Charadriiformes
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 3.26 (24) | mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) | pairs/square mile | Both Male and Female | Adult | 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Molt | May-Jul | timing of primary molt | Not Reported | Adult | 190 birds | coastal areas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Time of Molt | mid/late Jul-Sep | timing of pre-basic molt | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | coastal areas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 76.8 | estimated survival rate of banded juveniles | % | Not Reported | Fledgling | Not Reported | Aransas and San Patricio Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets | 2.0 2SE |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies | fledglings/breeding pairs | Not Reported | Fledgling | 26-140 pairs/colony | Aransas and San Patricio Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 1.73 | mean clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 396 clutches | Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 0.79-1.31 | mean hatching success during two years of study | eggs hatched/nest | Not Reported | Chick | 545-606 nests per study year | Sandy Point, West Haven | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | June 16, June 30, July 1 | mean nest-initiation dates over 3 years of study | Both Male and Female | Adult | 6-17 nests/study year | Yellowstone River | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2.1-2.7 | range of clutch means over 3 years of study | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 6-18 clutches/study year | Yellowstone River | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.1-1.4 | range of mean fledging success over 3 study years | fledglings/nest | Not Reported | Juvenile | 6-18 nests/study year | Yellowstone River | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus ssp. nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus ssp. nivosus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 1.73 | average number of chicks per successful brood | chicks/brood | Not Reported | Hatchling | 119 broods | Baja California peninsula | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO | 0.78 SD |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2.55 | mean clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 36 nests | Baja California peninsula | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO | 0.69 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | number of breeding birds per km of sandy beach surveyed | birds/km | Not Reported | Not Reported | 54.5-200.2 km per survey region | mainland coast | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Population Density | number of wintering birds per km of sandy beach surveyed | birds/km | Not Reported | Not Reported | 54.5-200.2 km per survey region | mainland coast | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat | nests/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 survey years | Howard Slough, Great Salt Lake | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Population Density | range (over 4 years) in maximum number of nests active on one day per total area of potential nesting habitat | nests/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 survey years | West Layton Marsh, Great Salt Lake | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | early March to April 26 | period during which most color-banded birds left the study area | Not Reported | Adult | 19 birds | Pajaro Dunes, Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | early to late March | timing of first influx of spring migrants to interior breeding areas | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.687 | estimated average annual adult survival probability (using Jolly-Seber model) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 361 birds captured over 3 yrs | Great Salt Lake | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Longevity | 2.7 | mean life expectancy for an adult plover, based on survival estimate | yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 361 birds captured over 3 yrs | Great Salt Lake | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water Ingestion Rate | 20 | daily distilled water consumption as percent of body weight | % | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| Body Weight - Mean | range in average body weights of treatment groups | g | Not Reported | Adult | 3-4 birds/group | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 37 | percent of eggs that hatched | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 35 nests | Point Reyes | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 2.0 | number of young fledged per successful brood | fledglings/brood | Not Reported | Fledgling | 35 nests | Point Reyes | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | April 18 to July 6 | period between beginning of egg laying and observation of first fledgling for one year | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono | |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 26.9 | incubation period | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 9 nests | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono |
| Time of Mating/ Laying | April 18 to July 15 | period of time from beginning to end of egg laying for one year | Female | Adult | 9 nests | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono | |
| Hatching Success | range in percent of clutches hatching at least one chick (over 4 years) | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | Not Reported | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.64 | number of chicks fledged per successful brood (for one year) | fledglings/brood | Not Reported | Fledgling | 22 nests | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono |
| Clutches or Litters per year | 2 | number of clutches laid by 30 out of 81 total nesting females | clutches/yr | Female | Adult | 81 nesting females | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.778 | minimum annual survival rates of marked individuals | Male | Adult | 18 birds | Mono Lake (elev. 1,940 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.743 | minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals (2 years and both sexes pooled) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 101 birds | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.643 | minimum annual survival rate of marked individuals | Not Reported | Juvenile | 14 birds | Point Reyes | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | Mar 9 (females), Mar 24 (males) | mean dates of spring migrant arrival to breeding grounds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 44 males, 59 females | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Time of Mating/ Laying | Mar 23 to Jul 13 | period between onset and end of egg laying | Female | Adult | 6-84 clutches laid/month | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Territory Size | <0.5 | defended nesting territory size on salt pan habitat | ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3 | most frequent clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 171 nests | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 27.4 | average incubation period (measured from last egg laid to last egg hatched) | d | Both Male and Female | Embryo | 57 nests | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 0.2 SE |
| Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis | 30.9 | fledging period, measured from hatch to first flight of at least 3 m | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 22 birds | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 92.7 | percent of 16 day old chicks that fledged | % | Not Reported | Juvenile | 124 birds | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Hatching Success | 58.2 | percent of clutches in which at least one egg hatched (over six years) | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 189 nests | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Hatching Success | 55.2 | percent of all eggs that hatched (over 6 years) | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 534 eggs | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | percent of hatched chicks that fledged (over 6 years) | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 296 chicks | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Survival/ Mortality | 78.6 | percent annual survival | % | Male | Adult | 56 birds | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 72.6 | percent annual survival | % | Female | Adult | 73 birds | Pajaro River Mouth | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 1.9 (fall), 3.4 (winter), 1.1 (spring) | mean population density | birds/ha | Not Reported | Not Reported | 5 seasons censused | Bolinas Lagoon, Point Reyes National Seashore | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Population Density | 6.2 (fall), 19.2 (winter), 6.6 (spring) | mean population density | birds/ha | Not Reported | Not Reported | 10 seasons censused | Limantour Estero | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | late Mar to mid Jun | period of migrant arrival to breeding grounds | Female | Adult | 3 yrs data collection | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | late Mar to May 31; Jul 1-15 | peaks of migrant arrival to breeding grounds | Male | Adult | 3 yrs data collection | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Time of Mating/ Laying | Apr 10-Jul 18 | egg-laying period | Female | Adult | 3 yrs data collection | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Foraging Distance | 177 | median foraging distance from nest | m | Female | Adult | 192 observations | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 25%-75% quartiles=64-466 |
| Foraging Distance | 272 | median foraging distance from nest | m | Male | Adult | 266 observations | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 25%-75% quartiles=110-580 |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3 | modal clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 327 clutches | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.87 | average number of chicks fledged per successful brood | chicks/brood | Female | Adult | 3 yrs data collection | Great Salt Lake, Davis County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | April, May | months of peak nest initiation activity, 2 years | Both Male and Female | Adult | 2-15 nests/colony/year | coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Hatching Success | 13 | proportion of nests with at least one egg hatching | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 72 nests | coast | Exposure Factor Datasets |
California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum ssp. browni)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | range of fledging rates, 2 years | fledglings/nests | Not Reported | Fledgling | 16-58 nests/year | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO | |
| Hatching Success | range of egg hatching rates, 2 years | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 16-58 nests/year | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO | |
| Time of Mating/ Laying | May to Aug | beginning to end of nesting period | Both Male and Female | Adult | 1 colony | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO | |
| Population Density | 40 | density of nests at one colony | nests/1400 m^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 1 colony | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Clutch or Litter Size | range of average clutch sizes, 2 years | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 16-58 nests/year | Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | late Apr | time of arrival at breeding grounds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 2 colonies | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach; Santa Margarita Lagoon | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Clutches or Litters per year | 1 | normal number of broods per year | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach; Santa Margarita Lagoon | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Time of Mating/ Laying | May-Jul | period of egg laying, 2 years | Female | Adult | 2 colonies | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2 | most frequent clutch size, 2 years | Female | Adult | 96 nests | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 22 | most frequent incubation period, 2 years | d | Not Reported | Embryo | 41 clutches | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Hatching Success | range of hatching success, 2 years | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 53-157 eggs/year | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | 5.93 | mean body weight of day 0 chicks | g | Not Reported | Hatchling | 77 birds | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | 0.09 2SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | 39.62 | asymptotic body weight of juveniles at 15 days of age | g | Not Reported | Fledgling | 8 birds | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | 0.73 2SE |
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | first two wks Apr | timing of dispersal from breeding areas | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 1 colony | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | ||
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | 20 | approximate age of fledging (first flight) | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 2 birds | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Survival/ Mortality | proportion of hatched birds that survived during post-fledging period, 2 years | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 42-140 hatched birds/year | Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | May-early Jul (first wave), late May-Aug (second wave) | nesting periods of early (first wave) and late (second wave) birds | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8-10 pairs (first wave), 29 pairs (second wave) | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.50 (first wave), 0.58 (second wave) | mean number of fledglings produced per nesting pair | fledglings/pair | Not Reported | Fledgling | 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Hatching Success | 100% (first wave), 82% (second wave) | proportions of eggs hatched of eggs laid | Not Reported | Hatchling | 54 eggs (second wave) | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 2.33 (first wave), 1.70 (second wave) | average clutch sizes for early and late nesters | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 2 | age of birds nesting for the first time | yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 pairs | NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.69 | statewide average annual fledging rate, 13 years | fledglings/pair | Not Reported | Fledgling | 832-1708 nesting pairs/year | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory Size | 40 | radius of nesting territory | cm | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Huntington Beach State Park | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Clutch or Litter Size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 12 clutches | Huntington Beach State Park | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foraging Distance | foraging distance from nesting sites | mi | Not Reported | Adult | 10-11 surveys/site | Venice Beach, Huntington Beach, Santa Margarita River | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles, Orange | |
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | late Jul | timing of post-fledging dispersal | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Santa Margarita River | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | late Aug-Sep | timing of departure from breeding areas | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 nesting areas, 2 years | Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | range of average clutch sizes over 2 years | eggs/clutch | Not Reported | Both Adults and Juveniles | 230-336 nests | Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Hatching Success | proportion of eggs hatched of total eggs laid over 2 years | % | Not Reported | Hatchling | 419-734 eggs | Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange | |
| Survival/ Mortality | estimated annual mortality rate for two years based on juvenile censuses | % | Not Reported | Juvenile | 92-195 birds counted | Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton | Exposure Factor Datasets | Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 17/32 to 33/33 | range of numbers of clutches lost of total numbers of clutches in a colony | Not Reported | Chick, Embryo | 7 colonies, 8 years | coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles, Orange |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years | fledglings/pair | Not Reported | Fledgling | 35-165 pairs/year | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | ||
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years | fledglings/pair | Not Reported | Fledgling | 775-1,264 pairs/year | statewide | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 2 | earliest age at which adults were known to breed for the first time | yr | Not Reported | Adult | 186 birds | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | |
| Longevity | 13 | age of oldest banded breeding birds | yr | Not Reported | Adult | 40-105 birds/year | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.88 | overall survival rate for adults that have returned to breed once | Not Reported | Adult | 82-165 breeding pairs/year | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | ||
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.16 | rate at which chicks survived to breed at least once | Not Reported | Chick | 84-285 chicks/year | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | ||
| Longevity | 9.63 | expected number of breeding years per adult bird | yr | Not Reported | Adult | 372 birds | Venice (beach) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles | 6.55-14.48 95% CI |
