Birds

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Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Effects of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds on willow flycatcher nesting success along the Kern River, California

Author(s)
Harris, John H.
Pages
13-26
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 16% Percent of nests that fledged young Not Reported Fledgling 19 nests Kern River Preserve Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

A high incidence of brown-headed cowbird parasitism of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Sedgwick, James A. and Fritz L. Knopf
Pages
253-256
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 56.3% percent of unparasitized nests with at least one fledgling Not Reported Fledgling 16 nests Illinois River, Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge (elev. 2,500 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 18.2% percent of parasitized nests with at least one fledgling Not Reported Fledgling 11 nests Illinois River, Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge (elev. 2,500 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Time and energy budgets of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) during the breeding season

Author(s)
Ettinger, Amelia O. and James R. King
Pages
533-546
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Metabolic Rate total daily energy expenditure kJ/h Male Adult 2-4 birds per breeding phase Hudson Biological Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Metabolic Rate total daily energy expenditure kJ/d Female Adult 2-6 birds per breeding phase Hudson Biological Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to mid-June timing of arrival of spring migrants Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

Flock size, composition, and behavior in a population of bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus)

Author(s)
Ervin, Stephen
Pages
97-191
Year
Issue
2
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Foraging Distance See figure figure showing mapping of approximate ranges of two flocks during one season Both Male and Female Not Reported 2 flocks University of California campus Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Barbara nonbreeding
Citation:

The energetic significance of huddling behavior in common bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus)

Author(s)
Chaplin, Susan B.
Pages
424-430
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.96 approximate basal rate of nocturnal oxygen consumption, measured at 30 deg C cc O^2/g/h Not Reported Adult 12 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.4 average number of fledglings produced per nest fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 64 clutches, 245 eggs Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Clutches or Litters per year number of second clutches laid per season clutches/yr Both Male and Female Adult 27 pairs Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Status of loggerhead shrikes in the sagebrush habitat of southwestern Idaho

Author(s)
Woods, Christopher P.
Pages
150-154
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of nesting density, 2 study areas Both Male and Female Adult 10-19 pairs/study area Ada, Elmore, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Not Reported Adult 4 birds Ada, Elmore, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 16.9 average incubation period, 4 years d Both Male and Female Embryo 55 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 16.8 d Not Reported Fledgling 28 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Resource dependence and territory size in loggehead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
465-469
Year
Issue
2
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Territory Size 9.3 ha Both Male and Female Adult 10 pairs Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets 3.8 SD
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.1 mean number of fledglings produced per nesting attempt fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 24 clutches Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean review Both Adults and Juveniles Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the bell vireo in southern Indiana

Author(s)
Nolan, Val, Jr.
Pages
225-244
Year
Issue
4
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Hatchling 3 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets day of hatch
Duration of Incubation or Gestation Not Reported Embryo 3 eggs Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
1-17
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Food habits of the vireos: a family of insectivorous birds

Author(s)
Chapin, Edward A.
Pages
1-41
Publisher
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Bulletin No. 1355
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Hemiptera (34.43%), Orthoptera (18.52%), Lepidoptera (20.63%), Coleoptera (15.26%), Hymenoptera (6.44%), other insects and spiders (2.71%), vegetable food (0.7%) percent occurrence of food items in stomachs Not Reported Not Reported 52 stomachs Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Song sparrows grow and shrink with age

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M., Peter Arcese, and Dolph Schluter
Pages
210-212
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Body Weight - Mean g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2-17 birds Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets 9 - >90 wks CANADA
Citation:

Reproductive success of grassland birds at east-central Illinois airports

Author(s)
Kershner, Eric L., and Eric K. Bollinger
Pages
358-366
Year
Volume
136
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0.02 nest density nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 nests airports in east-central IL Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter, James N. M. Smith, Wesley M. Hochachka, Christopher M. Rogers, and Donald Ludwig
Pages
805-822
Year
Issue
3
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling 15 years Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter and James N. M. Smith
Pages
119-136
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 16.81 mean mass of nestlings with suppl. food 6 d old g Not Reported Nestling 48 nestlings Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.3 SE
Citation:

Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows Part II: Density, Age Structure, and Maintanance

Author(s)
Johnston, Richard F.
Pages
254-272
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 8-10 pairs/acre Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M
Pages
154-172
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 6 years Male Chick, Not Reported 2 males out of 51 male and female; 7 year study Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Survival and mobility in a population of pacific coast song sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldii)

Author(s)
Halliburton, Richard and Richard L. Mewaldt
Pages
499-504
Year
Issue
4
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 45 annual survival rates of adult song sparrows at Point Reyes % Both Male and Female Adult 539 birds Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 24.75 over 90 wks g Female Adult 2 birds Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets over 90 wks CANADA 2.1 SE

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

Opportunistic scavenging by meadowlarks in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D. and Larry L. Choate
Pages
41-42
Year
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Sturnella sp., Colaptes, sparrows, Lepus californicus, Sigmodon hispidus, Sylvilagus sp., Felis domesticus species observed to be scavenged by meadowlarks Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of female pairing status and timing of breeding on nesting productivity in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)

Author(s)
Dickinson, T.E., J.B. Falls, and J. Kopachena
Pages
3093-3101
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.32 number of young fledged per female young/female Female Adult 38 females near Delta, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.06 SE
Citation:

Bird nesting in Iowa no-tillage and tilled cropland

Author(s)
Basore, Nancy S., Louis B. Best, and James B. Wooley, Jr.
Pages
19-28
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0 to 12 (+/-15) mean nest densities in untilled corn or soybean fields nests/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult 8-9 fields Adair County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Birds of a prairie community

Author(s)
Kendeigh, Charles
Pages
165-174
Year
Issue
4
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 6 density of birds nesting and feeding in study area birds per 50 acres Both Male and Female Adult 6 near Iowa Lakeside Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Nesting ecology and production of western grebes at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark L. and Jessop B. Low
Pages
66-70
Year
Issue
1
Volume
84
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying early July peak of laying period Female Adult 386 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 24 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo 14 clutches Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Weight growth of young double-crested cormorants in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec

Author(s)
Desgranges, Jean-Luc
Pages
79-86
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Growth Rate 90.5 growth rate during maximum growth phase g/day Both Male and Female Nestling 65 chicks St. Lawrence estuary Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.8 SE
Body Weight - Mean 27.6 hatch weight g Both Male and Female Hatchling 11 chicks St. Lawrence estuary Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.2 SE

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Brood size and chick position as factors influencing feeding frequency, growth, and survival of nestling double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus

Author(s)
Leger, Claire and Raymond McNeil
Pages
351-361
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Food Ingestion Rate mean meal weight of chicks aged 5-37 days g Not Reported Juvenile 2 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 12/46 number died/number hatched Not Reported Juvenile 14 nests Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Breeding biology of the double-crested cormorant on Utah Lake

Author(s)
Mitchell, Ronald M.
Pages
1-23
Year
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 eggs/nest Female Adult Not Reported Utah Lake, Utah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 36 g Not Reported Hatchling 16 birds Utah Lake, Utah County Exposure Factor Datasets 1 d

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,068 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 34 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets early prebasic molt 22 SE
Body Weight - Mean 1,048 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets middle prebasic molt 12 SE
Citation:

The mallard: Its management in western Montana

Author(s)
Girard, G. L.
Pages
233-259
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus); Leafy pondweed (P. foliosus); small pondweed (P. pusillus); smartweed (Polygonum amphibium); widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima); redhead grass (Potamogeton perfoliatus); muskgrass (Chara spp.); duckweeds (Lemna minor and L. trisulca); horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris); duck potato (Sagittaria arifolia); water spikerush (Eleocharis acicularis) Both Male and Female Not Reported Not Reported lower Flathead Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Weights of wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and blue-winged teal A. discors during the breeding season

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Douglas H. Johnson and David E. Sharp
Pages
122-130
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 32.4 g Both Male and Female Hatchling 36 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1 d 2.4 SD
Body Weight - Mean 1020 g Female Adult 173 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets after second year
Citation:

Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Harold F. Duebbert and David E. Sharp
Pages
1-28
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.18 fully feathered young/hen Not Reported Juvenile 11 hens prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets after third year
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type
Dietary Composition beechnuts, acorns, and slugs, snails, frogs or lizards (occasionally) Not Reported Not Reported Central Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.5 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 1934 Suisun Marsh Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 8.9 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 521 Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spring and summer survival of female mallards from northcentral Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E. and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
38-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.713 survival rate Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Chippewa National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in southwestern Manitoba

Author(s)
Arnold, T.W., M.D. Sorenson, and J.J. Rotella
Year
Issue
3
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success 43.9% nest success rate (Mayfield method) among overwater nests Female Adult 47 Minnedosa, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Hatching Success 12.2% nest success rate (Mayfield method) among upland nests Female Adult 49 Minnedosa, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Foods used by male mallards wintering in southeastern Missouri

Author(s)
Combs, Daniel L. and Leigh H. Fredrickson
Pages
603-610
Year
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition total plant seeds (19.3%), total grain (5.7%), acorns (64.5%), total vegetation (0.9%), tubers/rhizomes (5.1%), invertebrates (4.6%) mean aggregate % dry mass of foods collected in mallard stomachs (one season) Male Both Adults and Juveniles 104 Mingo National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mid-winter food use and body weights of mallards and wood ducks in Mississippi

Author(s)
Delnicki, D. and K.J. Reinecke
Pages
43-51
Year
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition animal (3.0%), plant (97.0%) percent composition of esopageal food samples Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2,118 Mississippi Alluvial Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temporal and geographic estimates of survival and recovery rates for the mallard, 1950 through 1985.

Author(s)
Chu, D.S. and J.B. Hestbeck
Pages
57
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 20
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.5626 survival estimates for birds banded 1966-1985 Female Juvenile 8,205 Central California Exposure Factor Datasets 0.0445 (SE)
Survival/ Mortality 0.3948 survival estimates for birds banded 1972-1981 Female Juvenile 1,396 Central California Exposure Factor Datasets 0.0458 (SE)
Citation:

DDT thins shells of eggs from mallard ducks maintained on ad libitum or controlled-feeding regimes

Author(s)
Davison, K.L. and J.L. Sell
Pages
222-232
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate food consumption rate for average body weight of 1.23 kg g/duck/d Female Adult 18 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food preferences of mallards on the Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota

Author(s)
Stoudt, Jerome H.
Pages
100-112
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Zizania aquatica, 35.5%; Potmogeton strictifolius, 22.8%; Sparganium chlorocarpum, 11.1%; Scirpus validus, 4.0%; Potamogeton natans, 3.4%; Potamogeton richardsonii, 2.3%; Naias flexilis, 2.0%; Ceratophyllum demensum, 1.5%; Potamogeton spectinatus, 1.5%; Carex spp., 1.4%; Potamogeton zosteriformis, 1.3%; Carex pseudo-cyperus, 1.0%; Scirpus acutus, 1.0% % (by volume) Not Reported Not Reported 306 Chippewa National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,121.2 g Female Adult 105 birds prairie pothole region central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season 121.5 SD
Citation:

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

Author(s)
McEwan, E. H. and A.F. Koelink
Pages
27-31
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 80 resting heat production kcal/kg/day Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds/treatment Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Grain consumption by mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, L.G.
Pages
35-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 70 mean daily ingestion of barley at 15 C g/day/duck Male Juvenile 16 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The fasting metabolism of subadult mallards acclimatized to low ambient temperatures

Author(s)
Smith, Kirtland G. and Harold H. Prince
Pages
330-335
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate y = 1.970 - 0.054x (r-squared = 0.932) metabolic rate (ml O^2/g/h)-ambient temperature (celcius) relationship Male Juvenile 20 Exposure Factor Datasets 7 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (2.6%), fauna (97.4%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 1-6 d
Citation:

Accumulation and excretion of Cl36 DDT in mallard and lesser scaup duck

Author(s)
Dindal, Daniel L.
Pages
74-92
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition snails (7%); beetle (2.3%); duckweed (14.1%); pondweed (23.2%); water lily (7.0%); bulrush (9.3%); smartweed (25.5%); Ammiaceae (11.6%) % occurrence in gizzard contents % Not Reported Not Reported 36 Sandusky Bay, Port Clinton Exposure Factor Datasets

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Author(s)
Brunton, Dianne H.
Pages
553-564
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Metabolic Rate 92.6 mean daily energy expenditure during reproduction (during late incubation) kJ/d Male Adult 14 Houghton Lake (lat. 44deg02', long. 08deg45') Exposure Factor Datasets 8.1 SE
Metabolic Rate 118.6 mean daily energy expenditure during reproduction (during late incubation) kJ/d Female Adult 14 Houghton Lake (lat. 44deg02', long. 08deg45') Exposure Factor Datasets 9.2 SE

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Status and reproduction of the peregrine falcon at a coastal lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico

Author(s)
Castellanos, Aradit, Federico Salinas-Zavala and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
110-112
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.6 average fledging rate fledglings/active nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 3 breeding pairs Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Baja California Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Peregrine and Prairie falcon life tables based on band-recovery data

Author(s)
Enderson, James H.
Pages
505-509
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Survival/ Mortality 25 mortality rate % Not Reported Adult 81 birds banded as nestlings Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Survival/ Mortality 68 mortality rate % Not Reported Juvenile 27 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 0-1 year CANADA, USA
Citation:

Todesursachen und Mortalitaetsraten beim Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus) nach den Wiederfunden deutscher und finnischer Ringvoegel

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
98-105
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 15 years Not Reported Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

Home range and habitat requirements of peregrine falcons on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa

Author(s)
Jenkins, Andrew R., and Grant A. Benn
Pages
90-97
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range 115.2-192.1 range of home range sizes square km Male Adult 2 Cape Peninsula Exposure Factor Datasets SOUTH AFRICA
Citation:

Food of the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus, in interior Alaska

Author(s)
Cade, Tom
Pages
373-374
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Holboell's grebe (2.4%); green-winged teal (9.7%); buffle-head (2.7%); sparrow hawk (2.4%); spruce grouse (2.4%); ruffed grouse (2.4%); lesser yellow-legs (9.7%); gulls (19.6%); hawk owl (2.4%); northern flicker (2.4%); Alaska jay (12.5%); Hudsonian chickadee (2.4%); gray-cheeked thrush (2.4%); rusty blackbird (2.4%); pine grosbeak (2.4%); robin (4.9%); unidentified passerines (17.0%) estimated from prey item remains lying about the bluffs in study area % total prey Not Reported Not Reported 52 prey items Tanana River, Chena Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 1 pair per 17sq. km pairs Both Male and Female Adult 6 survey years; 17-26 territories per year Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

A study and implications of habitat separation by sex of wintering American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Meyer, Ruthe Lashe and Thomas G. Balgooyen
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Territory Size 13.1 ha Male Adult 5 Hollister Basin (elev. 48-210 m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito, Santa Clara 2.0 SD
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling 112 Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

A population study of the sparrow hawk in east-central Illinois

Author(s)
Enderson, James Harris
Pages
222-231
Year
Issue
3
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 1.4 mean maximum diameter of breeding home ranges mi Not Reported Not Reported 4 birds agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Differential habitat use by sexes of American kestrels wintering in northern California

Author(s)
Koplin, James R.
Pages
39-42
Year
Issue
2
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Population Density 34 average density kestrels/100 mi Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 135 obs. coastal and coast range areas Exposure Factor Datasets Colusa, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino, Yolo +/- 11 95% CI
Citation:

Breeding behavior of the American kestrel (sparrow hawk)

Author(s)
Willoughby, Ernest J. and Tom J. Cade
Pages
75-96
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28.4 mean incubation period in captivity d Both Male and Female Embryo 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 2 percent of eggs that failed to hatch % Not Reported Nestling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Metabolic responses of mourning doves to short-term food and temperature stresses in winter

Author(s)
Ivacic, Donald L. and Ronald F. Labisky
Pages
182-196
Year
Issue
2
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 129.6 mean body weight g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 14 captured at Dundee, IL Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 6.9 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Mourning dove production in four Idaho orchards and some possible implications

Author(s)
Fichter, Edson
Pages
438-447
Year
Issue
4
Volume
23
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting latter two-thirds of July time of peak nesting activity Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported near American Falls Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of the mourning dove in California

Author(s)
Browning, Bruce M.
Pages
91-115
Year
Issue
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition barley, milo, canary grass, flax, lambs quarter, water grass, wheat, cup grass, watermelon, sunflower principal dietary items in crop contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 214 crops Imperial Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Imperial
Citation:

The relationship of the external surface area of birds to skin surface area and body mass

Author(s)
Walsberg, Glenn E. and James R. King
Pages
185-189
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 198 measured area of the external plumage surface of 649.1 g bird, excluding beak and non-feathered portions of legs cm^2 Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Adult mourning dove survival during spring/summer in northcentral Missouri

Author(s)
Schulz, John H., Ronald D. Drobney, Steven L. Sheriff, Wesley J. Fuemmeler
Pages
148-154
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.716 overall survival of radiomarked individuals Both Male and Female Adult 315 Davisdale and Mussel Fork Wildlife Areas Exposure Factor Datasets 0.651-0.782 95% CI
Citation:

Nesting habits of the mourning dove in Alabama

Author(s)
Pearson, Allen M. and George C. Moore
Pages
468-473
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 592 clutches near Auburn Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Minnesota

Author(s)
Harris, Stanley W., Marius A. Morse, and William H. Longley
Pages
150-172
Year
Issue
1
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of total annual nesting population, over 3 yrs pairs Both Male and Female Adult 65-100 pairs Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Nesting success and habitat relationships of burrowing owls in the Columbia River Basin, Oregon

Author(s)
Green, Gregory A and Robert G. Anthony
Pages
347-354
Year
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition arthropods (92%), vertebrates (8%) percent occurrence in diet based on pellet analysis Both Male and Female Not Reported 5,559 pellets Gilliam, Morrow, and Umatilla counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selected aspects of burrowing owl ecology and behavior

Author(s)
Martin, Dennis J.
Pages
446-456
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying third week of March (begin) Female Adult 15 pairs Albuquerque Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Molt Jul (begin) Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Physiological and physical aspects of temperature regulation in the burrowing owl Speotyto cunicularia

Author(s)
Coulombe, Harry N.
Pages
307-337
Year
Volume
35
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate 340 breathing rate with heat loading (gular flutter onset) breaths/min Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Metabolic rates of red-tailed hawks and great horned owls

Author(s)
Pakpahan, Ani M., Jonathon B. Haufler and Harold H. Prince
Pages
1000-1002
Year
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.343 mean standard metabolic rate ml O^2/g bw/hr Female Adult 2 birds Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 0.044 Laboratory
Citation:

Food habits of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) in the cape region of Lower California, Mexico

Author(s)
Llinas-Gutierrez, Jorge, Gustavo Arnaud and Marcos Acevedo
Pages
140-141
Year
Issue
4
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Dietary Composition mammals (47.0%), birds (5.2%), reptiles (15.7%), arachnids (8.7%), centipedes (7.0%), insects (16.5%) percent of total numbers of prey items in diet, based on pellet analysis Both Male and Female Adult 2 owls (49 pellets) El Comitan, Baja California Sur Exposure Factor Datasets nesting MEXICO
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of numbers of nesting pairs counted annually on a 1476 sq km study site pairs/study site Both Male and Female Adult 4 years Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 4 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Non-territorial 'floaters' in great horned owls: space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares

Author(s)
Rohner, Christoph
Pages
901-912
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Home Range 24.8-26.1 mean home range size of nonterritorial individuals in 1990 and 1991 square km Both Male and Female Adult 6 (1990), 8 (1991) Kluane Lake (60 deg57'N, 138deg12'W), Yukon Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 3.25 average number of nestlings from clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) nestlings/clutch Not Reported Nestling 4 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Sexual Maturity review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
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