Clutch or Litter Size

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Giant Garter Snake (Thamnophis gigas)

Citation:

Thamnophis gigas (Giant Garter snake) reproduction

Author(s)
Hansen, Robert W. and George E. Hansen
Pages
93-94
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 23.1 eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 captured in Fresno and Sacramento counties, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

Citation:

Care, management, and biology of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
575-584
Year
Issue
5
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.38 pups/litter Female Adult 48 females Exposure Factor Datasets 2.38 SD Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 3.83 pups/litter Female Juvenile 29 females Exposure Factor Datasets 1.97 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Reproduction in captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Author(s)
Wade-Smith, Julia and Milo E. Richmond
Pages
452-455
Year
Issue
2
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.28 pups/litter Female Adult 118 litters Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Population characteristics and movements of striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) in central Alberta

Author(s)
Bjorge, Ronald R., John R. Gunson and William M. Samuel
Pages
149-155
Year
Issue
2
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes for two years pups/litter Female Adult 15 litters Tofield 15 deg.N,112 deg. W east central Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Reproduction of the striped skunk in New York

Author(s)
Hamilton, W. J.
Pages
123-124
Year
Issue
1
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 5.8 examination of reproductive tract embryos Female Neonate 40 females Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Parameters of population and seasonal activity of striped skunks, Mephitis mephitis, in Alberta and Saskatchewan

Author(s)
Schowalter, David B. and John R. Gunson
Pages
409-420
Year
Issue
4
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 6.8 embryos; all ages pups/litter Female Adult 87 females Saskatchewan; Alberta Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Captive striped skunk produces two litters

Author(s)
Shadle Albert R.
Pages
388-389
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size pups/litter Female Adult 1 female Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Light-footed Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. levipes), California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus), Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. yumanensis)

Citation:

Clapper Rail

Author(s)
Eddleman, William R. and Courtney J. Conway
Pages
167-179
Publisher
The International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.0 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 12 nests Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.56
Citation:

A banding study of Cincinnati area great horned owls

Author(s)
Holt, John B., Jr.
Pages
194-197
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1-4 brood size at the time of banding young/nest Not Reported Juvenile 906 nests near Cincinnati Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 eggs/clutch Female Adult 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

American kestrel reproduction and dispersal in central Wisconsin

Author(s)
Jacobs, Eugene A.
Pages
135-137
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean brood size (13 sample years) young/nest Not Reported Juvenile 37 successful nests Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4.3 eggs/clutch Female Adult 38 clutches Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Clutch sizes, hatchability rates, and sex ratios of sparrow hawks in eastern Pennsylvania

Author(s)
Heintzelman, Donald S. and Alexander C. Nagy
Pages
306-311
Year
Issue
3
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.23 eggs Female Adult 13 clutches Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

An analysis of the population dynamics of selected avian species with special reference to changes during the modern pesticide era

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
23-28
Publisher
United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report No. 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.59 eggs/clutch Female Adult 244 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.60 SD
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra

Coyote (Canis latrans)

Citation:

Ecology of coyotes in Iowa

Author(s)
Andrews, Ronald D. and Edward K. Boggess
Pages
249-265
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of 5 yearly averages pups/litter Female Adult 5 yrs Exposure Factor Datasets

Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis ssp. nevadensis)

Citation:

Ecology and life history of the kit fox in Tooele County, Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
481-497
Year
Issue
3
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size pups/litter Female Adult 11 litters Tooele County, west. UT Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population dynamics of the kit fox in western Utah

Author(s)
Egoscue, Harold J.
Pages
122-127
Year
Issue
3
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes over four years pups Female Adult 2-6 litters/year western Utah Exposure Factor Datasets

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. nubiterrae)

Citation:

Comparative population ecology of Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Wolff, Jerry O.
Pages
1548-1555
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.4 based on embryo counts #/litter Female Adult 52 Mountain Lake Biological Station, Giles County [lat., 37^010'N; long., 80^o30' W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Distribution and reproductive success of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus anatum) in California during 1975 and 1976

Author(s)
Thelander, Carl G.
Pages
13
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range for two sites over two yrs eggs/nest Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Distribution and breeding biology of raptors in the Thelon River area, Northwest Territories, 1957-1969

Author(s)
Kuyt, E.
Pages
121-130
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.3 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 29 Thelon River, Northwest Territories Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.21 eggs/nest Female Adult 24 nests Southern Germany Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

The peregrine population of western North America

Author(s)
Bond, Richard M.
Pages
101-116
Year
Issue
3
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.70 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 77 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.62 mean number of eggs laid per nest attempt eggs/clutch Female Adult 84 nest attempts Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding 0.59 SD

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. labecula)

Citation:

Growth in two subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Drickamer, Lee C. and Joan Bernstein
Pages
228-231
Year
Issue
1
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.5 pups/litter Female Adult 21 litters captured in Mexico Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory

San Joaquin Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis ssp. biseriatus)

Citation:

Reproduction in mountain and lowland populations of the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis

Author(s)
Goldberg, Stephen R.
Pages
176-182
Year
Issue
1
Volume
1974
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 8.70 eggs/clutch Female Adult 41 San Gabriel Mountains, Crystal Lake (elev., 1584 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles 2.0 SD

Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi)

Citation:

Seasonal and annual energy budgets of female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Henen, Brian T.
Pages
283-296
Year
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.56 estimated by x-raying females eggs/female Female Adult 9 Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 1.94 SD
Citation:

Seasonal reproductive cycle of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the eastern Mojave desert

Author(s)
Rostal, David C., Valentine A. Lance, Janice S. Grumbles and Allison C. Alberts
Pages
72-82
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.68 eggs/female eggs/female Female Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory

Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus)

Citation:

Growth and development of young pallid bats, Antrozous pallidus

Author(s)
Davis, Russell
Pages
729-736
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size pups Female Adult 50 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus (LeConte)

Author(s)
Orr, Robert T.
Pages
165-246
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 young Female Adult 28 bats Exposure Factor Datasets Kern, San Luis Obispo

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 600 #/ egg mass Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Sideblotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana)

Citation:

Reproduction by Uta stansburiana (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae) in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Medica, Philip A. and Frederick B. Turner
Pages
123-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean monthly clutch sizes for females >12 mo old, measured over a 10 yr period eggs/clutch Female Adult 1363 Rock Valley, Nye county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The life history of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, in north-central Oregon

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Lowell V. Diller
Pages
243-260
Year
Issue
4
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.33 eggs/clutch Female Adult 87 Deschutes River, Jefferson county (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets 0.08 SE
Citation:

The life and demography of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana

Author(s)
Tinkle, Donald W.
Pages
1 - 182
Year
Volume
132
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.2 average clutch size based on counts of yolked follicles, eggs or corpora lutea eggs/clutch Female Adult 256 Mesa County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative ecology of populations of the lizard Uta stansburiana

Author(s)
Parker, William S. and Eric R. Pianka
Pages
615-632
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1975
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch sizes eggs/clutch Female Adult 14-74 animals/site and time period Hart Mountain, OR; Stansbury Island and Grantsville, UT [lat., 40-42] Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch sizes eggs/clutch Female Adult 13-44 animals/site and time period Phoenix South Mountain, Casa Grande, AZ; El Paso, TX [lat., 31-33] Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in fruit orchards in north-central Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L., Dwight G. Smith, David M. Gaudet and Albert W. Erickson
Pages
230-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 mean number of eggs laid per nesting attempt Female Adult 123 nests Rufus Woods Lake area Exposure Factor Datasets

Merriam's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami)

Citation:

Consumption of primary production by a population of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) in the Mojave desert

Author(s)
Soholt, Lars F.
Pages
357-376
Year
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 2.2 embryos/ female Female Adult 24 Indian Cove, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

The reproduction of heteromyid rodents in captivity

Author(s)
Eisenberg, John F. and Donald E. Isaac
Pages
61-67
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 2.2 pups/litter Female Adult 4 litters Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Breeding of captive kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami and D. microps

Author(s)
Daly, M., Margo I. Wilson and P. Behrends
Pages
338-341
Year
Issue
2
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 2.5 pups/litter Female Adult 51 captured near Palm Springs, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Riparian Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani ssp. riparius)

Citation:

Status review of the riparian brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) in California

Author(s)
Larsen, Caryla J.
Pages
1-22
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Nongame Bird and Mammal Section Report
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review reported average of 9-16 young/female/yr (data source not specified) Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

California Vole (Microtus californicus)

Citation:

Nutritional ecology of the California vole: Effects of food quality on reproduction

Author(s)
Batzli, George O.
Pages
406-412
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 3.7 young/litter Female Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Home range, population structure, and spatial organization of California ground squirrels

Author(s)
Boellstorff, Diane E. and Donald H. Owings
Pages
551-561
Year
Issue
2
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size range of means for 2 yrs young/litter Female Adult 11/yr Camp Ohlone [lat., 37^o29'N; long., 121^o45'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda
Citation:

Reproduction in a coastal California population of the field mouse, Microtus californicus

Author(s)
Greenwald, Gilbert S.
Pages
421-466
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.20 mean embryo number per female embryos/female Female Adult 154 San Francisco Bay, San Rafael Exposure Factor Datasets Marin 1.41 SD
Citation:

Intraspecific litter size variation in Microtus californicus II. variation between populations

Author(s)
Krohne, David T.
Pages
1174-1182
Year
Issue
6
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.17 pups/litter Female Adult 220 captured in Sonoma County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 SE Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 4.25 pups/litter Female Adult 65 captured in Contra Costa County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 0.28 SE Laboratory
Clutch or Litter Size 3.45 inhabiting perennial grassland enclosure pups/litter Female Adult 20 captured in Sonoma County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets 0.32 SE Laboratory

San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. tetrataenia)

Citation:

Captive reproduction of the San Francisco garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia

Author(s)
Cover, John F., Jr. and Donal M. Boyer
Pages
29-33
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 17 young/female Female Adult 6 Dallas and Ft. Worth Zoos Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of the double-crested cormorant on Utah Lake

Author(s)
Mitchell, Ronald M.
Pages
1-23
Year
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 eggs/nest Female Adult Not Reported Utah Lake, Utah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding success of double-crested cormorants in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Author(s)
Stenzel, Lynne E., Harry R. Carter, R. Philip Henderson, Steven D. Emslie, Mark J. Rauzon, Gary W. Page, and Patrick Y. O'Brien
Pages
216-224
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.1+/- 0.1 to 3.2+/- 0.1 mean number of eggs/nest (over 3 years) Female Adult 263-312 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Characteristics of a rapidly increasing colony of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Lake Ontario: Population Size, Reproductive Parameters and Band Recoveries

Author(s)
Weseloh, D.V. Chip and Peter J. Ewins
Pages
443-456
Year
Issue
2
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Clutch or Litter Size range in mean clutches in ground nests (across 4 years) Female Adult 34-127 nests/colony Lake Ontario (43 deg 53'N, 76 deg 24'W) Exposure Factor Datasets spring

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Notes on egg-laying, incubation, and nestling periods and of food brought to the nest by four species of cavity-nesting birds

Author(s)
Duyck, Bill E. and Douglas B. McNair
Pages
21-29
Year
Issue
2
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8 first clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 1 nest Asheville, Buncombe County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Geographic variation in clutch size in the northern flicker (Colaptes auratus): support for Ashmole's hypothesis

Author(s)
Koenig, Walter D.
Pages
698-706
Year
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 average size of clutches existing in North American museum collections eggs/clutch Female Adult 411 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets 1.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
218-225
Year
Issue
2
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 7.44 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 9 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets 2.24 SD
Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.18 average size of clutches laid early in the breeding season eggs/clutch Female Adult 17 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum ssp. browni)

Citation:

Status of the least tern at Camp Pendleton, California

Author(s)
Swickard, Deane K.
Pages
49-58
Year
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes over 2 years eggs/clutch Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 230-336 nests Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Reproduction and breeding success of California least terns in Jalisco, Mexico

Author(s)
Garcia, Andres, and Gerardo Ceballos
Pages
1084-1087
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes, 2 years eggs/clutch Female Adult 16-58 nests/year Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Citation:

Relationship between metabolic rate and energy expenditure for lactation in Peromyscus

Author(s)
Glazier, Douglas S.
Pages
587-590
Year
Issue
4
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.3 pups/litter Female Adult 10 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.36 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Uptake of environmental contaminants by small mammals in pickleweed habitats of San Francisco Bay, California

Author(s)
Clark, Jr., Donald R., Kevin S. Foerster, Carolyn M. Marn and Roger L. Hothem
Pages
389-396
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.7 litter size estimated from counts of uterine scars and embryos #/litter Female Adult 6 salt marsh, San Pablo and San Francisco Bays Exposure Factor Datasets 0.7 SE
Citation:

Intraspecific variation in body size, metabolic rate, and reproduction of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Author(s)
Earle, Michael and D. M. Lavigne
Pages
381-388
Year
Issue
2
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size range of means from 3 sites pups/litter Female Adult 19-29 adults captured at Milk River, Alberta [lat., 49^o07'N; long., 111^o45'W] and Sydney, British Columbia, Canada [lat., 48^o43'N; long., 123^o20'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Geographic variation in litter size of small mammals in the central Appalachian region

Author(s)
McLaren, Suzanne B. and Gordon L. Kirkland Jr.
Pages
123-126
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.387 based on embryo counts in museum specimen embryos/female Female Adult 623 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.085 SE
Citation:

The ecology of beach-dwelling Peromyscus maniculatus on the Pacific Coast

Author(s)
Marinelli Lui, and John S. Millar
Pages
412-417
Year
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 based on embryo counts #/litter Female Adult 14 females islands adjacent to Vancouver Island [lat., 48 ^o 50' N; long., 125^o,15'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.21

Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. nebrascensis)

Citation:

Growth in two subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus

Author(s)
Drickamer, Lee C. and Joan Bernstein
Pages
228-231
Year
Issue
1
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 3.7 pups/litter Female Adult 25 litters captured in Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory

Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata formerly Clemmys marmorata)

Citation:

Notes on reproduction in Clemmys marmorata

Author(s)
Feldman, Mark
Pages
10-11
Year
Issue
1
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 4 Umpqua River, Roseburg, Douglas County Exposure Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.16 mean clutch size eggs Female Juvenile 37 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.85 mean clutch size eggs Female Adult 89 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Audubon's Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii ssp. arizonae)

Citation:

Reproduction in the Audubon cottontail in Arizona

Author(s)
Sowls, Lyle K.
Pages
234-243
Year
Issue
2
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.9 estimated by embryo counts young/litter Female Adult 56 southern portion of state Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The breeding biology of the desert cottontail in the Phoenix region, Arizona

Author(s)
Stout, Gene G.
Pages
47-51
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.7 estimated by uterine scar counts young/litter Female Adult Not Reported Phoenix Exposure Factor Datasets

California Whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis)

Citation:

Reproduction in the striped racer, Masticophis lateralis

Author(s)
Goldberg, Stephen R.
Pages
361-363
Year
Volume
9
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 7.21 based on oviducal egg count eggs/female Female Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, San Diego

Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Citation:

Annual variation in reproduction in snakes in a fluctuating environment

Author(s)
Seigel, R.A. and H.S. Fitch
Pages
497-505
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size minimum and maximum mean annual clutch size young/litter Female Adult 158 over 9 yrs National History Reservation Exposure Factor Datasets

Gilded flicker (Colaptes auratus ssp. chrysoides)

Citation:

Clutch size of the gilded flicker

Author(s)
Koenig, Walter D.
Pages
89-90
Year
Volume
86
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.20 average size of clutches existing in North American oological collections eggs/clutch Female Adult 57 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Citation:

Latitude and litter size of the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A. and Gordon S. Lind
Pages
101-105
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of means for 2 sites young/litter Female Adult 9-13/site Douglas and Benton counties {lat., 43-44.5^oN] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Summer and autumn breeding of the California ground squirrel

Author(s)
Storer, Tracy I.
Pages
235-237
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of means embryos/female Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M
Pages
154-172
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 11.1 numbers of eggs laid Female Adult 79 females Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.76
Clutch or Litter Size 10.1 number of eggs fertilized Female Adult, Both Adults and Juveniles 96 males Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.97
Citation:

Effects of supplemental food on growth and adult size in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M. and Peter Arcese
Pages
1416-1423
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2.41 brood size with supplemental food young/nest Not Reported Chick 34 nests Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets 6 d CANADA 0.17

Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii ssp. extimus)

Citation:

A southwestern willow flycatcher natural history summary and survey protocol

Author(s)
Sogge, Mark K., Robert M. Marshall, Susan J. Sferra, and Timothy J. Tibbitts
Pages
42 pp
Publisher
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 9.3 eggs Female Yearling 7 nests prairie pothole region in North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 10.3 eggs Female Adult 46 nests prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.1 SD
Citation:

A nesting study of ducks and coots on Tule Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges

Author(s)
Miller, A.W. and B.D. Collins
Pages
17-37
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 8.9 mean clutch size of successful nests eggs Female Adult 178 Tule Lake and Lower Klamath River National Wildlife Refuges Exposure Factor Datasets Modoc, Siskiyou
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.5 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 1934 Suisun Marsh Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Laying dates, clutch size and egg weight of captive mallards

Author(s)
Batt, Bruce D.J., and Harold H. Prince
Pages
35-41
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 10.4 mean clutch size from first nesting attempt eggs Female Adult 151 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 (SE) Laboratory

Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani ssp. ubericolor)

Citation:

The breeding biology of the brush rabbit population.

Author(s)
Chapman, Joseph A. and Amy L. Harman
Pages
816-823
Year
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean litter sizes over 2 yrs, based on embryo and placental scar counts young/litter Female Adult 9-15/yr E.E. Wilson Game Management Area, Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets

Alameda Whipsnake (Masticophis lateralis ssp. euryxanthus)

Citation:

Observations on the reproduction, courtship, and aggressive behavior of the striped racer, Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Columbridae)

Author(s)
Hammerson, Geoffrey A.
Pages
253-255
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 2 outdoor enclosures, Hayward, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. samuelis)

Citation:

Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows part I. Environment and annual cycle

Author(s)
Johnston, Richard F.
Pages
24-44
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.2 seasonal mean eggs Not Reported 157 nests San Pablo Marsh Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa 0.6 SD

Red-spotted Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. concinnus)

Citation:

Some observations on the natural history of two Oregon garter snakes (Genus Thamnophis)

Author(s)
Stewart, Glenn R.
Pages
71-86
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.2 determined by palpation young/litter Female Adult 18 Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 64 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 0.8 SD
Citation:

Reproductive success and nesting habitat of loggerhead shrikes in north-central South Carolina

Author(s)
Gawlik, Dale E. and Keith L. Bildstein
Pages
37-48
Year
Issue
1
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.3 mean clutch size, 2 years eggs/clutch Female Adult 20 nests York County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.6 SD
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris ssp. obsoletus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of the California clapper rail in South San Francisco Bay

Author(s)
Harvey, Thomas E.
Pages
98-104
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 7.27 mean clutch size Female Adult 26 nests south San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda 0.96 SD

Island Night Lizard (Xantusia riversiana)

Citation:

The number of young of Xantusia

Author(s)
Brattstrom, Bayard H.
Pages
143-144
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size determined by embryo count young/female Female Adult 4 San Nicolas Island Exposure Factor Datasets

Brush Rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani)

Citation:

Reproduction of the brush rabbit in California

Author(s)
Mossman, Archie S.
Pages
177-184
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4 young/litter Female Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Napa

Audubon's Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii)

Citation:

Dietary adaptability of the desert cottontail

Author(s)
Turkowski, Frank J.
Pages
748-756
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.7 young/litter Female Adult Not Reported Sugarloaf Mountain, Maricopa County (elev., 850m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Striped Racer (Masticophis lateralis ssp. lateralis)

Citation:

Reproduction and food of some California snakes

Author(s)
Cunningham, John D.
Pages
17-19
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Riverside

Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer formerly Pituophis melanoleucus)

Citation:

Variation in clutch and litter size in New World reptiles

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
28
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.5 eggs/clutch Female Adult 33 "west coast" Exposure Factor Datasets

Ornate Shrew (Sorex ornatus)

Citation:

Selenium accumulation in mammals exposed to contaminated California irrigation drainwater

Author(s)
Clark Jr., Donald R.
Pages
147-168
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 5.2 young/litter Female Adult 4 Kesterson Exposure Factor Datasets Merced

Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)

Citation:

Mating system and reproductive success of a small population of polygamous snowy plovers

Author(s)
Warriner, John S., Jane C. Warriner, Gary W. Page and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
15-37
Year
Issue
1
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 3 most frequent clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 171 nests Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey

Citation:

Biology of striped skunks on a southwestern Lake Erie Marsh

Author(s)
Bailey, Theodore N.
Pages
196-207
Year
Issue
1
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.3 embryos and young pups/litter 11 females Magee Marsh; Ottawa natll. wildlife refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
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