Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.5 - 2.0 yrs |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of means for two adult age groups | kg | Male | Adult | 69 - 76 | Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2.5 - >3.0 yrs |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of means for two adult age groups; excluding those in latter half of gestation | kg | Female | Adult | 43-66 | Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2.5 - >3.0 yrs |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | lagomorphs (27 - 54%); woodrat (5-21%); cotton rat (0-40%); small rodents (4-12%); deer (4-19%); other prey (8 - 22%) | range of percent distribution of prey items over 8 yrs | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2335 scats | Webb County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.70 | overall annual survival rate (autumn-autumn), estimated over 4 yr periods | Both Male and Female | Adult | 88 | Webb County | Exposure Factor Datasets | > 1.5 yr | 0.58 - 0.82 (95% CL) |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.42 | overall annual survival rate (autumn-autumn), estimated over 3 yr periods | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 38 | Webb County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.5 - 1.5 yr | 0.24 - 0.60 (95% CL) |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 29.3 | estimated by modified minimum area method | km2 | Female | Adult | 4 | Idaho National Engineering Laboratory | Exposure Factor Datasets | 2.4 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | leporid (76.4%); rodent (18.0%); livestock (13.5%); bird (13.5%); insect (4.5%); other (14.6%) | % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | 89 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88-473m) [lat., 35^oN; long., 119^oN] | Exposure Factor Datasets | > 1 yr | Kern |
| Dietary Composition | leporid (57.6%); rodent (27.1%); livestock (27.1%); bird (20.3%); insect (11.9%); other (25.4%) | % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 59 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88-473m) [lat., 35^oN; long., 119^oN] | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Kern |
| Dietary Composition | leporid (62.7%); rodent (19.4%); livestock (17.9%); bird (14.9%); insect (41.8%); other (26.9%) | % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 59 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88-473m) [lat., 35^oN; long., 119^oN] | Exposure Factor Datasets | <1 yr | Kern |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Columbian ground squirrel (56.85); mule deer (27.4%); deer mouse (15.6%); moose (13.7%); northern pocket gopher (11.7%); montane vole (11.7%); golden-mantled ground squirrel (5.8%); Audubon's cottontail (3.9%); horse (3.9%); unknown mammals (5.8%); reptiles (3.9%); arthropods (39.2%); birds (27.4%); plants (21.5%) | % occurrence of major (>1.9%) food items in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 51 scats | Big Creek Ranger District | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | rodent (33.2%); deer (17.0%); other stock (14.8%); rabbit (13.2%); misc. (10.0%); sheep (4.6%); bird (3.8%); vegetation (3.4%) | overall % volume of stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 407 | coastal region | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | rodent (27.0%); deer (18.3%); other stock (9.4%); rabbit (22.2%); misc. (10.5%); sheep (6.7%); bird (5.0%); vegetation (0.9%) | overall % volume of stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 611 | northeast region | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | rodent (24.5%); deer (11.4%); other stock (12.1%); rabbit (22.9%); misc. (10.5%); sheep (9.7%); bird (3.4%); vegetation (5.5%) | overall % volume of stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 813 | inland Sierra region | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | rodent (19.2%); deer (5.0%); other stock (12.4%); rabbit (41.5%); misc. (12.4%); sheep (6.6%); bird (2.1%); vegetation (0.8%) | overall % volume of stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 94 | eastern region | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat (total or %) | 12.08 | body fat content | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 22 | Quebec | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 7.36 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range over 6 counting periods | #/km2 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 28-40/period | Saguaro National Monument | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 7.9 (0.5yr); 9.8 (1.5 yr); 11.0 (2.5 yr); 11.5(3.5 yr); 10.8 (4.5 yr); 11.6 (5.5 yr); 10.4 (6.5 yr); 10.9 (>7.5 yr) | average body weights at various ages | kg | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 3 - 121/age | King and Knox counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.5 - >7.5 yr |
| Body Weight - Mean | 8.2 (0.5yr); 10.4 (1.5 yr); 12.8 (2.5 yr); 13.2 (3.5 yr); 13.7 (4.5 yr); 12.5 (5.5 yr); 12.1 (6.5 yr); 12.6 (>7.5 yr) | average body weights at various ages | kg | Male | Both Adults and Juveniles | 8 - 76/age | King and Knox counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.5 - >7.5 yr |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Fat (total or %) | 9.5 | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 36 | Quebec | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 1.3 |
| Body Fat (total or %) | 16.8 | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Quebec | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 1.8 |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | Jan. - Apr. | breeding | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Clutch or Litter Size | range of 5 yearly averages | pups/litter | Female | Adult | 5 yrs | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Survival/ Mortality | 60.9 | mean survival rate estimated from population age structure data | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Dietary Composition | rabbits (51.0%); mice (12.3%); other mammals (8.0%); birds (2.7%); plants (0.3%); misc. (0.2%) | % volume of food items in stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 222 | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | deer (41.8%); livestock (23.3%); mice (3.6%); porcupine (4.0%); snowshoe hare (12.8%); striped skunk (2.0%); red squirrel (0.7%); muskrat (1.8%); beaver (0.6%); racoon (0.2%); ruffed grouse (1.0%); bird (0.1%); poultry (1.4%); unknown (2.0%) | % weight of item in stomach contents | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1204 | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Longevity | oldest age; less than 1% of population | yrs | Not Reported | Adult | 960 | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of average weights | kg | Male | Adult | Not Reported | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of average weights | kg | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of average weights | kg | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | Oct. - Nov. | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Home Range | 68 | km2 | Male | Adult | 25 | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Home Range | 16 | km2 | Female | Adult | 25 | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Home Range | prior to dispersal | km2 | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 50 | Aitkin and Itasca counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 10.4 | kg | Male | Pup | 28 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | <1yr | Kern | 0.2 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 11.4 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 10 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1yr | Kern | 0.2 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 12.7 | kg | Male | Adult | 16 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2 yr | Kern | 0.3 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 9.9 | kg | Female | Pup | 13 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | <1yr | Kern | 0.4 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 9.3 | kg | Female | Juvenile | 7 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1yr | Kern | 0.3 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 10.1 | kg | Female | Adult | 5 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2 yr | Kern | 1.1 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 2.2 | kg | Female | Pup | 19 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | <1yr | Kern | 0.1 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 10.2 | kg | Female | Adult | 53 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2 yr | Kern | 0.2 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 2.5 | kg | Male | Pup | 19 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | <1yr | Kern | 0.2 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 12.1 | kg | Male | Adult | 82 | Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | >2yr | Kern | 0.2 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longevity | 21 yr, 10 mo | captive longevity record | yr, mo | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 0.53 | #/km2 | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.04 SD |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 4.45 | #/litter | Female | Adult | Not Reported | National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.33 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | wks | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 4 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | rabbits (70.6%); livestock (14.0%); mice (10.5%); birds (4.2%) | % volume of principal foods in stomachs, body weight range 14.5 - 37.0 lbs | % | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 151 | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Dietary Composition | plant foods (29.2%); rabbits (27.6%); mice and rats (24.6%); livestock (7.4%) | % volume of principal foods in scats | % | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 147 | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Longevity | 6 | maximum age in field | yrs | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Population Density | 1 | greatest density | #/1.4 mi2 | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | white-tailed deer (56.1%); mouse/vole (14.8%): cottontail rabbit (9.4%); woodchuck (10.6%); squirrel (5.2%); raccoon (5.2%); porcupine (2.9%); unidentified mammal hair (18.4%); feathers (10.3%); insects (18.1%); grass/sedge (35.5%); leaf fragments (15.2%); twigs/bark (6.4%); seeds/fruit (15.8%); other plants (2.9%); manmade materials (2.3%) | % frequence of occurrence of major (>2%) food items in scats | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 310 scats | northcentral, southcentral and northeast regions | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 1 | yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Rochester, Alberta | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Mammals: Spermophilus beecheyi (57%); Microtus californicus (19%); Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis (29%); Lepus californicus (29%); Thomomys bottae (19%); Birds (5%); Insects (10%); Seeds and berries (10%); Herbaceous vegetation (14%) | % of scats containing each prey item | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 21 | Concord Naval Weapons Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa |
| Dietary Composition | Mammals: Spermophilus beecheyi (43%); Microtus californicus (61%); Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis (30%); Lepus californicus (43%); Thomomys bottae (9%); Insects (13%); Seeds and berries (4%); Herbaceous vegetation (35%); Wheat (Avena spp.) (9%) | % of scats containing each prey item | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 23 | Concord Naval Weapons Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa |
| Dietary Composition | Mammals: Spermophilus beecheyi (67%); Microtus californicus (45%); Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis (29%); Lepus californicus (12%); Thomomys bottae (2%); Birds (5%); Seeds and berries (19%); Herbaceous vegetation (43%); Wheat (Avena spp.) (24%) | % of scats containing each prey item | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 42 | Concord Naval Weapons Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa |
| Dietary Composition | Mammals: Spermophilus beecheyi (43%); Microtus californicus (30%); Peromyscus maniculatus and Reithrodontomys megalotis (43%); Lepus californicus (17%); Thomomys bottae (4%); Insects (13%); Seeds and berries (13%); Herbaceous vegetation (17%); Wheat (Avena spp.) (13%) | % of scats containing each prey item | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 23 | Concord Naval Weapons Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Terrestrial: Reptiles (1.8%); Rodents (21.0%); Lagomorphs (6.6%); Birds (6.3%); Arthropods (5.7%); Vegetation (8.1%) Marine: Reptiles (0.6%); Mammals (0.3%); Fish (12.0%); Birds (16.5%); Arthropods (17.7%); Vegetation (0.6%) | average percent occurrence of item in scats from 4 coastal sites | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 152 | Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California del Norte [lat., 28^o55' N; long., 113^o30' W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Dietary Composition | Terrestrial: Reptiles (7.1%); Rodents (48.0%); Lagomorphs (15.9%); Birds (1.0%); Arthropods (11.8%); Vegetation (15.5%) Marine: Birds (0.3%) | average percent occurrence of item in scats from 4 inland sites | % | Not Reported | Not Reported | 170 | Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California del Norte [lat., 28^o55' N; long., 113^o30' W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
