Carnivores (Carnivora)

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California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Water Ingestion Rate 549 total daily water intake derived from sum of milk water intake and metabolic water production g/d Female Pup 19 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo 21.6 SE
Growth Rate daily weight gain; range of means for 2 yrs g/d Male Pup 5-9/yr San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo
Growth Rate daily weight gain; range of means for 2 yrs g/d Female Pup 4-8/yr San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo
Citation:

California sea lion mortality: Natural or artifact

Author(s)
Brownell, R. L. and B.J. LeBoeuf
Pages
287-305
Publisher
Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1 pup/litter Female Adult Not Reported San Miguel Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen uptake of the California sea lion and harbour seal during exposure to heat

Author(s)
Matsuura, D. T. and G. C. Whittow
Pages
711-715
Year
Issue
3
Volume
225
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 321.4 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 16.4C. ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 3-4 yrs 23.7 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 403.7 oxygen uptake at rectal temperature of 30.9C. ml O2/min Both Male and Female Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 3-4 yrs 36.0 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The pinnipeds of the California current

Author(s)
Antonelis, George A. and Clifford H. Fiscus
Pages
68-78
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 380 kg Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 100 kg Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 9 kg Not Reported Neonate Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen cost of swimming in a trained California sea lion

Author(s)
Costello, R.R. and G.C. Whittow
Pages
645-647
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption during swimming L O2/min Male Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets 6 yr Laboratory
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 9.09 kg Male Pup 7 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5 d 0.112 SE
Body Weight - Mean 7.59 kg Female Pup 7 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5 d 0.289 SE
Citation:

California sea lion distribution: A statistical analysis of aerial transect data

Author(s)
Bonnell, Michael L. and R. Glenn Ford
Pages
13-20
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density see citation maps of sea lion densities #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported southern California Bight Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate 4.2 initial defecation time hours Both Male and Female Adult 3 animals Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 years old Laboratory
Citation:

Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during steady-state swimming in California sea lions

Author(s)
Butler, P. J., A. J. Woakes, I.L. Boyd and S. Kanatous
Pages
35-42
Year
Volume
170
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 32.2 kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Studies on the biology of the California sea lion and the northern elephant seal on San Nicolas Island, California

Author(s)
Odell, Daniel Keith
Pages
p.147
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Territory Size 130 m2 Male Adult 24-25 males San Nicolas Island, CA Exposure Factor Datasets breeding

Desert Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. arsipus)

Citation:

Ecology of the desert kit fox, Vulpes macrotis arsipus, in the Mojave Desert of southern California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, Thomas P. and Larry Gilbertson
Pages
1-15
Year
Issue
1
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Longevity 2.4 measured from time of capture to time of last capture or radio-telemetry location mo Both Male and Female Adult 13 foxes Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 0.7 SE
Body Weight - Mean 2034 g Male Adult 15 foxes Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 78 SE
Body Weight - Mean 1936 g Female Adult 13 foxes Rand Open Area and Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 64 SE

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Life history of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Morrell, Stephen
Pages
162-174
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Growth Rate growth rate observed in repeatedly trapped pups lb/month Both Male and Female Pup Not Reported Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Clutch or Litter Size pups Female Adult 5 litters Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Time of Hatching or Parturition February-March Female Adult Not Reported Buena Vista Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Dietary Composition Kangaroo rats (80.7%), rabbits (46.2%), squirrels (9.6%), cottontails (5.8%), pocket mouse (1.9%), unident. insects (59.6%), scorpions (17.3%), Jerusalem crickets (13.5%), insect larvae (11.5%), ants (9.6%), grasshoppers (5.8%), beetles (3.8%), spiders (1.9%) frequency of occurrence in scat analyses % Both Male and Female Not Reported 52 scat groups Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Reproduction and spacing patterns of kit foxes relative to changing prey availability

Author(s)
White, Patrick J. and Katherine Ralls
Pages
861-867
Year
Issue
4
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size pups Female Adult 4 foxes Carrizo Plain Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo
Home Range 11.6 individual home range size km2 Both Male and Female Adult 21 foxes Carrizo Plain Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo 0.9 SE
Citation:

Factors regulating kit fox populations

Author(s)
White, P.J. and Robert A. Garrott
Pages
1982-1988
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Functional and numerical responses of kit foxes to a short-term decline in mammalian prey

Author(s)
White, Patrick J., Callie A. Vanderbilt White and Katherine Ralls
Pages
370-376
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition deer mice (10.8%), kangaroo rats (8.4%), pocket gophers (2.9%), pocket mice (20.0%), woodrats (0.6%), ground squirrels (6.4%), birds (7.5%), insects (33.5%), leporids (4.7%), reptiles (2.0%), percentage occurrence of prey types in feces % Both Male and Female Adult 834 feces Carrizo Plain Natural Area Exposure Factor Datasets San Luis Obispo
Citation:

Distribution and habitat requirements of the San Joaquin kit fox in the northern extreme of their range

Author(s)
Orloff, Susan, Frank Hall and Linda Spiegel
Pages
60-70
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Jerusalem crickets (27%), unident. birds (2%), rabbits (3%), California ground squirrel (35%), pocket mice (2%), western harvest mice (17%), Peromyscus sp. (13%) percent volume of total prey items in scat % Both Male and Female Not Reported 10 scats Bethany Reservoir Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda

Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Home range, activity and daily movements of coyotes

Author(s)
Andelt, William F. and Philip S. Gipson
Pages
944-951
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 24.2 composite home range estimated by minimum area method km2 Female Adult 4 Lancaster and Cass Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 20.7 SD
Citation:

Foods of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma

Author(s)
Best, Troy L., Barbara Hoditschek and Howard H. Thomas
Pages
67-69
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition grasses (81.6%); persimmon (3.7%); unidentified seeds (5.2%); other plant material (44.9%); grasshoppers (11.8%); beetles (12.5%); chicken (2.2%); other birds (3.7%); cottontail (13.9%); pocket gopher (5.9%); cotton rat (14.7%); wood rat (2.2%); pine vole (2.2%); coyote (28.7%); cattle (33.8%) % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 136 Cleveland, Grady and McClain Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote movements in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California

Author(s)
Hawthorne, Vernon M.
Pages
154-161
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 21.5 lbs Female Adult 26 Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee (elev., 5000-6300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean lbs Both Male and Female Juvenile 47 Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee (elev., 5000-6300 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of the coyote

Author(s)
Manville, Richard H.
Pages
390
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 15 maximum lifespan yrs Male Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Coyote diets associated with seasonal mule deer activities in California

Author(s)
Smith, James R.
Pages
78-82
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition mule deer (3%); small mammals (18%); birds (2%); reptiles (2%); insects (2%); fruits (82%); other (1%) % frequency of food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 199 Sierra National Forest (elev. 300 -3900 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Citation:

Winter diets of coyotes in relation to prey abundance in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A. and Carl D. Mitchell
Pages
439-447
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition lagomorphs (27 - 54%); woodrat (5-21%); cotton rat (0-40%); small rodents (4-12%); deer (4-19%); other prey (8 - 22%) range of percent distribution of prey items over 8 yrs % Not Reported Not Reported 2335 scats Webb County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age distribution and weights of coyotes in northwestern Texas

Author(s)
Meinzer, Wyman P. and Fred S. Guthery
Pages
275-278
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 8.2 (0.5yr); 10.4 (1.5 yr); 12.8 (2.5 yr); 13.2 (3.5 yr); 13.7 (4.5 yr); 12.5 (5.5 yr); 12.1 (6.5 yr); 12.6 (>7.5 yr) average body weights at various ages kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 8 - 76/age King and Knox counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 - >7.5 yr
Citation:

Coyote morphometric characteristics and mass dynamics in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L.
Pages
360-365
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 10.4 kg Male Pup 28 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets <1yr Kern 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 11.4 kg Male Juvenile 10 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets 1yr Kern 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 12.7 kg Male Adult 16 Naval Petroleum Reserves (elev., 88 - 473 m) Exposure Factor Datasets >2 yr Kern 0.3 SE
Citation:

Relationships among coyote food habits, prey populations, and habitat use

Author(s)
Reichel, James D.
Pages
133-137
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition voles (79.4%); deer mice (4.7%); other rodents (7.9%); deer (9.8%); pronghorn (1.6%); other ungulates (5.4%); lagomorphs (1.6%); other mammals (1.9%); birds and eggs (6.6%); seeds and fruit (1.0%); insects (2.2%); unknown (3.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 315 National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition voles (88.8%); deer mice (2.8%); other rodents (10.0%); deer (6.2%); other ungulates (11.0%); other mammals (0.8%); birds and eggs (7.6%); seeds and fruit (0.4%); insects (0.8%); unknown (4.8%) % frequency of occurrence of items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 250 National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition voles (74.9%); deer mice (0.5%); other rodents (11.8%); deer (18.3%); pronghorn (10.9%); other ungulates (10.0%); lagomorphs (2.4%); other mammals (0.4%); birds and eggs (12.4%); reptiles and amphibians (4.3%); seeds and fruit (0.5%); insects (7.1%); unknown (1.9%) % frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 211 National Bison Range (elev., 696-1361 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of coyotes in Arkansas

Author(s)
Gipson, Philip S.
Pages
848-853
Year
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition poultry (34%); persimmons (23%); insects (11%); rodents (9%); songbirds (8%); cattle (7%); rabbits (7%); deer (5%); woodchucks (4%); goats (4%); watermelons (4%) % occurrence of 11 most common items in stomach contents % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 168 Ozarks, Ouachitas, Coastal Plain and Delta Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food and population characteristics of Iowa coyotes

Author(s)
Mathwig, Herbert J.
Pages
167-189
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1 greatest density #/1.4 mi2 Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Variation in coyote diets associated with season and successional changes in vegetation

Author(s)
Andelt, William F., John G. Kie, Frederick F. Knowlton and Kean Cardwell
Pages
273-277
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (64%); birds (1%); insects (10%); fruits (20%); misc. (5%) annual diet determined by averaging monthly food type percent occurrence, obtained from scats % Not Reported Not Reported 570-3610 scats/sample Welder Wildlife Refuge, Corpus Christi Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Movements of suburban and rural coyotes at Saguaro National Park, Arizona

Author(s)
Bounds, Dixie L. and William W. Shaw
Pages
94-121
Year
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 15.7 overall annual home range estimated using the minimum convex polygon method km2 Both Male and Female Adult 9 Saguaro National Park, Pima County (elev., 800-1300m) Exposure Factor Datasets 4.2 SE
Citation:

Diets of coyotes near the boundary of Saguaro National Monument and Tucson, Arizona

Author(s)
McClure, Mark F., Norman S. Smith and William W. Shaw
Pages
101-125
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mesquite pods (29%); prickly pear fruit (16%); other plants(24%); rodent (28%); lagomorph (22%); mule deer (3%); other mammals (3%); dog food or human-related (35%); misc. (14%) annual % occurrence of prey items identified in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 667 scats suburban area near Saguaro National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mesquite pods (39%); prickly pear fruit (21%); other plants(35%); rodent (27%); lagomorph (20%); mule deer (9%); other mammals (4%); dog food or human-related (trace); misc. (16%) annual % occurrence of prey items identified in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 449 scats rural area near Saguaro National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Summer food habits of coyotes in central Wyoming

Author(s)
Springer, Joseph Tucker and J. Steven Smith
Pages
449-456
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition pronghorn antelope (55%); mule deer (5%), other native ungulate (3%); sciurids (21%); microtines (13%); cricetines (3%); unidentified cricetines (7%); western jumping mouse (1%); plant material (42%); coyote (22%); arthropods (18%) % frequency in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 404 scats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival of coyotes in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A., H. Leroy Anderson and Richard M. Engeman
Pages
301-307
Year
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.70 overall annual survival rate (autumn-autumn), estimated over 4 yr periods Both Male and Female Adult 88 Webb County Exposure Factor Datasets > 1.5 yr 0.58 - 0.82 (95% CL)
Survival/ Mortality 0.42 overall annual survival rate (autumn-autumn), estimated over 3 yr periods Both Male and Female Juvenile 38 Webb County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 - 1.5 yr 0.24 - 0.60 (95% CL)
Citation:

Seasonal variation in body mass and composition of eastern coyotes

Author(s)
Poulle, Marie Lazarine, Michel Crete and Jean Huot
Pages
1625 - 1633
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Fat (total or %) 9.5 % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 36 Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.3
Body Fat (total or %) 16.8 % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.8
Citation:

Estimating coyote food intake from undigested residues in scats

Author(s)
Johnson, Mark K. and Richard M. Hansen
Pages
363-367
Year
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Sylvilagus spp. (39.7); Microtus montanus (15.9); Perognathus spp. (8.0); Spermophilus townsendii (6.5); Peromyscus maniculatus (5.7); Dipodomys ordii (6.6); Antilocapra americana (5.1); Eutamias minimus (3.6); Lepus californicus (3.4); Thomomys talpoides (3.0); reptiles (1.6); Centrocercus urophasianus (1.5); small birds (2.4) relative dry weight ingested, estimated from scats % Not Reported Not Reported 979 scats Idaho National Engineering Lab Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Some observations on coyote food habits in Pennsylvania

Author(s)
Witmer, G.W., M.J. Pipas and A. Hayden
Pages
77-80
Year
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition white-tailed deer (56.1%); mouse/vole (14.8%): cottontail rabbit (9.4%); woodchuck (10.6%); squirrel (5.2%); raccoon (5.2%); porcupine (2.9%); unidentified mammal hair (18.4%); feathers (10.3%); insects (18.1%); grass/sedge (35.5%); leaf fragments (15.2%); twigs/bark (6.4%); seeds/fruit (15.8%); other plants (2.9%); manmade materials (2.3%) % frequence of occurrence of major (>2%) food items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 310 scats northcentral, southcentral and northeast regions Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote, Canis latrans, ecology in a rural-urban environment

Author(s)
Atkinson, K.T. and D.M. Shackleton
Pages
49-54
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.4 estimated by placental scars, number of foeti and 2 litters young/litter Female Adult 20 Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.8 SD
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. - May Female Adult 10 litters Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Food-item use by coyotes at the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L., Kenneth A. Spencer and Jerry H. Scrivner
Pages
91-95
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition leporids (66.5%); rodents (21.5%); livestock (17.8%); coyote (2.1%); birds (17.8%); reptiles (5.4%); insects (18.6%); fruit (4.5%); other (2.1%); refuse (5.8%) % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents estimated over 6 yrs % Not Reported Not Reported 242 Naval Petroleum Reserves, Bakersfield (elev., 88-473m) Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Coyote food habits in Sagehen Creek basin, northeastern California

Author(s)
Hawthorne, Vernon M.
Pages
4-12
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mule deer (35.2%); cattle (11.5%); sheep (3.7%); coyote (2.9%); Microtus sp. (47.7%); Thomomys sp. (6.8%); Lepus americanus (4.4%); Marmota flaviventris (3.9%); Citellus lateralis (3.9%); Erethizon dorsatum (3.7%); song birds (3.7%); other insects (4.7%); pine and fir needles (19%); grass (17.6%); other vegetable matter (8.7%) % of scats containing food item % Both Male and Female Adult 384 scats Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition mule deer (8.7%); cattle (4.4%); sheep (17.4%); coyote (8.7%); Microtus sp. (56.5%); Eutamias (13%); Thomomys sp. (8.7%); Marmota flaviventris (4.4%); Citellus beldingi (4.4%); Erethizon dorsatum (8.7%); song birds (21.7%); grasshoppers (13.0%); other insects (34.8%); pine and fir needles (30.4%); grass (56.5%); other vegetable matter (13.2%) % of scats containing food item % Both Male and Female Juvenile 23 scats Sagehen Creek Field Station, Truckee Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Coyote foods in a coniferous forest in Oregon

Author(s)
Toweill, Dale E. and Robert G. Anthony
Pages
507-512
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition rodents (36%); ungulates (26%); lagomorphs (23%); insectivores (2%); other mammals (1%); unidentified mammals (13%); birds (8%); reptiles (2%); insects (3%); fruit (38%); grass (13%); human refuse (1%) annual % frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 844 Willamette National Forest, Lane County (elev., 500-1500 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in central Alberta, 1964-1968

Author(s)
Nellis, Carl H. and Lloyd B. Keith
Pages
389-399
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density range of minimum and maximum densities over 3 yrs #/100 km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
174-181
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.87 mean annual survival rate Both Male and Female Adult 52 Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Trinidad (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets > 2yrs

Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)

Citation:

Growth and behavior of a litter of captive long-tailed weasels

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C.
Pages
412-415
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Sexual Maturity d Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Winter and spring habits of weasels in central Iowa

Author(s)
Polderboer, Emmett B., Lee W. Kuhn and George O. Hendrickson
Pages
115-119
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Meadow mouse (42.37%); Harvest mouse (24.57%); Deer mouse (11.86%); Mearns cottontail (7.6%); Short-tailed shrew (5.92%); House mouse (2.54%); Tree sparrow (1.69%); Grasshopper (0.84%); Unidentified (2.54%) % frequency in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 97 scats Ames Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Meadow mouse (43.7%); Harvest mouse (14.5%); Deer mouse (6.3%); Mearns cottontail (10.4%); Short-tailed shrew (4.2%); Shaw pocket gopher (2.1%); Least weasel (18.8%) % frequency in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 38 scats Ames Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 25 average distance traveled from den in one night rods Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Ames Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Gestation period in the long-tailed weasel

Author(s)
Hall, E. Raymond
Pages
249-250
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4 young/litter Female Adult 1 captured at Tahoe City, California Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Breeding habits of captive long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)

Author(s)
Wright, Philip L.
Pages
338-344
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Hatching or Parturition April Both Male and Female Neonate Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Population characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K. and David W. Kuehn
Pages
813-815
Year
Issue
4
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.6 fetuses Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10 animals Exposure Factor Datasets 1-1.5 years 0.38 SE
Clutch or Litter Size 8.0 fetuses Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 animals Exposure Factor Datasets >2 years 1.0 SE
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 placental scars Female Both Adults and Juveniles 5 animals Exposure Factor Datasets 1-1.5 years 0.65 SE
Citation:

Care, management, and biology of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
575-584
Year
Issue
5
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Survival/ Mortality 59.81 mortality 0-2 months % Both Male and Female Pup 321 pups Exposure Factor Datasets 0-2 months Laboratory
Citation:

Population characteristics and movements of striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) in central Alberta

Author(s)
Bjorge, Ronald R., John R. Gunson and William M. Samuel
Pages
149-155
Year
Issue
2
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Population Density animals/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Home Range 2556 home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures m Male Adult 17 Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 231SE
Home Range 1970 home range, as indexed by greatest distance between captures m Female Adult 30 females Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 170 SE
Citation:

Hormonal and gestational evidence for delayed implantation in the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis

Author(s)
Wade-Smith J., M. E. Richmond, R. A. Mead and H. Taylor
Pages
509-515
Year
Issue
4
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Mating/ Laying 21 Feb-5 April Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Duration of Incubation or Gestation d Both Male and Female Embryo 118 litters/females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Mephitis mephitis

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and B.J. Verts
Pages
1-7
Year
Volume
173
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Die Aufzucht von Skunks im Berliner Zoologischen Garten

Author(s)
Kloess, Hans-Georg
Pages
214-217
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 63 days Both Male and Female Embryo 1 animal Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Biology of the striped skunk

Author(s)
Verts, B. J.
Pages
182
Publisher
University of Illinois Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 6.2 lb Male Adult 115 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2
Body Weight - Mean 4.4 lb Female Adult 82 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2
Citation:

Seasonal food of skunks in New York

Author(s)
Hamilton, W. J.
Pages
240-246
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Fruit 26.7; mammals 19.6; insects 6.8; grasses, leaves, buds 10.8; Carrion 13.5; grains, nuts 11.3; garbage 6.8; earthworms 0.9; birds 1.9; reptiles, amphibians 1.4; crustaceans 0.3; mollusks trace % by bulk; stomach analysis % 1067 animals Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Captive striped skunk produces two litters

Author(s)
Shadle Albert R.
Pages
388-389
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Sexual Maturity 10 months Female Adult 1 female Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Autumn movement and home range of sea otters in California

Author(s)
Ribic, Christine A.
Pages
795-801
Year
Issue
3
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Home Range 5.6 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult 9 Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets Residents 1.9 SD
Home Range 4.6 km^2 Male Adult 5 Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets Residents 0.8 SD
Home Range 6.8 km^2 Female Adult 4 Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets Residents 2.3 SD
Citation:

Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey, California

Author(s)
Loughlin, T.R.
Year
Issue
3
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean Weight for females kg Female Both Adults and Juveniles 9 Monterey, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Home Range 35 Home range for territorial males ha Male Adult 4 Monterey Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey 8.75 SE
Home Range 44 Home range for non-territorial males ha Male Adult 7 Monterey Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey 13.36 SE
Citation:

Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters

Author(s)
Siniff, Donald B., and Katherine Ralls
Pages
211-229
Year
Issue
3
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity 11 oldest animal captured in study yr Female Adult 1 animal Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year annual reproductive rate, based on field count, sex ratio, reproductive tract data % Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 1 litter size as indicated by reproductive tract examination pup Female Adult 278 reproductive tracts Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality annual mortality over two years estimated from carcass searches on beaches % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1 population (1076 otters) Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Water pollution and otter distribution: A review

Author(s)
Mason, C.F.
Pages
97-131
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: Influence of population status on community structure

Author(s)
Estes, James A., Ronald J. Jameson, and Elaine B. Rhodes
Pages
242-258
Year
Issue
2
Volume
120
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations Not Reported Not Reported 425-584 dives/location Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR Exposure Factor Datasets

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Notes on kit fox biology in Utah

Author(s)
Daneke, Dennis, Melvin Sunquist and Stephen Berwick
Pages
361-362
Year
Issue
3
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 1.9 calculated with Minimum Area Method km2 Male Adult 4 Pine Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 1.1 SD
Home Range 1.4 calculated with Minimum Area Method km2 Female Adult 4 Pine Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 0.7 SD
Home Range 4.2 calculated with Minimum Area Method km2 Male Adult 5 Pine Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SD
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