Charadriiformes

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Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 43.1 mean body weight g Male Adult 154 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 2.8 SD
Body Weight - Mean 42.2 mean body weight g Female Adult 158 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 3.0 SD
Time of Mating/ Laying March 29-June 25 (1991), March 11-June 29 (1992) length of egg laying season in two sample years Female Adult Not Reported Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Clutch or Litter Size 2.63 clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 316 nests Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Fledging or Weaning Rate 19.3% Percent of nests in which at least one chick hatched. % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 316 nests Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Hatching Success 27.6% (1991), 16.1% (1992) percent of all eggs that hatched % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles, Embryo 254 (1991), 554 (1992) eggs Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Body Weight - Mean 6.33 mean body weight at hatching g Both Male and Female Hatchling 47 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 0.56 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 2.69 (1991), 2.54 (1992) mean numbers of chicks hatched per successful nest chicks/nest Both Male and Female Hatchling 26 (1991), 35 (1992) nests Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Growth Rate 0.105 growth rate g/day per g body mass Both Male and Female Juvenile 42 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 31.3 estimated breeding density in asphalt area habitat (32 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 30.2 estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 14.3 estimated breeding density in planted field habitat (14 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A case of esophageal analysis in shorebird food studies

Author(s)
Rundle, W. Dean
Pages
249-257
Year
Issue
3
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Physidae (0.9%), Odonata larvae (1.3%), Corixidae adult (1.3%), Coleoptera adult (25.5%), Coleoptera larvae (21.2%), Coleoptera adult pieces (17.0%), Diptera larvae (18.3%), Hymenoptera adult (6.1%), Unidentified (2.6%), plant fibers (1.3%), grit (4.5%) volumetric aggregate percent of esophageal contents Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 15 birds Mingo National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets migrating
Citation:

Aspects of the occurrence of shorebirds on a central California estuary

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel and Claire M. Wolfe
Pages
15-32
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 7.6 (fall), 15.4 (winter), 2.2 (spring) mean population density birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported 5 seasons censused Bolinas Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Population Density 2.2 (fall), 1.8 (winter), 1.3 (spring) mean population density birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported 10 seasons censused Limantour Estero Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Salt water tolerance and water turnover in the snowy plover

Author(s)
Purdue, James R. and Howard Haines
Pages
248-255
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean 71.1 body weight of an individual bird g Not Reported Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Population estimates of breeding birds in North Dakota

Author(s)
Stewart, Robert E., and Harold A. Kantrud
Pages
766-788
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 3.26 (24) mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 10-11 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 86 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Bird nesting in Iowa no-tillage and tilled cropland

Author(s)
Basore, Nancy S., Louis B. Best, and James B. Wooley, Jr.
Pages
19-28
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1(+/-2) to 5 (+/-6) mean nest densities in untilled corn or soybean fields nests/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult 8-9 fields Adair County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of fall migrant shorebirds on the Texas High Plains

Author(s)
Baldassare, Guy A. and David H. Fischer
Pages
220-229
Year
Issue
2
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition ad. Coleoptera (16%), larval Coleoptera (10%), other larval Diptera (58%), larval Lepidoptera (11%), miscellaneous (5%) aggregate percentage of food items in diet, based on stomach content analysis Not Reported Adult 7 birds Texas High Plains Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Author(s)
Brunton, Dianne H.
Pages
553-564
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Metabolic Rate 92.6 mean daily energy expenditure during reproduction (during late incubation) kJ/d Male Adult 14 Houghton Lake (lat. 44deg02', long. 08deg45') Exposure Factor Datasets 8.1 SE

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Post-fledging departure from colonies by juvenile Least Terns in Texas: implications for estimating production

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C., and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
2
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 76.8 estimated survival rate of banded juveniles % Not Reported Fledgling Not Reported Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 2SE
Fledging or Weaning Rate estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies fledglings/breeding pairs Not Reported Fledgling 26-140 pairs/colony Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Richard M. Prouty
Pages
62-71
Year
Issue
1
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1.73 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 396 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of predators: center nests are less successful than edge nests in a large nesting colony of least terns

Author(s)
Brunton, Dianne H.
Pages
372-380
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 0.79-1.31 mean hatching success during two years of study eggs hatched/nest Not Reported Chick 545-606 nests per study year Sandy Point, West Haven Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding ecology of interior least terns on the unregulated Yellowstone River, Montana

Author(s)
Bacon, Lynn M., and Jay J. Rotella
Pages
391-401
Year
Issue
3
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting June 16, June 30, July 1 mean nest-initiation dates over 3 years of study Both Male and Female Adult 6-17 nests/study year Yellowstone River Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.1-2.7 range of clutch means over 3 years of study eggs/clutch Female Adult 6-18 clutches/study year Yellowstone River Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.1-1.4 range of mean fledging success over 3 study years fledglings/nest Not Reported Juvenile 6-18 nests/study year Yellowstone River Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)

Citation:

Factors affecting interannual movements of snowy plovers

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C., and Thomas C. Edwards, Jr.
Pages
534-543
Year
Issue
3
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 survey years Howard Slough, Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 survey years West Layton Marsh, Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Spacing out at Mono Lake: Breeding success, nest density, and predation in the snowy plover

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel, David W. Winkler and Christopher W. Swarth
Pages
13-24
Year
Volume
100
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 0.778 minimum annual survival rates of marked individuals Male Adult 18 birds Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Survival/ Mortality 0.743 minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals (2 years and both sexes pooled) Both Male and Female Adult 101 birds Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Survival/ Mortality 0.643 minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals Not Reported Juvenile 14 birds Point Reyes Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Time of Nesting April 18 to July 6 period between beginning of egg laying and observation of first fledgling for one year Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 26.9 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo 9 nests Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Time of Mating/ Laying April 18 to July 15 period of time from beginning to end of egg laying for one year Female Adult 9 nests Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Citation:

Aspects of the occurrence of shorebirds on a central California estuary

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., Lynne E. Stenzel and Claire M. Wolfe
Pages
15-32
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 6.2 (fall), 19.2 (winter), 6.6 (spring) mean population density birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported 10 seasons censused Limantour Estero Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Breeding biology of snowy plovers at Great Salt Lake, Utah

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C.
Pages
275
Year
Issue
2
Volume
107
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Mar to mid Jun period of migrant arrival to breeding grounds Female Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Mar to May 31; Jul 1-15 peaks of migrant arrival to breeding grounds Male Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr 10-Jul 18 egg-laying period Female Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Foraging Distance 177 median foraging distance from nest m Female Adult 192 observations Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets 25%-75% quartiles=64-466
Foraging Distance 272 median foraging distance from nest m Male Adult 266 observations Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets 25%-75% quartiles=110-580
Clutch or Litter Size 3 modal clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 327 clutches Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.87 average number of chicks fledged per successful brood chicks/brood Female Adult 3 yrs data collection Great Salt Lake, Davis County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The breeding status of the snowy plover in California

Author(s)
Page, Gary W., and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
1-40
Year
Issue
1
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal early March to April 26 period during which most color-banded birds left the study area Not Reported Adult 19 birds Pajaro Dunes, Monterey Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Citation:

Distribution and abundance of snowy plovers wintering in the interior of California and adjacent states

Author(s)
Shuford, David W., Gary W. Page and Catherine M. Hickey
Pages
82-98
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to late March timing of first influx of spring migrants to interior breeding areas Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mating system and reproductive success of a small population of polygamous snowy plovers

Author(s)
Warriner, John S., Jane C. Warriner, Gary W. Page and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
15-37
Year
Issue
1
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Time of Migration or Dispersal Mar 9 (females), Mar 24 (males) mean dates of spring migrant arrival to breeding grounds Both Male and Female Adult 44 males, 59 females Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Time of Mating/ Laying Mar 23 to Jul 13 period between onset and end of egg laying Female Adult 6-84 clutches laid/month Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Territory Size <0.5 defended nesting territory size on salt pan habitat ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Clutch or Litter Size 3 most frequent clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 171 nests Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 27.4 average incubation period (measured from last egg laid to last egg hatched) d Both Male and Female Embryo 57 nests Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey 0.2 SE
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis 30.9 fledging period, measured from hatch to first flight of at least 3 m d Not Reported Fledgling 22 birds Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Fledging or Weaning Rate 92.7 percent of 16 day old chicks that fledged % Not Reported Juvenile 124 birds Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Hatching Success 58.2 percent of clutches in which at least one egg hatched (over six years) % Not Reported Hatchling 189 nests Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Hatching Success 55.2 percent of all eggs that hatched (over 6 years) % Not Reported Hatchling 534 eggs Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Fledging or Weaning Rate percent of hatched chicks that fledged (over 6 years) d Not Reported Fledgling 296 chicks Pajaro River Mouth Exposure Factor Datasets Monterey
Citation:

Survival estimates for snowy plovers breeding at Great Salt Lake, Utah

Author(s)
Paton, Peter W.C.
Pages
1106-1109
Year
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.687 estimated average annual adult survival probability (using Jolly-Seber model) Both Male and Female Adult 361 birds captured over 3 yrs Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 2.7 mean life expectancy for an adult plover, based on survival estimate yr Both Male and Female Adult 361 birds captured over 3 yrs Great Salt Lake Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Salt water tolerance and water turnover in the snowy plover

Author(s)
Purdue, James R. and Howard Haines
Pages
248-255
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Water Ingestion Rate 20 daily distilled water consumption as percent of body weight % Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean range in average body weights of treatment groups g Not Reported Adult 3-4 birds/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Status and breeding biology of the snowy plover charadrius alexandrius in California

Author(s)
Page, Gary W. and Lynne E. Stenzel
Pages
38-39
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Hatching Success 37 percent of eggs that hatched % Not Reported Hatchling 35 nests Point Reyes Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.0 number of young fledged per successful brood fledglings/brood Not Reported Fledgling 35 nests Point Reyes Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Distribution and abundance of breeding snowy plovers on the Pacific coast of Baja California

Author(s)
Palacios, Eduardo, Lucia Alfaro and Gary W. Page
Pages
490-497
Year
Issue
4
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2.55 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 36 nests Baja California peninsula Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO 0.69 SD
Citation:

Distribution, abundance, and nesting characteristics of Snowy Plovers on the Oregon Coast

Author(s)
Wilson-Jacobs, Ruth and E. Charles Meslow
Pages
40-48
Year
Issue
1
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying April, May months of peak nest initiation activity, 2 years Both Male and Female Adult 2-15 nests/colony/year coast Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 13 proportion of nests with at least one egg hatching % Not Reported Hatchling 72 nests coast Exposure Factor Datasets

California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum ssp. browni)

Citation:

Breeding biology of the California least tern

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W.
Pages
1-24
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2 most frequent clutch size, 2 years Female Adult 96 nests Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 22 most frequent incubation period, 2 years d Not Reported Embryo 41 clutches Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Hatching Success range of hatching success, 2 years % Not Reported Hatchling 53-157 eggs/year Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Body Weight - Mean 5.93 mean body weight of day 0 chicks g Not Reported Hatchling 77 birds Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange 0.09 2SE
Body Weight - Mean 39.62 asymptotic body weight of juveniles at 15 days of age g Not Reported Fledgling 8 birds Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange 0.73 2SE
Time of Migration or Dispersal first two wks Apr timing of dispersal from breeding areas Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1 colony Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 20 approximate age of fledging (first flight) d Not Reported Fledgling 2 birds Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Survival/ Mortality proportion of hatched birds that survived during post-fledging period, 2 years % Not Reported Hatchling 42-140 hatched birds/year Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Least tern foraging ecology at three major California breeding colonies

Author(s)
Atwood, Jonathon L. and Dennis E. Minsky
Pages
57-72
Year
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Foraging Distance foraging distance from nesting sites mi Not Reported Adult 10-11 surveys/site Venice Beach, Huntington Beach, Santa Margarita River Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Orange
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Jul timing of post-fledging dispersal Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Santa Margarita River Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Demography of a California least tern colony including effects of the 1982-83 El Nino

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W., David W. Bradley and Jonathon L. Atwood
Pages
976-983
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Longevity 9.63 expected number of breeding years per adult bird yr Not Reported Adult 372 birds Venice (beach) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles 6.55-14.48 95% CI
Fledging or Weaning Rate average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 35-165 pairs/year Venice (beach) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Fledging or Weaning Rate average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 775-1,264 pairs/year statewide Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 earliest age at which adults were known to breed for the first time yr Not Reported Adult 186 birds Venice (beach) Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Status of the least tern at Camp Pendleton, California

Author(s)
Swickard, Deane K.
Pages
49-58
Year
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Aug-Sep timing of departure from breeding areas Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 4 nesting areas, 2 years Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes over 2 years eggs/clutch Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 230-336 nests Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Hatching Success proportion of eggs hatched of total eggs laid over 2 years % Not Reported Hatchling 419-734 eggs Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Survival/ Mortality estimated annual mortality rate for two years based on juvenile censuses % Not Reported Juvenile 92-195 birds counted Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Reproduction and breeding success of California least terns in Jalisco, Mexico

Author(s)
Garcia, Andres, and Gerardo Ceballos
Pages
1084-1087
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying May to Aug beginning to end of nesting period Both Male and Female Adult 1 colony Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Population Density 40 density of nests at one colony nests/1400 m^2 Both Male and Female Adult 1 colony Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes, 2 years eggs/clutch Female Adult 16-58 nests/year Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Fledging or Weaning Rate range of fledging rates, 2 years fledglings/nests Not Reported Fledgling 16-58 nests/year Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Hatching Success range of egg hatching rates, 2 years % Not Reported Hatchling 16-58 nests/year Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Second wave nesting of the California least tern: age composition and reproductive success

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W. and Jonathon L. Atwood
Pages
596-605
Year
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May-early Jul (first wave), late May-Aug (second wave) nesting periods of early (first wave) and late (second wave) birds Both Male and Female Adult 8-10 pairs (first wave), 29 pairs (second wave) NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.50 (first wave), 0.58 (second wave) mean number of fledglings produced per nesting pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Hatching Success 100% (first wave), 82% (second wave) proportions of eggs hatched of eggs laid Not Reported Hatchling 54 eggs (second wave) NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Clutch or Litter Size 2.33 (first wave), 1.70 (second wave) average clutch sizes for early and late nesters eggs/clutch Female Adult 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 age of birds nesting for the first time yr Both Male and Female Adult 10 pairs NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Citation:

Renesting by California least terns

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W. and Jack M. Fancher
Pages
350-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 17/32 to 33/33 range of numbers of clutches lost of total numbers of clutches in a colony Not Reported Chick, Embryo 7 colonies, 8 years coast Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles, Orange
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