Carnivores (Carnivora)

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Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Energy requirements of eastern coyotes

Author(s)
Pekins, Peter J. and William W. Mautz
Pages
656-659
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 163.5 field metabolic rate estimated as 3 times basal metabolic rate kcal/kg Both Male and Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Body size and condition of coyotes in southern Texas

Author(s)
Windberg, Lamar A., Richard M. Engeman and Jeffrey F. Bromaghin
Pages
47 - 52
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 9.1 kg Male Juvenile 32 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1.0 yr 0.2 SE
Body Weight - Mean 8.0 kg Female Juvenile 50 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1.0 yr 0.1 SE
Body Weight - Mean range of means for two yearling age groups kg Male Juvenile 19-35 Webb County [lat., 27^o20'-28^o00N; long., 99^o00'-99^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 - 2.0 yrs
Citation:

Food habits of the coyote in California

Author(s)
Ferrel, Carol M., Howard R. Leach and Daniel F. Tillotson
Pages
301-341
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition rodent (24.5%); deer (11.4%); other stock (12.1%); rabbit (22.9%); misc. (10.5%); sheep (9.7%); bird (3.4%); vegetation (5.5%) overall % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 813 inland Sierra region Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition rodent (19.2%); deer (5.0%); other stock (12.4%); rabbit (41.5%); misc. (12.4%); sheep (6.6%); bird (2.1%); vegetation (0.8%) overall % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 94 eastern region Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition rodent (24.4%); deer (9.2%); other stock (7.6%); rabbit (26.4%); misc. (10.3%); sheep (5.3%); bird (8.2%); vegetation (8.6%) overall % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 297 southern region Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Berg, William E. and Robert A. Chesness
Pages
229-247
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of average weights kg Female Adult Not Reported Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of average weights kg Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal Oct. - Nov. Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Aitkin and Itasca counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity of captive mammals

Author(s)
Jones, Marvin L.
Pages
113-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 21 yr, 10 mo captive longevity record yr, mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Physical development in coyotes (Canis latrans), with a comparison to other canids

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc and Robert Jamieson
Pages
685-692
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 1859 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 42d Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2724 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 56d Laboratory
Growth Rate 0.31 kg/wk Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 8 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Population dynamics of coyotes in central Alberta, 1964-1968

Author(s)
Nellis, Carl H. and Lloyd B. Keith
Pages
389-399
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 29.3 mean distance moved by coyotes marked in 1964-1968 and relocated by 1976 km Both Male and Female Juvenile 22 Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 8.9 SE
Home Range 6.0 mean distance moved by coyotes marked in 1964-1968 and relocated by 1976 km Both Male and Female Adult 18 Rochester, Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.6 SE
Citation:

Summer food habits and population density of coyotes, Canis latrans, in boreal forests of sutheastern Quebec

Author(s)
Samson, Claude and Michel Crete
Pages
227-233
Year
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition see citation figure of monthly average volume (%) of food items in scats during 2 summers Both Male and Female Not Reported 666 scat samples Gaspesie Conservation Park and Chic-Chocs Game Reserve [lat., 49^o00N'; long., 66^o00' W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Food habits of coyotes, Canis latrans, in eastern Tehama county, California

Author(s)
Barrett, Reginald H.
Pages
184-192
Year
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition rodents (27.7%); rabbits (2.9%); carnivores (1.1%); ungulates (28.5%); birds (2.4%); reptiles (1.2%); fish (0.3%); invertebrates (1.9%); vegetable matter (34.0%) annual average % relative frequency of occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 1042 scats Red Bluff Exposure Factor Datasets Tehama
Citation:

Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado

Author(s)
Gese, Eric M., Orrin J. Rongstad and William R. Mytton
Pages
640-646
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 106.5 mean annual home range of transient coyotes km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 16 Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County (elev., 1310-1740 m) Exposure Factor Datasets 27.7 SD
Citation:

Coyote movements, habitat use, and food habits in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Litvaitis, John A. and James H. Shaw
Pages
62-68
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Home Range 39.9 minimum area home range km2 Female Juvenile 4 Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 27.6 SD
Home Range 1.0 minimum area home range km2 Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets "pups" 0.7 SD
Citation:

Social distribution and population estimates of coyotes in north-central Montana

Author(s)
Pyrah, Duane
Pages
670-690
Year
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 7.8 mean den area; land area around a den or rendezvous used by group km2 Female Adult 3 Missouri River Breaks Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 9.7 mean den area; land area around a den or rendezvous used by group km2 Male Adult 12 Missouri River Breaks Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavioral ecology of coyotes on the National Elk Refuge, Jackson, Wyoming

Author(s)
Camenzind, Franz J.
Pages
267-296
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 0.53 #/km2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 4.45 #/litter Female Adult Not Reported National Elk Refuge, Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets 0.33 SD
Citation:

Diet of Coyotes at Lemoore Naval Air Station

Author(s)
Kuenzi, Amy J.
Pages
9-11
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Seeds (54.8%); Fruit (56.9%); Insects (44.1%); California voles (12.9%); Lagomorphs (10.8%); Cricetine rodents (62.4%); Birds (5.4%); Califorina ground squirrels (4.3%); Gophers (2.2%); Amphibians/Reptiles (2.2%) overall % frequency of occurrence of prey items in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 93 scats Lemoore Naval Air Station Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno, Kings
Citation:

Canis latrans

Author(s)
Bekoff, Marc
Pages
1-9
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolism and body temperature of two desert canids: Coyotes and kit foxes

Author(s)
Golightly, Richard T. and Robert D. Ohmart
Pages
624 - 635
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 10 kg Both Male and Female Not Reported 18 captured in Maricopa County, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Some observations on the behavioral and morphological development of coyote pups

Author(s)
Snow, Carol J.
Pages
353-355
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning wks Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)

Citation:

Notes on ecology and food of the Kit fox in Central Utah

Author(s)
Smith, Dwight G.
Pages
96 - 98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.5 mean litter size pups Female Adult 8 litters Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition black-tailed hare (61.4%), cottontail rabbit (7.7%); also Ord's kangaroo rat, deer mouse, pocket mouse, horned lark, unident. passerine, beetle proportion of total prey items identified in stomach contents Both Male and Female Adult 18 stomachs Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Size and spatial organization of home ranges of kit foxes in Arizona

Author(s)
Zoellick, Bruce W. and Norman S. Smith
Pages
83-88
Year
Issue
1
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 9.8 home range as calculated with the grid-cell method km2 Female Adult 3 foxes 7.5 km NW Tonopah Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1.4 SE

Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata)

Citation:

Growth and behavior of a litter of captive long-tailed weasels

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C.
Pages
412-415
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 24 % body weight consumed/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 7 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 8-10 wks Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 18 % body weight consumed/d Both Male and Female Adult 7 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 107.6 g Male Juvenile 7 captured at Delta, Manitoba, Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 5 wks Laboratory
Citation:

Measurement of weasel body size

Author(s)
Johnson, Donald R.
Pages
2277-2279
Year
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 199.2 g Male Adult 46 northern/central ID and Whitman County, WA Exposure Factor Datasets 35.0 SD
Body Weight - Mean 98.9 g Female Adult 17 northern/central ID and Whitman County, WA Exposure Factor Datasets 14.4 SD
Citation:

Mustela frenata

Author(s)
Sheffield, Steven R. and Howard H. Thomas
Pages
1-9
Year
Volume
570
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolism of weasels: The cost of being long and thin

Author(s)
Brown, James H. and Robert C. Lasiewski
Pages
939-943
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 297 g Male Adult Not Reported captured in White Pine County, NV Exposure Factor Datasets 36 SD Laboratory

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Physical characteristics of striped skunks in northern Minnesota

Author(s)
Fuller, Todd K., David W. Kuehn, Pamela L. Coy and Randy K. Markl
Pages
371-374
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 2.81 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 16 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets > 1.5 years 0.14 SE
Body Weight - Mean 2.85 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 15 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets > 2 years 0.22 SE
Body Weight - Mean 2.05 kg Male Both Adults and Juveniles 5 animals Bearville study area; Itasca county Exposure Factor Datasets > 2 years 0.38 SE
Citation:

Reproduction in captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
452-455
Year
Issue
2
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation days Both Male and Female Embryo 59 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Time of Hatching or Parturition May-early June Both Male and Female Neonate 118 females Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 4.28 pups/litter Female Adult 118 litters Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Parameters of population and seasonal activity of striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in Alberta and Saskatchewan

Author(s)
Schowalter, David B. and John R. Gunson
Pages
409-420
Year
Issue
4
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean kg Male Adult 284 males Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutch or Litter Size 6.8 embryos; all ages pups/litter Female Adult 87 females Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean 4.7 kg Male Juvenile 18 juveniles SasKatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.5 SD
Citation:

Evaluation of mark-recapture for estimating striped skunk abundance

Author(s)
Greenwood, Raymond J., Alan B. Sargeant and Douglas H. Johnson
Pages
332-340
Year
Issue
2
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Home Range 242 ha Female Not Reported 24 animals Walum, ND Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 119 SD
Citation:

Ecological aspects of winter dormancy in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Mutch, Graham G. R. and Aleksiuk, Michael
Pages
607-615
Year
Issue
3
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 2584 g Male Adult 5 Delta Marsh Mannitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 20.9 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 31.9 % Male Adult 5 Delta Marsh Mannitoba Exposure Factor Datasets 1.3 SE Laboratory
Body Fat (total or %) 10.1 % Male Adult 5 Delta Marsh Mannitoba Exposure Factor Datasets 2.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Mephitis mephitis

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and B.J. Verts
Pages
1-7
Year
Volume
173
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation review Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Citation:

Movements, home range, and territories of male sea otters off central California

Author(s)
Jameson, Ronald J.
Pages
159-172
Year
Issue
2
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Age at Sexual Maturity 6.5 yr Male 22 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 15 maximum density at this time of year per 1000 ha Male Adult 7 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 40.3 ha Male Adult 10 Central coast Exposure Factor Datasets 4.0 SE
Citation:

Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter Enhydra lutris

Author(s)
Costa, Daniel P.
Pages
35-44
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Water Ingestion Rate 269 mL/kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 25 SE Laboratory
Water Ingestion Rate 62 Sea water ingestion rate mL / kg-d Both Male and Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 27 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Food selection and some foraging tactics of sea otters

Author(s)
Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson and A.M. Johnson
Pages
606-641
Publisher
Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition unidentifed crab (15.0%), pugettia (4.5%), cancer species (6.8%), unidentified abalone (0%), red abalone (0%), black abalone (0%), clam (0.8%), turbon snail (19.6%), kelp and holdfasts (0%), unidentifed (42.9%), mussel (0.8%), annelid (0%), limpet (0%), scallop (0%), octopus (0.8%), red urchin (6.0%), cucumaria (0%), purple urchin (2.3%), pisaster species (0.8%), barnacle (0%) dietary composition for juveniles % Both Male and Female Juvenile 156 Piedras Blancas Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Author(s)
Kenyon, Karl W.
Pages
1-352
Year
Issue
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 1.96 kg Female Juvenile 6 Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets newborn
Body Weight - Mean 28.3 kg Male Adult 79 Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets 7.98 SD
Body Weight - Mean 21.1 kg Female Adult 254 Amchitka Island Exposure Factor Datasets 6.49 SD
Citation:

Movement and spatial use patterns of California sea otters

Author(s)
Ralls, Katherine, Thomas C. Eagle and Donald B. Siniff
Pages
1841-1849
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method ha Male Juvenile 5 animals Monterey to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method ha Female Adult 16 animals Monterey to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method ha Female Juvenile 10 animals Monterey to San Luis Obispo Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heat production and body surface area in seals and sea otters

Author(s)
Iverson, J.A. and J. Krog
Pages
51-54
Year
Issue
1
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate see Figure 1 oxygen consumption measured at 15-20 C Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets fed Laboratory
Surface Area see Figure 3 estimated surface area Not Reported Not Reported 2 Exposure Factor Datasets fed Laboratory
Citation:

Estimating sea otter reproductive rates

Author(s)
Eberhardt, L.L. and K.B. Schneider
Pages
31-37
Publisher
Society for Marine Mammology
Year
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Clutches or Litters per year Pr {giving birth in a year} = 1- (1-p1)^120(1-p2)^65 p1 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the high probability period
p2 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the remaining part of the year.
p1 and p2 = 0.02 and 0.00067, respectively, based on observations from Prince William Sound, 		Female Adult 1,482 Aleutian islands, AK Exposure Factor Datasets 2-16 years

California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)

Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) II: Milk intake

Author(s)
Iverson, S. J., O.T. Oftedal and D.J. Boness
Pages
180-184
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Food Ingestion Rate 7.37 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight %/d Female Pup 7 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 5-30 d 0.242 SE
Food Ingestion Rate 5.96 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight %/d Male Pup 5 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 0.405 SE
Food Ingestion Rate 5.93 daily milk intake as % of pup body weight %/d Female Pup 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 0.467 SE
Citation:

Milk and energy intakes of suckling California Sea Lions (Z. californicus) pups in relation to sex, growth and predicted maintenance requirements

Author(s)
Oftedal, Olav T., Sara J. Iverson and Daryl J. Boness
Pages
560-575
Year
Issue
5
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Food Ingestion Rate 723 daily milk intake g/d Male Pup 24 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 31.0 SE
Food Ingestion Rate 609 daily milk intake g/d Female Pup 19 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 mo 24.0 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 18.7 % Male Pup 1 San Nicolas Island [lat., 33^oW; long., 119^oW] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo
Citation:

The effect of El Nino on pup development in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); I. Early postnatal growth

Author(s)
Boness, D. J., O. T. Oftedal,and K. A. Ono
Pages
173-179
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 8.6 mean weight; 2 years post el Nino (1985) kg Not Reported Neonate 16 neonates San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 3 days or less 0.227 SE
Growth Rate 0.132 pre-el Nino; 0-2 months kg/d Not Reported Pup 32 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 0-2 months 0.007 SE
Growth Rate 0.101 pups 0-2 months old; El Nino 1983; kg/d Not Reported Pup 30 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets 0-2 months 0.007 SE
Citation:

Relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption during steady-state swimming in California sea lions

Author(s)
Butler, P. J., A. J. Woakes, I.L. Boyd and S. Kanatous
Pages
35-42
Year
Volume
170
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 26.9 metabolic rate during excercise ml O2/min/kg Both Male and Female Juvenile 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.9 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of the 1982-1983 El Nino on several population parameters and diet of California sea lions on the Califonia channel islands

Author(s)
DeLong, R. L., G.A. Antonelis, C.W. Oliver, B.S. Stewart, M.S. Lowry and P.K. Yochem
Pages
166-172
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation figure of % occurrence of prey items in scats % Female Adult 73 - 283 San Miguel and San Clemente Islands Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population abundance, pup mortality, and copulation frequency in the California sea lion in relation to the 1983 El Nino on San Nicolas Island

Author(s)
Francis, J. M. and C. B. Heath
Pages
271-288
Publisher
Springer Verlag
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - Aug. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. mutica)

Citation:

Food of the San Joaquin kit fox

Author(s)
Hawbecker, Albert C.
Pages
499
Year
Issue
4
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Dipodomus ingens (17%), Dipodomys sp. (14%), D. heermanni (10%), Unident. rodents (6%), Oedaleonotus enigma (66%), Pocalta ursinus (5%), Coniontis sp. (1%), Stenopelmatus (9%), grass (74%) Percent occurrence in scats % Not Reported Not Reported 74 scats (1 den) 6 mi. east of Panoche Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito
Citation:

Conservation of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on the Naval Petroleum Reserves, California

Author(s)
O'Farrell, T.P.
Pages
207-208
Year
Volume
172
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density adult density #/260 ha Both Male and Female Adult 361 foxes Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Age at Sexual Maturity 22 mo Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Time of Mating/ Laying December time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Elk Hills Naval and Buena Vista Petroleum Reserves Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Diet of the San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica, on Naval Petroleum Reserve #1, Kern County, California, 1980-1984

Author(s)
Scrivner, Jerry H., Thomas P. O'Farrell and Thomas T. Kato
Pages
26
Publisher
EG&G Energy Measurements, EGG 10282-2168
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition lagomorphs (73.3%), kangaroo rats (13.1%), San Joaquin antelope ground squirrel (2.9%), San Joaquin kit fox (2.8%), Cricetidinae (1.3%), Heteromyidae (0.8%), San Joaquin pocket mouse (0.7%), California ground squirrel (0.6%), southern grasshopper mouse (0.5%), sheep (0.5%), Botta pocket gopher (0.3%), birds (1.4%), snakes (1.2%), lizards (0.1%), grasshoppers and crickets (6.2%), beetles (1.0%), arthropods (0.2%), grass (1.7%), soluble material (5.2%), other (9.1%) frequency of occurrence of food items found in scat % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1430 scats Naval Petroleum Reserve #1 Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

San Joaquin kit fox: its distribution and abundance

Author(s)
Laughrin, Lyndal
Pages
20
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 1 estimated average density based on censuses and literature values fox/2.8 mi2 Both Male and Female Adult 108 dens Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Competetive interactions between coyotes and San Joaquin kit foxes

Author(s)
Cypher, Brian L. and Kenneth A. Spencer
Pages
204-214
Year
Issue
1
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Dietary Composition see figure bar graph showing use of leporids, rodents, insects and other food items over 6 years Not Reported Not Reported 449 scat samples Naval Petroleum Reserves in California Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Survival/ Mortality 61.0 mean annual mortality rate over 13 years % Not Reported Adult 306 foxes Naval Petroleum Reserves in California Exposure Factor Datasets Kern 5.2 SE

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 175 average daily consumption in captivity g/day Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size pups/litter Female Adult 11 litters Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
351-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition March to early April time of whelping Female Adult Not Reported Tooele County, west. UT, elev. 4300-4800 ft Exposure Factor Datasets
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