Frogs and toads (Anura)

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Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Comparative effects of ammonium and nitrate compounds on Pacific treefrog and African clawed frog embryos

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
200-206
Year
Volume
36
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
NITRATE, SODIUM 56.7 NOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
NITRATE, SODIUM 111.0 LOAEL for body weight and length mg NO3-N/L Not Reported Embryo 10/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Growth, dispersal and survival of the Pacific tree frog

Author(s)
Jameson, David L.
Pages
25-29
Year
Volume
1956
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate range of average increase in snout-vent length for 7 size classes (snout vent length; 28.0 - 35.9 mm) mm/yr Not Reported Adult 13 - 52 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 13.3 % surviving their first year % Not Reported Juvenile 15 Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 8 mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Washington County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolic and morphological adaptation to heterogenous environments of the Pacific tree toad, Hyla regilla

Author(s)
Jameson, David L., William Taylor and John Mountjoy
Pages
75-89
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Lab
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates measured at 20C mm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Not Reported 7/location and sex captured in San Diego, Julian and Willows, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.27 g Both Male and Female Adult 90 Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Time of Mating/ Laying spring - summer breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Population Density 16.25 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 27 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino 7 SD

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIURON 22.2 mg/l (95% CI; 19.8 - 25.0) 14 d LC50 Not Reported Tadpole 5/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative breeding behavior of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora) and the western spotted frog (Rana pretiosa pretiosa) in southwestern British Columbia

Author(s)
Licht, Lawrence E.
Pages
1287-1299
Year
Issue
6
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding and laying Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported White Rock, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Rana aurora (Baird and Girard), Red-legged frog

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Philip C. Dumas
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
160
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red-legged frogs (Rana aurora)

Author(s)
Kiesecker, Joseph M. and Andrew R. Blaustein
Pages
776-787
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean see citation figure of mean mass of larvae with and without bullfrog presence Not Reported Hatchling 100-150 field enclosures at E.E. Wilson Wildlife Refuge, Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 25 larvae
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning see citation figure of mean time to metamorphosis with and without bullfrog presence Not Reported Hatchling 100-150 field enclosures at E.E. Wilson Wildlife Refuge, Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 25 larvae

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker
Pages
370-376
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
DIURON 7.6 mg/l lowest NOAEL based on body weight endpoint Not Reported Tadpole 5/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 15 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of low concentrations of forest-use pesticides on frog embryos and tadpoles

Author(s)
Berrill, Michael, Susan Bertram, Lise McGillivray, Mark Kolohon and Bruce Pauli
Pages
657-664
Year
Issue
4
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TRICLOPYR decrease response at 1.2 mg/l avoidance response assessed by daily prodding Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
TRICLOPYR increase at 2.4 and 4.8 mg/l Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
FENITROTHION no effect hatching success Not Reported Embryo 20 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets embryo; midneurulation stage Laboratory
FENITROTHION no effect avoidance response assessed by daily prodding of newly hatched tadpoles Not Reported Embryo 20 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets embryo; midneurulation stage Laboratory
TRICLOPYR no effect hatching success Not Reported Embryo 20 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets embryo; midneurulation stage Laboratory
TRICLOPYR no effect avoidance response assessed by daily prodding of newly hatched tadpoles Not Reported Embryo 20 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets embryo; midneurulation stage Laboratory
HEXAZINONE no effect hatching success Not Reported Embryo 20 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets embryo; midneurulation stage Laboratory
HEXAZINONE no effect Not Reported Tadpole 10 animals/replicate; 3 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 d after hatching Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin in larval and adult forms of Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Beatty, Patrick W., Myron A. Holscher and Robert A. Neal
Pages
578-581
Year
Issue
5
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) no effect Not Reported Tadpole 15 animals/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages I-VII Laboratory
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) no effect incidence of morphological abnormalities Not Reported Tadpole 15 animals/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Taylor-Kollros stages I-VII Laboratory
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) no effect Both Male and Female Adult 5 animals/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (2,3,7,8-) no effect histopathological changes in liver, kidney, lung, heart and gonads Both Male and Female Adult 5 animals/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 1 yr Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

"Double clutching" and its possible significance in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Emlen, Stephen T.
Pages
749-751
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1977
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year Double clutching observed in 5 out of 73 females clutches/yr Female Adult 73 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of male-defended oviposition sites on early embryo mortality in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
789-798
Year
Issue
4
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate mm/yr Both Male and Female Adult 22 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology and management of the bullfrog

Author(s)
Bury, R. B. and J.A. Whelan
Pages
23
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication No. 155
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) cannibalism

Author(s)
Stuart, James N. and Charles W. Painter
Pages
103
Year
Issue
3
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Newly metamorphosed and larval Rana (87%), Aquatic snails (5%), Adult and larval aquatic Coleoptera (3%), Adult and larval Odonata (3%), Other (2%) Total percent volume of stomach contents, frog snout-vent length range = 90 - 190 mm Both Male and Female Adult 138 Wall Lake, southeast Catron County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet composition in postmetamorphic bullfrogs and green frogs: implications for interspecific predation and competition

Author(s)
Werner, Earl E., Gary A. Wellborn and Mark A. McPeek
Pages
600-607
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Coleoptera (2.3-6.5%), Wasps and bees (1.1-4.7%), Ants (0-3.5%), Homoptera (2.3-6.0%), Odonata (12.4-17.5%), Larval Lepidoptera (0.5-2.1%), Diptera (3.7-10.5%), Arachnids (0-3.2%), Miscellaneous terrestrial(10.5-11.1%), Hemiptera (19.2-23.2), Larval Odonata (3.4-5.0%), Larval Diptera (4.4-7.2%), Miscellaneous aquatic (1.9-7.4%), Frogs (5.1-14.5%), Metamorphosing Odonates (0-5.7%), Miscellaneous (1.8-7.3) Percentage of bullfrog diet items Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 23-46 Turkey Marsh, Kellogg Biological Station, Kalamazoo County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changing respiratory importance of gills, lungs and skin during metamorphosis in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., and Nigel H. West
Pages
151-164
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Surface Area 15.09 Mean total skin surface area measured by removing skin; air-breathing tadpole body weight 4.48 g +/- 0.31 SE cm2 Not Reported Tadpole 20 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.85 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 5.9 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and gill uptake), aquatic tadpole (stage IV-V) body weight = 3.6 g +/- 1.03 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 6.9 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and gill/lung uptake), air-breathing tadpole (stage XVI-XIX) body weight = 5.3 g +/- 1.2 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 1.1 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and lung uptake), body weight = 228.2 g +/- 70.3 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Longevity Maximum estimated age yr Both Male and Female Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Growth Rate 0.1056 mm/d Both Male and Female 34 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 1 yr CANADA 0.01427 SE
Growth Rate 0.1322 mm/d Female 44 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr CANADA 0.1109 SE
Growth Rate 0.1353 mm/d Male 46 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr CANADA 0.01079 SE
Growth Rate 0.0930 mm/d Female 14 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr CANADA 0.02287 SE
Growth Rate 0.0841 mm/d Male 12 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr CANADA 0.01882 SE
Growth Rate 0.1250 mm/d Female 10 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.02155 SE
Growth Rate 0.0697 mm/d Male 7 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yr CANADA 0.03720 SE
Growth Rate 0.0449 mm/d Female 5 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yr CANADA 0.00996 SE
Growth Rate -0.0043 mm/d Male 4 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yr CANADA 0.33534 SE
Growth Rate 0.0466 mm/d Female 4 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 6 yr CANADA 0.02093 SE
Growth Rate 0.0038 mm/d Male 4 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 6 yr CANADA 0.01654 SE
Growth Rate 0.0304 mm/d Female 4 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 7 yr CANADA 0.02256 SE
Citation:

Influence of temperature acclimation on oxygen consumption, haemodyamics and oxygen transport in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Weathers, Wesley W.
Pages
321-330
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.5 Oxygen consumption measured at 5C, frogs acclimated at 5C, mean body weight = 646 g (25.5 SE) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.2 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 53.3 Oxygen consumption measured at 20C, frogs acclimated at 20C, mean body weight = 621 g (30.5 SE) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 2.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. metamorphosis period for first breeding clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. or Mar. - Apr. of following yr. time to metamorphosis for second clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A comparison of spring food habits of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in three habitats of central Arkansas

Author(s)
McKamie, J.A. and G.A. Heidt
Pages
107-111
Year
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of mean body weights g Not Reported Not Reported 29 - 62 streams, ponds, strip pits in Pulaski, Loanoke and Saline counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 24.56 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 9 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Growth responses of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, fed various live foods

Author(s)
Modzelewski, Edward H., Jr, and Dudley D. Culley, Jr.
Pages
396-405
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 5.9 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 29.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 4.0 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 42.4 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 3.3 mean % body weight consumed per day, body weight mean = 55.8 g % Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 4 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 10.7 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets newly transformed Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 17.5 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 1 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 29.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 42.4 g Not Reported Juvenile 25 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 mo post-transformation Laboratory
Citation:

The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
850-874
Year
Issue
4
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve, Ann Arbor Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions

Author(s)
Ryan, Richard A.
Pages
73-80
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1953
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning yr Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Postmetamorphic growth in anurans

Author(s)
Turner, F.B.
Pages
327-338
Year
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate review see citation for review of growth rates based on size estimates Both Male and Female Adult, Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Microhabitat and prey size among three species of Rana (Anura: Ranidae) sympatric in eastern Canada

Author(s)
McAlpine, Donald F. and Timothy G. Dilworth
Pages
2244-2252
Year
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 142.8 g Not Reported Adult 39 York County, New Brunswick [lat., 45^o47'; long., 66^o37'] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 77.4 SD
Citation:

Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J.
Pages
1736-1751
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Error
Time of Mating/ Laying July laying Female Adult Not Reported Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Population Density 18.2 #/m2 Both Male and Female Tadpole 17 quadrats Angelo Coast Range Reserve [lat., 39^o44'N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets "overwintered" tadpoles Mendocino 13.1 SD
Citation:

Alternative mating behaviors of young male bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
397-406
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.42 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 2 or 3 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.52 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 4 yrs
Survival/ Mortality 0.23 probability of survival (age x-1 to age x) Male Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets 5 yrs
Citation:

Oxygen uptake in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Crowder, William C., Minghua Nie and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
280
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate see citation figures of oxygen consumption of submerged tadpoles measured at various oxygen tensions and pre-metamorphic stages ul/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 10/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Foods of some Kentucky herptiles

Author(s)
Bush, Francis M.
Pages
73-77
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Decapoda: Astacidae (47.7%); Lepidoptera (19.0%); Coleoptera: Lampryidae (5.8%); Chrysomelidae (5.8%); Carabidae (4.1%); Curculionidae (0.3%); Chilopoda (7.7%); sand, gravel (1.2%); unidentified (1%) % volume of stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 18 Breathitt and Perry counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Economics, adult feeding and larval growth of Rana catesbeiana on a fish hatchery

Author(s)
Corse, Wayne A. and Dean E. Metter
Pages
231-238
Year
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition frogs (12.1%); goldfish (30.3%); gastropods (12.4%); crayfish (9.3%); arachnida (4.4%); coleoptera adult (10.6%); hemiptera (8.2%); orthoptera (8.7%) % of stomachs containing major (>4%) food items % Not Reported Adult 772 goldfish pond, Richland Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition frogs (13.0%); shiners (27.5%); gastropods (16.1%); crayfish (16.3%); arachnida (4.5%); coleoptera adult (10.5%); hemiptera (13.5%); orthoptera (5.8%); lepidoptera larvae (4.5%); odonata adult (4.2%) % of stomachs containing major (>4%) food items % Not Reported Adult 553 bait minnow pond, Richland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to temperature and hypoxia in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Rocha, Priscila L. and Luiz G.S. Branco
Pages
761-768
Year
Volume
201
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 175.9 g Both Male and Female Adult 30 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.16 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at various body temperatures within seasons Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

California Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. halophilus formerly Bufo boreas ssp. halophilus)

Citation:

Food habits of western toads (Bufo boreas halophilus) foraging from a residential lawn

Author(s)
Barrentine, Carl D
Pages
84 - 87
Year
Issue
3
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Isopoda (31.23%); Diplopoda (0.66%); Arachnida (2.14%); Orthoptera (0.35%); Dermaptera (2.65%); Coleoptera (54.06%); Lepidoptera (2.67%); Diptera (0.04%); Hymenoptera (5.92%); Unknown insects (0.3%) % occurrence in fecal pellets examined % Not Reported Adult 320 fecal pellets/ 6 animals residential lawn, Bakersfield [lat., 35^o21'N; long., 119^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Lillywhite, Harvey B.
Pages
375-383
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Body Weight - Mean 2.5 g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Santa Cruz

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas (Baird and Girard), in western Montana

Author(s)
Black, Jeffrey Howard and Royal Bruce Brunson
Pages
109-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported ponds, Missoula and Ravalli counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during rest and activity in Montane Bufo boreas boreas and Rana pipiens

Author(s)
Carey, Cynthia
Pages
213-228
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 40.2 g Both Male and Female Adult 50 East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.62 SE
Metabolic Rate log SMR = -2.23 + 0.037(T) equation relating standard metabolic rate (SMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) on animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 30 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate log AMR = -1.13 +0.067(T) - 0.0008(T)^2 polynomial equation relating active metabolic rate (AMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) in animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 49 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Interactions of temperature and steroids on larval growth, development and metamorphosis in a toad (Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Hayes, Tyrone, Ruth Chan and Paul Licht
Pages
206-215
Year
Volume
266
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May - June Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 0.429 g Not Reported 20 San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets "newly metamorphosed toadlets" 0.02 SE
Citation:

An analysis of respiratory surface area as a limit to activity metabolism in anurans

Author(s)
Hillman, Stanley S., Philip C. Withers
Pages
2100 - 2105
Year
Issue
11
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate Log VO2 = 0.75(Log BW) - 2.43 regression equation relating resting oxygen consumption (VO2; cm3 O2/min) to log body weight (BW; g) at 25-27C cm3 O2/min Not Reported Not Reported 13 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate Log VO2 = 0.82(Log BW) - 1.40 regression equation relating active oxygen consumption (VO2; cm3 O2/min) to log body weight (BW; g) at 25-27C cm3 O2/min Not Reported Not Reported 76 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 22.5 g Not Reported Not Reported 76 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets

Arroyo Toad (Anaxyrus californicus formerly Bufo microscaphus ssp. californicus)

Citation:

Observations on the natural history of the California toad, Bufo californicus Camp

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
255-260
Year
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis June - July Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Mojave River Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino

California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii formerly Rana aurora ssp. draytonii)

Citation:

Biology of the California red-legged frog: A synopsis

Author(s)
Cook, David
Pages
79-82
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
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