Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

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Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Short-term effects of the prestige oil spill on the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).

Author(s)
Zuberogoitia, I., Martínez, J.A., Iraeta, A., Azkona, A., Zabala, J., Jiménez, B., Merino, R. and Gomez, G.
Issue
10
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 1.4, 1999: 2.91, 2000: 2.54, 2001: 2.48, 2002: 2.48, 2003: 2.75 Mean number fledglings/breeding pair Mean number fledglings/breeding pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 2, 1999: 2.91, 2000: 2.5, 2001: 2.89, 2002: 2.71, 2003: 3.21 Mean number fledglings/successful breeding pair Mean number fledglings/successful breeding pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 1.27, 1999: 2.67, 2000: 2.31, 2001: 2.36, 2002: 1.96, 2003: 2.41 Mean number fledglings/territorial pair Mean number fledglings/territorial pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Citation:

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density.

Author(s)
Newsome, S.D., Park, J.S., Henry, B.W., Holden, A., Fogel, M.L., Linthicum, J., Chu, V. and Hooper, K.
Issue
13
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 4 Identifiable prey Adult Urban: 10, nonurban: 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Prey Species as possible sources of PBDE exposures for peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) nesting in major California cities.

Author(s)
Park, J.S., Fong, A., Chu, V., Holden, A., Linthicum, J. and Hooper, K.
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 2 Identifiable prey Coastal: 30, urban: 31 Coastal vs. urban populations Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Nesting biology and food habits of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus radama in the south-west and central plateau of Madagascar.

Author(s)
Razafimanjato, G., de Roland, L.A.R., Rabearivony, J. and Thorstrom, R.
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Tritriva: June, Tsimanampetsotsa: July Courtship initiation Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding MADAGASCAR
Time of Mating/ Laying Tritriva: July, Tsimanampetsotsa: August Egg laying Adult 3 nests Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding MADAGASCAR
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis 42 Days posthatch d Fledgling Tsimanampetsotsa Exposure Factor Datasets MADAGASCAR
Clutch or Litter Size 3-Feb Number of eggs Embryo 2 nests Tsimanampetsotsa Exposure Factor Datasets MADAGASCAR
Citation:

Feeding activity and seasonal changes in prey composition of urban Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus.

Author(s)
Rejt, Ł.
Issue
2
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 2 Seasonal changes in diet 486 prey remains Warsaw buildings Exposure Factor Datasets POLAND
Citation:

Density, productivity, diet and population status of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in the Italian Alps.

Author(s)
Rizzolli, F., Sergio, F., Marchesi, L. and Pedrini, P.
Issue
2
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density 1.16 Pairs/100 sq km Pairs/100 sq km B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Time of Mating/ Laying 43170 B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Dietary Composition Turdus pilaris: 8.34, Turdus merula: 4.82, Columba livia: 12.27, Garrulus gladnarius: 6.87, Stumus vulgaris: 2.75, Corvus corone cornix: 19.50, other Columbidae: 12.48, Other Turdidae: 4.39, Other birds: 28.58 Percent by mass from pellets/prey remains % B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Population Density Review Pairs/100 sq km Pairs/100 sq km B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Long-term Reproduction (1984–2013), Nestling Diet, and Eggshell Thickness of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Yellowstone National Park.

Author(s)
Baril, L.M., Haines, D.B., Smith, D.W. and Oakleaf, R.J
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Turdus migratorius: 11, Leucophaeus pipixcan: 8, Sialia currucoides: 6, Phalaropus fulicarius: 6, Colaptes auratus: 5, Phalaropus tricolor: 5, other Scolophacidae spp.: 7, Icteridae spp.: 7, other picidae spp.: 6, Fringillidae spp.: 5, other birds: 32, other animals: 3 Percent frequency of prey remains % B Nestling 9 eyries Yellowstone National Park Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Diet of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Korea: Food Items and Seasonal Changes.

Author(s)
Choi, C.Y. and Nam, H.Y.
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Synthliboramphus antiquus, Streptopelia orientalis, S. qumizusume, Zoothera dauma, Swimhow's Storm-Petrel, Larus crassirostris, Japanese Murrelet, Pitta nympha, Otus sunia, Otus semitroques, Asio otus, Caprimulgus indicus NA 393 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets SOUTH KOREA (REPUBLIC OF KOREA)+M10
Citation:

Long-term investigation of the degree of exposure of German peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) to damaging chemicals from the environment.

Author(s)
Wegner, P., Kleinstäuber, G., Baum, F. and Schilling, F.
Issue
1
Volume
146
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean See citation Table 6 Egg metrics Embryo See citation Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and metals in postterm peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from the Mid-Atlantic States, 1993–1999.

Author(s)
Clark, K.E., Zhao, Y. and Kane, C.M.
Issue
1
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success See citation Table 1 Hatched eggs from succesful clutches Number of eggs hatched Embryo 93 NJ, PA, DE, MD, VA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

The role of pigeon consumption in the population dynamics and breeding performance of a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) population: conservation implications.

Author(s)
López-López, P., Verdejo, J. and Barba, E.
Issue
2
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size See citation Table 1 Chicks/breeding pair Average number chicks/year NR Chick 820 nests Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Population Density 9 Breeding pairs/1,500 sq km Breeding pairs/1,500 sq km B Adult 820 nests Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Dietary Composition See citation Table 2 Prey types % prey mass B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Citation:

Eggshell thickness and contaminant analysis of reintroduced, urban nesting peregrine falcons in Wisconsin

Author(s)
Septon, Greg A., and Jim B. Marks
Pages
25-30
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
AROCLOR 1248, AROCLOR 1254, AROCLOR 1260, DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS no effect eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 9 eggs urban nest sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDE in a resident Aleutian Island peregrine population

Author(s)
White, Clayton M., William B. Emison, and Francis S.L. Williamson
Pages
306-311
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 1.89 (1.27-2.43) -6.96 (3.28-13.37) ppm, wet wt annual mean (range) concentrations in eggs Female Adult 3-6 eggs/year Amchitka Island Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 7.5% decrease eggshell thickness compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult 3-6 eggs/year Amchitka Island Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mercury levels in feathers of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus compared with total mercury content in some of its prey species in Sweden

Author(s)
Lindberg, Peter, and Tjelvar Odsjo
Pages
297-318
Year
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
MERCURY (elemental) 6.90-29.50 ppm, dry wt (females)
12.10 ppm, dry wt (males) 		concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers Both Male and Female Adult 20 females, 1 male Northern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
MERCURY (elemental) 2.79 (3.10) ppm, dry wt mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers Not Reported Juvenile 3 nests Southern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
MERCURY (elemental) 8.31(2.59) ppm, dry wt mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers Not Reported Juvenile 3 nests Northern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
MERCURY (elemental) 2.80 - 10.60 ppm, dry wt (females)
3.70 - 8.95 ppm, dry wt (males) 		range of concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers Both Male and Female Adult 3 sample periods; 1-9 birds/sample period Southern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
Citation:

Environmental contaminants in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus: a toxicological assessment

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., David G. Noble, John E. Elliot, James D. Somers, and Gary Erickson
Pages
244-254
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) review concentrations of chemicals in eggs and diet associated with mortality and eggshell thinning (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DIELDRIN review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DIELDRIN review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
OXYCHLORDANE review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
HEXACHLOROBENZENE review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
MERCURY COMPOUNDS review concentrations in brain and liver associated with mortality (various avian species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
MERCURY COMPOUNDS review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various avian species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 13.1% and 13.6% decreases in tundrius and anatum ssp. eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 21 and 34 eggs for tundrius and anatum ssp. Toxicity Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.39 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.78 mean number of fledglings per nest fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Eggshell thinning and DDE residue levels among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus: A global perspective.

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., and Lloyd F. Kiff
Pages
200-204
Year
Issue
2
Volume
121
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) review eggshell thickness compared to that of pre-1945 eggs Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets GLOBAL
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks

Author(s)
Cade, Tom J., Jeffrey L. Lincer, and Clayton M. White
Pages
955-957
Year
Volume
172
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 21.7% decrease (tundra population); 16.8% decrease (taiga population); 7.5% decrease (Aleutian population) eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 23 eggs (tundra pop.); 14 eggs (taiga pop.); 11 eggs (Aleutian pop.) Colville River (tundra); Yukon River (taiga); Amchitka Island (Aleutian) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

The relative importance of DDE and dieldrin in the decline of peregrine falcon populations.

Author(s)
Nisbet, Ian C.T.
Pages
351-375
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DIELDRIN review mortality in conjunction with pesticide use and residues in birds Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA, UNITED KINGDOM, USA
Citation:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in peregrines and their prey species from northern Canada

Author(s)
Enderson, James H. and Daniel D. Berger
Pages
149-153
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 0.9-7.2 (DDT); 10.4-41.8 (DDE); 0.9-3.4 (DDD); 0.3-2.0 (dieldrin); 0.2-1.2 (heptachlor epoxide) range of concentrations in eggs (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult 7 eggs Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) mean residue concentrations in fat (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult 9 birds Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets nesting CANADA
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE no effect number of viable eggs or young versus "normal" nest success Not Reported Juvenile 15 nests Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticide contamination in three species of raptor and their prey in south Australia

Author(s)
Falkenberg, Ian D., Terry E. Dennis, and Brian D. Williams
Pages
163-173
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) 16% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 13 eggs South Australia Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
Citation:

Organochlorine residues in Alaskan peregrines

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., Tom J. Cade, Clayton M. White, and John R. Haugh
Pages
255-260
Year
Issue
4
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 7.4-8.3% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult 3-7 eggs/year Amchitka Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 16.8-24.9% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult 3-11 eggs/year Colville, Yukon, Tanana Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDT and dieldrin: effects on resident peregrine falcon populations in south-eastern Australia

Author(s)
Olsen, Penny, Bill Emison, Nick Mooney, and Nigel Brothers
Pages
89-100
Year
Volume
1
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) eggshell thickness index = 1.888 - 0.281(log DDE) linear regression of eggshell thickness index and DDE content of eggs Female Adult 137 eggs Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
DDE (4,4'-) productivity = 1.79 - 0.04(DDE) linear regression of productivity (number of young fledged per site) and DDE concentrations in eggs Both Male and Female Adult 9 eggs Tasmania Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
Citation:

Peregrines and pesticides in Alaska

Author(s)
Cade, Tom J., Clayton M. White, and John R. Haugh
Pages
170-178
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN 48.0 (DDE), 3.35 (DDD), 1.02 (DDT), 1.45 (dieldrin) mean concentrations of pesticides in eggs (ppm, dry weight) Female Adult 2 eggs Yukon River Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN 622.0 (DDE), 25.4 (DDD), 25.3 (DDT), 6.20 (dieldrin) mean concentrations of pesticides in fat (ppm, dry weight) Both Male and Female Adult 4 birds Yukon River Toxicity Factor Datasets breeding
Population Density 17 pairs/172 miles of river Both Male and Female Adult 17 pairs Yukon River Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Pollutants and eggshell thinning in peregrines and their prey in the Baja California region

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D., and M. Alan Jenkins
Pages
413-421
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 2.4-25.0 (DDE); 0.5-10.6 (PCBs); 0.2-4.2 (Hg) residues in eggs (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult 5 eggs (from 5 nests) Gulf of California Toxicity Factor Datasets MEXICO
DDE (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS +2 to 16% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 5 eggs (from 5 nests) Gulf of California Toxicity Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Pesticide residues and shell thinning in eggs of peregrines in Norway

Author(s)
Nygard, Torgeir
Pages
161-166
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) review data correlating eggshell thinning and DDE concentrations in eggs Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets GLOBAL
Citation:

Pesticide residues in Arizona peregrine falcon eggs and prey

Author(s)
Ellis, D.H., L.R. Deweese, T.G. Grubb, L.F. Kiff, D.G. Smith, W. M. Jarman, and D.B. Peakall
Pages
57-64
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 6.4-33 ppm, dry wt range of concentrations in whole addled eggs Female Adult 5 eggs from 3 clutches Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 14.2% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 26 breeding attempts Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Eggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in eggs and prey of peregrine falcons from Victoria, Australia

Author(s)
Pruett-Jones, Stephen G., Clayton M. White, and William B. Emison
Pages
281-287
Year
Volume
80
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) no relation linear regression of eggshell thickness and DDE concentration in eggs Female Adult 35 eggs Victoria Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
Citation:

Long term trends and sources of organochlorine contamination in Canadian tundra peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius

Author(s)
Johnstone, Robin M., Gordon S. Court, Adrian C. Fesser, D. Mark Bradley, Lynn W. Oliphant, and James D. MacNeil
Pages
109-120
Year
Issue
2
Volume
93
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 8.31 (1.67-45.63; PCBs); 4.45 (0.76-28.05; DDE); 0.36 (0.05-1.80; dieldrin) geometric mean (range) residues in eggs, ppm, wet wt Female Adult 20 eggs Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-DDT reference eggs Female Adult 20 eggs Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 0.12 (0-2.59; PCBs); 0.06 (0-2.70; DDE); ND (0-0.06; dieldrin) geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of nestlings Not Reported Juvenile 79 nestlings Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS males: 0.15 (0-3.27; PCBs); 0.31 (0.05-1.95; DDE); 0.03 (0-0.30; dieldrin)
females: 0.87 (0-6.82; PCBs); 0.63 (0-4.23; DDE); 0.04 (0-0.37; dieldrin) 		geometric mean residues (range) in plasma, ppm, wet wt of adult birds Both Male and Female Adult 26 males, 34 females Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS liver: 1.58-59.45, PCBs; 0.99-18.84, DDE; 0.06-0.79, dieldrin
breast: 0.35-57.30, PCBs; 0.30-16.95, DDE; 0-0.19, dieldrin 		range of residues in liver and breast muscle (ppm, wet wt) of 22-31 day old nestlings found dead Not Reported Juvenile 7 birds Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorines and mercury in the eggs of British peregrines Falco peregrinus

Author(s)
Newton, I., J.A. Bogan, and M.B. Haas
Pages
353-376
Year
Volume
131
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
DDE (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 15 ppm DDE, 0.7 ppm heptachlor epoxide concentrations in eggs associated with population recovery Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 550 eggs from 469 clutches Toxicity Factor Datasets UNITED KINGDOM
DDE (4,4'-) eggshell thickness index = 1.799 - 0.243(log DDE) linear regression of eggshell thickness index vs. log DDE concentration in eggs Female Adult 295 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets eggs were addled and/or deserted UNITED KINGDOM
MERCURY (elemental) brood size = 0.848 - 0.635(log DDE) - 0.271(log Hg) linear regression of brood size vs mercury and DDE concentrations in eggs Female Adult 60 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets UNITED KINGDOM
DDE (4,4'-) productivity = 1.412 - 0.724(log DDE) linear regression of productivity (mean number of young raised per pair) vs. log DDE concentration in eggs Both Male and Female Adult 14 pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets UNITED KINGDOM
Citation:

Eggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in Rocky Mountain peregrines, Falco peregrinus, and their prey

Author(s)
Enderson, James H., Gerald R. Craig, William A. Burnham, and Daniel D. Berger
Pages
255-264
Year
Issue
3
Volume
96
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE negative correlation correlation of heptachlor epoxide concentration in eggs and eggshell thickness Female Adult 38 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 21:0.09 ratio of average concentration of DDE in eggs to average concentration of DDE in prey items Female Adult 12 prey species, pooled samples of 7-10 individuals Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Analysis of peregrine falcon eggs in Ecuador

Author(s)
Jenny, J. Peter, William A. Burnham, Tjitte DeVries, Nancy Hilgert, and Fernando Ortiz
Pages
502
Year
Volume
85
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) no effect eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 2 eggs, 1 nest Toxicity Factor Datasets ECUADOR
Citation:

Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines

Author(s)
Berger, Daniel D., Daniel W. Anderson, James D. Weaver, and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
265-267
Year
Volume
84
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) 12.7 +/- 8.7 ppm (wet wt), 253 +/- 160 ppm (lipid wt) mean (+/-SE) DDE concentration in eggs Female Adult 10 eggs Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
DDE (4,4'-) 21% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1940 museum specimens Female Adult 21 eggs from 12 clutches Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell characteristics of reestablished peregrines in the eastern United States

Author(s)
Gilroy, Martin J., and John H. Barclay
Pages
403-411
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 12.1% percent eggshell thinning (as indicated by Ratcliffe Index) compared to pre-1947 eggs Not Reported Embryo 39 eggs Mid-Atlantic coastal and urban breeding sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

A toxicological assessment of peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius, breeding in the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, G.S., C.C. Gates, D.A. Boag, J.D. MacNeil, D.M. Bradley, A.C. Fesser, J.R. Patterson, G.B. Stenhouse, and L.W. Oliphant
Pages
255-272
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15.8% mean eggshell thinning compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult 78 eggs Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS log DDE in eggs = 0.9723 + 0.8506(log DDE in plasma); r = 0.66 log-log relationship between DDE in plasma of female birds and DDE in eggs Female Adult 10 females Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticides, chlorinated dioxins and furans, and PCBs in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the Kola Peninsula, Russia

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J., Sergei A. Ganusevich, F. Prescott Ward, and Ted R. Schwartz
Pages
739-749
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 11.4% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-DDT reference eggs Female Adult 8 nests Kola Peninsula Toxicity Factor Datasets RUSSIA
Citation:

Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the eastern United States

Author(s)
Burns, S.A., W.M. Jarman, T.J. Cade, L.F. Kiff and B.J. Walton
Pages
709-716
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 11% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 112 eggs eastern U.S. coast Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Ecology of the peregrine falcon in northeastern Mexico

Author(s)
Lanning, Dirk V., Peter W. Lawson and W. Grainger Hunt
Pages
377-388
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Hatching Success 1.8 average over 4 yr study period young/successful nesting Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Natural breeding performance of the peregrine falcon in New Mexico, 1979-1985

Author(s)
Johnson, Terrell H., Roger W. Skaggs, and Katherine E. Skaggs
Publisher
National Wildlife Federation
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.64 fledging rate per adult pair fledglings/pair Both Male and Female Adult, Juvenile 125 territories Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.91 representative number of fledglings per nest attempt in a "normal year" fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Clutch or Litter Size 3.62 mean number of eggs laid per nest attempt eggs/clutch Female Adult 84 nest attempts Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding 0.59 SD
Hatching Success 87% ratio of total eggs hatched to total eggs produced % Both Male and Female Hatchling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Behavior of peregrines in winter in south Texas

Author(s)
Enderson, James H., Jon Larrabee, Zach Jones, Chris Peper, and Chris Lepisto
Pages
93-98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density one bird/50 sq. km estimated minimum density Both Male and Female Adult 20 birds near the Laguna Madre Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive success and eggshell thinning of a reestablished peregrine falcon population

Author(s)
Steidl, Robert J., Curtice R. Griffin, Lawrence J. Niles and Kathleen E. Clark
Pages
294-299
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.24 mean fledging rate for pairs fledging >1 young; estimated over a 10 yr period young fledged/pair Both Male and Female Adult 42 coastal habitats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 12-03 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 321 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.21 eggs/nest Female Adult 24 nests Southern Germany Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.46 fledglings/brood Both Male and Female Fledgling 48 broods Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

The peregrine falcon: life history and population literature

Author(s)
Hickey, Joseph J. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
3-42
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate review Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The natural regulation of peregrine falcon populations

Author(s)
Hunt, W. Grainger
Pages
667-676
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review review of factors controlling population density Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population ecology of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus in Baden-Wuerttemberg, 1965-1991

Author(s)
Wegner, Peter
Pages
p.211-218
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.6 fledlings/pair Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Survival/ Mortality brood survival; increase to 60% in 1991, due to protective measures % Not Reported Fledgling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

American Peregrine Falcon

Author(s)
Aldrich, John A.
Pages
1-14
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets USA
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