Birds

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Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Diet, cast composition, and energy and nutrient intake of red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura)

Author(s)
Tabaka, Christopher S., Duane E. Ullrey, James G. Sikarskie, Sharon R. DeBar and Pao K. Ku
Pages
187-196
Year
Issue
2
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 115 weight consumed per day on an all chick diet g/d Not Reported Adult 4 owls Exposure Factor Datasets 16.9 SD Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 114 weight consumed per day on an all hamster diet g/d Not Reported Adult 4 owls Exposure Factor Datasets 21.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Notes on nesting great horned owls in southern Arizona

Author(s)
Mader, William J.
Pages
109-111
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 9/16 fraction of nests that sucessfully raised at least one nestling to the age of 4 weeks successful nests/total nests Both Male and Female Adult 16 nests Pima and Pinal Counties Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1 density of nesting pairs pair/3 mi^2 Both Male and Female Adult 4 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.2 eggs/clutch Female Adult 4 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Red-tailed hawk and horned owl populations in Wisconsin

Author(s)
Orians, Gordon and Frank Kuhlman
Pages
371-385
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate mean number of fledglings produced per successful nest fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 11-17 nests (3 study years) southern Green County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.0 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 12 nests Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.56
Citation:

Prey of nesting red-tailed hawks and great horned owls on Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern North Dakota

Author(s)
Murphy, Robert K.
Pages
145-149
Year
Issue
3
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition meadow vole and jumping mouse (11.3%), juv. white-tailed jackrabbit (9.4%), horned or eared grebe (5.7%), American coot (22.6%), sora and Virginia rails (3.8%), duck (26.4%), sharp-tailed grouse (9.4%), blackbird (11.3%) relative frequency of prey species occurence in nests Not Reported Nestling 78 nest visits Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Geographic variation in clutch size in the northern flicker (Colaptes auratus): support for Ashmole's hypothesis

Author(s)
Koenig, Walter D.
Pages
698-706
Year
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 6.5 average size of clutches existing in North American museum collections eggs/clutch Female Adult 411 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets 1.4 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 6.18 average size of clutches laid early in the breeding season eggs/clutch Female Adult 17 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Traill's flycatcher breeding biology

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C.
Pages
50-68
Year
Issue
3
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.68 mean first clutch size eggs Female Adult 31 nests Toledo, Wooster, OH Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE
Clutch or Litter Size 3.14 mean clutch size in renests eggs Female Adult 29 nests Toledo, Wooster, OH Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE
Citation:

Nest success and age-specific mortality in Traill's flycatchers

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C.
Pages
837-841
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 36.4% percent of young fledged of total eggs laid Not Reported Fledgling 272 eggs, 91 nests Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 54.8 % percent of eggs hatched of total eggs laid Not Reported Hatchling 272 eggs, 91 nests Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Migration of the willow flycatcher along the middle Rio Grande

Author(s)
Yong, Wang, and Deborah M. Finch
Pages
253-268
Year
Issue
2
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Fat (total or %) 1 (8%) to 2.4 (20%) total fat mass in birds with 8% or 20% fat-free body mass g Not Reported Adult 8-42 captures per habitat type Rio Grand Nature Center (35deg07'N, 106deg41'W); Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (33deg48'N, 106deg52'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 13.31 mean body weight of adastus subspecies g Not Reported Adult 9 captures Rio Grand Nature Center (35deg07'N, 106deg41'W); Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (33deg48'N, 106deg52'W) Exposure Factor Datasets 1.19 SD

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

A comparison of transects and point counts in oak-pine woodlands of California

Author(s)
Verner, Jared and Lyman V. Ritter
Pages
47-68
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Population Density 72.8 density estimate on an ungrazed plot by point count using an exponential polynomial model birds/40 ha Not Reported Not Reported 43 birds San Joaquin Experimental Range Exposure Factor Datasets Madera 50.1-95.5 95% CI
Citation:

Ecological and complementarity of three sympatric parids in a California oak woodland

Author(s)
Hertz, Paul E., J.V. Remsen, Jr. and Stacey I. Zones
Pages
307-316
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Error
Territory Size 0.4 average territory size based on > 400 point observations ha Not Reported Adult 12 territories Jasper Ridge Biological Experimental Area, nr Portola Valley Exposure Factor Datasets San Mateo breeding 0.08

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Remizidae through Parulinae

Author(s)
Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen, Roger B. Clapp and Anthony G. Futcher
Pages
287-294
Year
Issue
3
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity 12-6 age of oldest identified banded individual yr-mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ptilochronology: A potential biomarker for assessing territory quality and habitat suitability in shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
276-279
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Foraging Distance 6.5 maximum distance travelled from a fence post to a prey item on ground m Not Reported Adult 21 territories Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid Exposure Factor Datasets
Foraging Distance 9.2 maximum distance travelled from a cabbage palm to a prey item on ground m Not Reported Adult 21 territories Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding ecology of Lanius ludovicianus nesting in sagebrush

Author(s)
Woods, Christopher P.
Pages
244-250
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning age at which young left nests d Not Reported Fledgling 65 pairs Ada, Elmoor, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Habitat selection and breeding biology of loggerhead shrikes in eastern Ontario and Quebec

Author(s)
Chabot, Amy, Rodger D. Titman and David M. Bird
Pages
155-156
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 17 average incubation period, 2 years d Not Reported Embryo 27-52 pairs/yr eastern Ontario, Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Hatching Success average number of hatchlings per nest, 2 years hatchlings/nest Not Reported Hatchling 27-52 pairs/yr eastern Ontario, Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Metabolic Rate review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 64 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 0.8 SD
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying late Feb (begin), April (peak) time of nesting activity Both Male and Female Adult 133 pairs Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Natural history of the Bell Vireo, Vireo bellii Audubon

Author(s)
Barlow, Jon C.
Pages
243-296
Year
Issue
5
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 14 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning period from hatching to leaving nest d Not Reported Fledgling 8 birds Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
1-17
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Molt review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA
Clutches or Litters per year review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Brown-headed cowbirds and an island population of song sparrows: a 16-year study

Author(s)
Smith James N. M. and Peter Arcese
Pages
916-934
Year
Issue
4
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Body Weight - Mean 3.12 median egg weight g Both Male and Female Adult 387 eggs Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets breeding CANADA
Citation:

Effects of supplemental food on growth and adult size in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M. and Peter Arcese
Pages
1416-1423
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Body Weight - Mean with & without supplemental food g Female Adult 27 Exposure Factor Datasets 56-108 d CANADA
Body Weight - Mean with & without suppl. food Male Adult 23 Exposure Factor Datasets 56-108 d CANADA
Citation:

Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter and James N. M. Smith
Pages
119-136
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality 83 suppl. food; fledgling surviving to independence % Both Male and Female Fledgling 13 pairs with suppl. food Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Survival/ Mortality 73 survival; no suppl. food; survival fledgling to independence % Both Male and Female Fledgling 29 pairs without suppl. food Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Effects of granular formulations of terbufos and fonofos applied to cornfields on mortality and reproductive success of songbirds

Author(s)
Knapton, Richard W., and Pierre Mineau
Pages
138-153
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.88 mean number of young fledged per successful nest fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 32 nests southwestern Ontario Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 1.22
Citation:

Salt marsh song sparrow study

Author(s)
Jurek, R. M.
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Special Wildlife Investigations
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Territory Size 9.1 territory width across sloughs m Both Male and Female Adult 64 sample areas Suisun Bay; San Francisco Bay; San Pablo Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa breeding
Citation:

Settlement patterns, territory size, and breeding density in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Author(s)
Knapton, Richard W. and John R. Krebs
Pages
1413-1420
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Territory Size 1745 mean territory size, measured by song playbacks and observations of border disputes m^2 Male Adult 6 birds Reifel Island, Delta, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 406 SD

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

Prey choice by three insectivorous grassland birds: Reevaluating opportunism

Author(s)
Kaspari, Michael and Anthony Joern
Pages
414-430
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Acridid, adult Coleoptera, Tettigoniid, larval Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Other, Hemipteran, spider percent of arthropod taxa in the diet, listed in order of decreasing frequency Not Reported Adult 95 birds Arapaho Prairie Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A determination of the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California

Author(s)
Bryant, Harold C.
Pages
377-510
Year
Issue
14
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate 7 average increase in body weight g/d Not Reported Nestling 2 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 4.00 body weight of average adult oz Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Repertoires, territory size and mate attraction in western meadowlarks

Author(s)
Aweida, Maria Klemperer
Pages
1080-1083
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size 12,406.8 average territory size in mated birds m^2 Male Adult 17 birds Boulder Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Nesting ecology and production of western grebes at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark L. and Jessop B. Low
Pages
66-70
Year
Issue
1
Volume
84
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.6 mean clutch size eggs Female Adult 70 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 21% percent of nests located in emergent vegetationin which at least one chick hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 221 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Weight growth of young double-crested cormorants in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec

Author(s)
Desgranges, Jean-Luc
Pages
79-86
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 1698.4 asymptotic weight (40 days) g Both Male and Female Nestling 65 chicks St. Lawrence estuary Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 35.2 SE
Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.16 mean clutch size eggs Female Juvenile 37 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The gaseous metabolism of large wild birds under aviary life

Author(s)
Benedict, Francis G., and Edward L. Fox
Pages
511-534
Publisher
American Philosophical Society
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 75 average basal metabolism (heat production) cal/kg/d Not Reported Adult 1 bird (3 measurements) Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition cunner (59.7%), winter flounder (15.5%), sculpin (2.4%), rock eel (0.3%), American eel (6.6%), pollack (9.8%), mummichog (5.8%) frequency by weight of fish regurgitated by adult cormorants Both Male and Female Adult 17 samples Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate see figure estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) kcal/bird/day Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Daily activity budgets and movements of winter roosting double-crested cormorants determined by biotelemetry in the Delta region of the Mississippi

Author(s)
King, D. Tommy, James F. Glahn and Keith J. Andrews
Pages
152-157
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Foraging Distance 15.7 mean distance travelled from night roost to foraging site km Both Male and Female Adult 33 birds Mississippi River Delta Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE
Citation:

Breeding biology of the double-crested cormorant on Utah Lake

Author(s)
Mitchell, Ronald M.
Pages
1-23
Year
Volume
37
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 1543 g Not Reported Juvenile 13 birds Utah Lake, Utah County Exposure Factor Datasets 23 d
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 17-08 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 4174 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Measurements of wintering double-crested cormorants and discriminant models of sex

Author(s)
Glahn, James F., and R. Barry McCoy
Pages
299-304
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2498.1 body weight g Male Adult 160 Exposure Factor Datasets 16.0 SE

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,048 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets middle prebasic molt 12 SE
Body Weight - Mean 1,193 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 35 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets late prebasic molt 15 SE
Citation:

Food preferences of mallards on the Chippewa National Forest, Minnesota

Author(s)
Stoudt, Jerome H.
Pages
100-112
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Zizania aquatica, 35.5%; Potmogeton strictifolius, 22.8%; Sparganium chlorocarpum, 11.1%; Scirpus validus, 4.0%; Potamogeton natans, 3.4%; Potamogeton richardsonii, 2.3%; Naias flexilis, 2.0%; Ceratophyllum demensum, 1.5%; Potamogeton spectinatus, 1.5%; Carex spp., 1.4%; Potamogeton zosteriformis, 1.3%; Carex pseudo-cyperus, 1.0%; Scirpus acutus, 1.0% % (by volume) Not Reported Not Reported 306 Chippewa National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Weights of wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and blue-winged teal A. discors during the breeding season

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Douglas H. Johnson and David E. Sharp
Pages
122-130
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 1020 g Female Adult 173 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets after second year
Body Weight - Mean 973 g Female Adult 177 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,121.2 g Female Adult 105 birds prairie pothole region central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season 121.5 SD
Body Weight - Mean 1,070.2 g Female Yearling 44 birds prairie pothole region in North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season 121.3 SD
Citation:

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

Author(s)
McEwan, E. H. and A.F. Koelink
Pages
27-31
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 80 resting heat production kcal/kg/day Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds/treatment Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate increased to 110 kcal/kg/day resting heat production of oiled birds (crude oil) versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds/treatment Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.9 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 521 Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 8.2 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 246 San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Grain consumption by mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, L.G.
Pages
35-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 70 mean daily ingestion of barley at 15 C g/day/duck Male Juvenile 16 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in southwestern Manitoba

Author(s)
Arnold, T.W., M.D. Sorenson, and J.J. Rotella
Year
Issue
3
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success 12.2% nest success rate (Mayfield method) among upland nests Female Adult 49 Minnedosa, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

The fasting metabolism of subadult mallards acclimatized to low ambient temperatures

Author(s)
Smith, Kirtland G. and Harold H. Prince
Pages
330-335
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Metabolic Rate y = 1.970 - 0.054x (r-squared = 0.932) metabolic rate (ml O^2/g/h)-ambient temperature (celcius) relationship Male Juvenile 20 Exposure Factor Datasets 7 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (2.6%), fauna (97.4%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 1-6 d
Citation:

Temporal and geographic estimates of survival and recovery rates for the mallard, 1950 through 1985.

Author(s)
Chu, D.S. and J.B. Hestbeck
Pages
57
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 20
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.3948 survival estimates for birds banded 1972-1981 Female Juvenile 1,396 Central California Exposure Factor Datasets 0.0458 (SE)
Citation:

Accumulation and excretion of Cl36 DDT in mallard and lesser scaup duck

Author(s)
Dindal, Daniel L.
Pages
74-92
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition snails (7%); beetle (2.3%); duckweed (14.1%); pondweed (23.2%); water lily (7.0%); bulrush (9.3%); smartweed (25.5%); Ammiaceae (11.6%) % occurrence in gizzard contents % Not Reported Not Reported 36 Sandusky Bay, Port Clinton Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A model of the productivity of the mallard

Author(s)
Johnson, Douglas H., Donald W. Sparling and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
257-275
Year
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal March 15 - May 10 arrival at breeding grounds Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported prairie pothole region of the U.S. Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 61 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 percent Male Adult Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Author(s)
Brunton, Dianne H.
Pages
553-564
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Metabolic Rate 118.6 mean daily energy expenditure during reproduction (during late incubation) kJ/d Female Adult 14 Houghton Lake (lat. 44deg02', long. 08deg45') Exposure Factor Datasets 9.2 SE

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Food of the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus, in interior Alaska

Author(s)
Cade, Tom
Pages
373-374
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Holboell's grebe (2.4%); green-winged teal (9.7%); buffle-head (2.7%); sparrow hawk (2.4%); spruce grouse (2.4%); ruffed grouse (2.4%); lesser yellow-legs (9.7%); gulls (19.6%); hawk owl (2.4%); northern flicker (2.4%); Alaska jay (12.5%); Hudsonian chickadee (2.4%); gray-cheeked thrush (2.4%); rusty blackbird (2.4%); pine grosbeak (2.4%); robin (4.9%); unidentified passerines (17.0%) estimated from prey item remains lying about the bluffs in study area % total prey Not Reported Not Reported 52 prey items Tanana River, Chena Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Peregrine and Prairie falcon life tables based on band-recovery data

Author(s)
Enderson, James H.
Pages
505-509
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Survival/ Mortality 68 mortality rate % Not Reported Juvenile 27 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 0-1 year CANADA, USA
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 1 pair per 17sq. km pairs Both Male and Female Adult 6 survey years; 17-26 territories per year Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Behavior of peregrines in winter in south Texas

Author(s)
Enderson, James H., Jon Larrabee, Zach Jones, Chris Peper, and Chris Lepisto
Pages
93-98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Foraging Distance 7.5-28.0 range of distances between the most distant locations km Both Male and Female Adult 8 birds near the Laguna Madre Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Differential habitat use by sexes of American kestrels wintering in northern California

Author(s)
Koplin, James R.
Pages
39-42
Year
Issue
2
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Population Density 115 average density individuals/100 mi Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 205 obs. agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Colusa, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino, Yolo +/- 25 95% CI
Citation:

A study and implications of habitat separation by sex of wintering American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Meyer, Ruthe Lashe and Thomas G. Balgooyen
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (173.8), reptiles (23.0), birds (481.0), mammals (609.5) amount of prey taken by prey weight g Female Adult 5 Hollister Basin (elev. 48-210 m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito, Santa Clara
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4.3 eggs/clutch Female Adult 38 clutches Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Respiratory metabolism of three species of raptors

Author(s)
Gatehouse, S.N. and B.J. Markham
Pages
738-741
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate combined day and night oxygen consumption over one 24 hr period ml oxygen/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Foraging strategies of American kestrels during breeding

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G.
Pages
1268-1276
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Population Density 23 individuals per 96 km2 Both Male and Female Adult 23 agricultural lands (lat, 38 deg 32'N; long., 121 deg 47'W) Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo Breeding
Citation:

Breeding behavior of the American kestrel (sparrow hawk)

Author(s)
Willoughby, Ernest J. and Tom J. Cade
Pages
75-96
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 3.66 mean clutch size in captivity eggs Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting May 20 to Jul 20 period from earliest egg laying date to date of latest brood departure Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Metabolic responses of mourning doves to short-term food and temperature stresses in winter

Author(s)
Ivacic, Donald L. and Ronald F. Labisky
Pages
182-196
Year
Issue
2
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 1.11 mean oxygen consumption during the light period at 10 deg C ml O2/g bw/hr Male Both Adults and Juveniles 6 captured at Dundee, IL Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 0.29 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Mourning dove production in four Idaho orchards and some possible implications

Author(s)
Fichter, Edson
Pages
438-447
Year
Issue
4
Volume
23
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.62 number of doves fledged per breeding adult Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported near American Falls Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Movements of banded mourning doves near Turlock, California

Author(s)
Channing, Edward
Pages
23-35
Year
Issue
1
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal summer time of southward migration Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Turlock area Exposure Factor Datasets Merced, Stanislaus
Citation:

Artificial incubation of some non-galliform eggs

Author(s)
Graber, Richard R.
Pages
100-109
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 14 d, 16 hr to 15 d incubation period up to time of hatching Not Reported Embryo 1 egg Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Breeding behaviors of immature mourning doves

Author(s)
Irby, Harold D. and Lytle H. Blankenship
Pages
598-604
Year
Issue
3
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity year of hatching age of earliest sexual maturity, based on gonad sizes and breeding behaviors Both Male and Female Juvenile 75 males, 66 females near Tuscon Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting habits of the mourning dove in Alabama

Author(s)
Pearson, Allen M. and George C. Moore
Pages
468-473
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 14 d Not Reported Embryo 5 cases near Auburn Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Minnesota

Author(s)
Harris, Stanley W., Marius A. Morse, and William H. Longley
Pages
150-172
Year
Issue
1
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate number of young fledged per nesting attempt fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling ~81 nests/year Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Results of the 1991 census of burrowing owls in central California: an alarmingly small and declining population

Author(s)
Desante, D.F., E. Ruhlen, S. Amin, and K.M. Burton
Pages
59
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 925 estimate of number of pairs in census area pairs/43,235 km^2 Both Male and Female Not Reported 198 UTM blocks censused San Francisco Bay and Central Valley areas Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selected aspects of burrowing owl ecology and behavior

Author(s)
Martin, Dennis J.
Pages
446-456
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.9 fledglings/pair Both Male and Female Fledgling 15 pairs Albuquerque Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 18 % Both Male and Female Nestling 40 birds Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Physiological and physical aspects of temperature regulation in the burrowing owl Speotyto cunicularia

Author(s)
Coulombe, Harry N.
Pages
307-337
Year
Volume
35
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.95 oxygen consumption in zone of thermoneutrality (at 30.1 degrees, Celsius) cubic cm O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 16 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 Laboratory
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