Falconiformes

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Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Short-term effects of the prestige oil spill on the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus).

Author(s)
Zuberogoitia, I., Martínez, J.A., Iraeta, A., Azkona, A., Zabala, J., Jiménez, B., Merino, R. and Gomez, G.
Issue
10
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 1.4, 1999: 2.91, 2000: 2.54, 2001: 2.48, 2002: 2.48, 2003: 2.75 Mean number fledglings/breeding pair Mean number fledglings/breeding pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 2, 1999: 2.91, 2000: 2.5, 2001: 2.89, 2002: 2.71, 2003: 3.21 Mean number fledglings/successful breeding pair Mean number fledglings/successful breeding pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1998: 1.27, 1999: 2.67, 2000: 2.31, 2001: 2.36, 2002: 1.96, 2003: 2.41 Mean number fledglings/territorial pair Mean number fledglings/territorial pair Fledgling 1998: 11, 1999: 12, 2000: 13, 2001: 22, 2002: 29, 2003: 34 Biskaia Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Citation:

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from California correlate with diet and human population density.

Author(s)
Newsome, S.D., Park, J.S., Henry, B.W., Holden, A., Fogel, M.L., Linthicum, J., Chu, V. and Hooper, K.
Issue
13
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 4 Identifiable prey Adult Urban: 10, nonurban: 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Prey Species as possible sources of PBDE exposures for peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) nesting in major California cities.

Author(s)
Park, J.S., Fong, A., Chu, V., Holden, A., Linthicum, J. and Hooper, K.
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 2 Identifiable prey Coastal: 30, urban: 31 Coastal vs. urban populations Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Nesting biology and food habits of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus radama in the south-west and central plateau of Madagascar.

Author(s)
Razafimanjato, G., de Roland, L.A.R., Rabearivony, J. and Thorstrom, R.
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Tritriva: June, Tsimanampetsotsa: July Courtship initiation Adult 3 Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding MADAGASCAR
Time of Mating/ Laying Tritriva: July, Tsimanampetsotsa: August Egg laying Adult 3 nests Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding MADAGASCAR
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis 42 Days posthatch d Fledgling Tsimanampetsotsa Exposure Factor Datasets MADAGASCAR
Clutch or Litter Size 3-Feb Number of eggs Embryo 2 nests Tsimanampetsotsa Exposure Factor Datasets MADAGASCAR
Citation:

Feeding activity and seasonal changes in prey composition of urban Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus.

Author(s)
Rejt, Ł.
Issue
2
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Figure 2 Seasonal changes in diet 486 prey remains Warsaw buildings Exposure Factor Datasets POLAND
Citation:

Density, productivity, diet and population status of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in the Italian Alps.

Author(s)
Rizzolli, F., Sergio, F., Marchesi, L. and Pedrini, P.
Issue
2
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
Population Density 1.16 Pairs/100 sq km Pairs/100 sq km B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Time of Mating/ Laying 43170 B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Dietary Composition Turdus pilaris: 8.34, Turdus merula: 4.82, Columba livia: 12.27, Garrulus gladnarius: 6.87, Stumus vulgaris: 2.75, Corvus corone cornix: 19.50, other Columbidae: 12.48, Other Turdidae: 4.39, Other birds: 28.58 Percent by mass from pellets/prey remains % B Adult 249 Central-eastern Italian Alps Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding ITALY
Population Density Review Pairs/100 sq km Pairs/100 sq km B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Long-term Reproduction (1984–2013), Nestling Diet, and Eggshell Thickness of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Yellowstone National Park.

Author(s)
Baril, L.M., Haines, D.B., Smith, D.W. and Oakleaf, R.J
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Turdus migratorius: 11, Leucophaeus pipixcan: 8, Sialia currucoides: 6, Phalaropus fulicarius: 6, Colaptes auratus: 5, Phalaropus tricolor: 5, other Scolophacidae spp.: 7, Icteridae spp.: 7, other picidae spp.: 6, Fringillidae spp.: 5, other birds: 32, other animals: 3 Percent frequency of prey remains % B Nestling 9 eyries Yellowstone National Park Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Diet of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Korea: Food Items and Seasonal Changes.

Author(s)
Choi, C.Y. and Nam, H.Y.
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Synthliboramphus antiquus, Streptopelia orientalis, S. qumizusume, Zoothera dauma, Swimhow's Storm-Petrel, Larus crassirostris, Japanese Murrelet, Pitta nympha, Otus sunia, Otus semitroques, Asio otus, Caprimulgus indicus NA 393 pellets Exposure Factor Datasets SOUTH KOREA (REPUBLIC OF KOREA)+M10
Citation:

Long-term investigation of the degree of exposure of German peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) to damaging chemicals from the environment.

Author(s)
Wegner, P., Kleinstäuber, G., Baum, F. and Schilling, F.
Issue
1
Volume
146
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean See citation Table 6 Egg metrics Embryo See citation Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and metals in postterm peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs from the Mid-Atlantic States, 1993–1999.

Author(s)
Clark, K.E., Zhao, Y. and Kane, C.M.
Issue
1
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success See citation Table 1 Hatched eggs from succesful clutches Number of eggs hatched Embryo 93 NJ, PA, DE, MD, VA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

The role of pigeon consumption in the population dynamics and breeding performance of a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) population: conservation implications.

Author(s)
López-López, P., Verdejo, J. and Barba, E.
Issue
2
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size See citation Table 1 Chicks/breeding pair Average number chicks/year NR Chick 820 nests Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Population Density 9 Breeding pairs/1,500 sq km Breeding pairs/1,500 sq km B Adult 820 nests Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Dietary Composition See citation Table 2 Prey types % prey mass B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
Citation:

Eggshell thickness and contaminant analysis of reintroduced, urban nesting peregrine falcons in Wisconsin

Author(s)
Septon, Greg A., and Jim B. Marks
Pages
25-30
Publisher
Academic Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
AROCLOR 1248, AROCLOR 1254, AROCLOR 1260, DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), MERCURY COMPOUNDS no effect eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 9 eggs urban nest sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDE in a resident Aleutian Island peregrine population

Author(s)
White, Clayton M., William B. Emison, and Francis S.L. Williamson
Pages
306-311
Year
Volume
75
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 1.89 (1.27-2.43) -6.96 (3.28-13.37) ppm, wet wt annual mean (range) concentrations in eggs Female Adult 3-6 eggs/year Amchitka Island Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 7.5% decrease eggshell thickness compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult 3-6 eggs/year Amchitka Island Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mercury levels in feathers of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus compared with total mercury content in some of its prey species in Sweden

Author(s)
Lindberg, Peter, and Tjelvar Odsjo
Pages
297-318
Year
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
MERCURY (elemental) 6.90-29.50 ppm, dry wt (females)
12.10 ppm, dry wt (males) 		concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers Both Male and Female Adult 20 females, 1 male Northern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
MERCURY (elemental) 2.79 (3.10) ppm, dry wt mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers Not Reported Juvenile 3 nests Southern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
MERCURY (elemental) 8.31(2.59) ppm, dry wt mean (SD) concentration measured in feathers Not Reported Juvenile 3 nests Northern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
Citation:

Environmental contaminants in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus: a toxicological assessment

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., David G. Noble, John E. Elliot, James D. Somers, and Gary Erickson
Pages
244-254
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) review concentrations of chemicals in eggs and diet associated with mortality and eggshell thinning (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DIELDRIN review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DIELDRIN review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review concentrations in eggs associated with reduced reproduction (various raptor species) Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 13.1% and 13.6% decreases in tundrius and anatum ssp. eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 21 and 34 eggs for tundrius and anatum ssp. Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Eggshell thinning and DDE residue levels among peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus: A global perspective.

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., and Lloyd F. Kiff
Pages
200-204
Year
Issue
2
Volume
121
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) review eggshell thickness compared to that of pre-1945 eggs Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets GLOBAL
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks

Author(s)
Cade, Tom J., Jeffrey L. Lincer, and Clayton M. White
Pages
955-957
Year
Volume
172
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 21.7% decrease (tundra population); 16.8% decrease (taiga population); 7.5% decrease (Aleutian population) eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 23 eggs (tundra pop.); 14 eggs (taiga pop.); 11 eggs (Aleutian pop.) Colville River (tundra); Yukon River (taiga); Amchitka Island (Aleutian) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

The relative importance of DDE and dieldrin in the decline of peregrine falcon populations.

Author(s)
Nisbet, Ian C.T.
Pages
351-375
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DIELDRIN review mortality in conjunction with pesticide use and residues in birds Not Reported Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA, UNITED KINGDOM, USA
Citation:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in peregrines and their prey species from northern Canada

Author(s)
Enderson, James H. and Daniel D. Berger
Pages
149-153
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Countries
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 0.9-7.2 (DDT); 10.4-41.8 (DDE); 0.9-3.4 (DDD); 0.3-2.0 (dieldrin); 0.2-1.2 (heptachlor epoxide) range of concentrations in eggs (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult 7 eggs Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) mean residue concentrations in fat (ppm, wet wt) Female Adult 9 birds Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets nesting CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticide contamination in three species of raptor and their prey in south Australia

Author(s)
Falkenberg, Ian D., Terry E. Dennis, and Brian D. Williams
Pages
163-173
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) 16% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 13 eggs South Australia Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
Citation:

Organochlorine residues in Alaskan peregrines

Author(s)
Peakall, David B., Tom J. Cade, Clayton M. White, and John R. Haugh
Pages
255-260
Year
Issue
4
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 7.4-8.3% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult 3-7 eggs/year Amchitka Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 16.8-24.9% percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs Female Adult 3-11 eggs/year Colville, Yukon, Tanana Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

DDT and dieldrin: effects on resident peregrine falcon populations in south-eastern Australia

Author(s)
Olsen, Penny, Bill Emison, Nick Mooney, and Nigel Brothers
Pages
89-100
Year
Volume
1
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) eggshell thickness index = 1.888 - 0.281(log DDE) linear regression of eggshell thickness index and DDE content of eggs Female Adult 137 eggs Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Parental care and behavior of breeding American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in central Argentina.

Author(s)
Liébana, M.S., Sarasola, J.H. and Bó, M.S.
Issue
4
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Dietary Composition Vertebrates (29.1 %) Arthropods (70.9 %) Frequency determined by pellet analysis Frequency, % Fledgling 19 fledglings Parque Luro Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA
Dietary Composition Vertebrates (11.2 %) Arthropods (88.8 %) Frequency determined by prey remains Frequency, % Fledgling 19 fledglings Parque Luro Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA
Time of Mating/ Laying Late October-late December Adult 6 nests Parque Luro Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA
Clutch or Litter Size 4.3 eggs Embryo 6 nests Parque Luro Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA 0.3
Hatching Success 0.73 Embryo 26 eggs Parque Luro Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA
Citation:

Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee, Christine M. Bunck, and Helen C. Murray
Pages
431-439
Year
Issue
2
Volume
80
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 48% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
27% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw
12% decrease at 25 mg/kg bw 		red blood cell hemoglobin content Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decrease at all doses (45-59%) red blood cell delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 30% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
25% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw 		plasma creatine phosphokinase Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decrease at 125, 625 mg/kg bw (47-57%) brain delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decrease at 125, 625 mg/kg bw (71-79%) kidney delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius L.) fed biologically incorporated lead

Author(s)
Custer, Thomas W., J.Christian Franson, and Oliver H. Pattee
Pages
39-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS 7.84 ppm femur at 120 ppm; 16.60 ppm femur at 212 ppm; 18.44 ppm femur at 448 ppm mean lead concentration in femur Both Male and Female Adult 8-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 yr Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS no effect packed cell volume, hemoglogin concentration, erythrocyte counts Both Male and Female Adult 8-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: acute physiological responses and effects of cold

Author(s)
Rattner, Barnett A. and J. Christian Franson
Pages
787-792
Year
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 1, 2, 3 mg/kg bw brain acetylcholinesterase activity 10 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION increased at 2, 3 mg/kg bw plasma glucose concentrations Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Kestrel predatory behavior under chronic low-level exposure to DDE

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G., Daniel W. Anderson and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
121-136
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 1.37 (0.10 SE) mg/kg mean DDE concentration in blood (wet wt) Not Reported Adult 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Secondary poisoning hazard of fenthion to American kestrels

Author(s)
Hunt, K. A., D.M. Bird, P. Mineau and L. Shutt
Pages
84-90
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FENTHION 100% Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 77.9-92% range of brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition (relative to control) in birds that died Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 96% range of plasma cholinesterase inhibition (relative to control) in birds that died Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The effect of dietary sodium fluoride on internal organs, breast muscle, and bones in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Bird, D.M., D. Carriere and D. Lacombe
Pages
242-246
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FLUORIDE, SODIUM increased at 1120, 2240 ppm % bone ash Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
FLUORIDE, SODIUM decreased at 2240 ppm bonebreaking strength Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Metabolic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L., and David B. Peakall
Pages
783-784
Year
Volume
228
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1262, POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS increased @ 0.5, 5 ppm in vitro microsomal breakdown of oestradiol Both Male and Female Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS increased @ 5 ppm amount of liver cytoplasmic RNA Both Male and Female Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival, growth, and histopathological effects of paraquat ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee and Christine M. Bunck
Pages
495-500
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARAQUAT 86% of control @ 25 mg/kg, 74% of control @ 60 mg/kg body weight by 10 days of dosing Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARAQUAT 11% @ 25 mg/kg, 25% @ 60 mg/kg percent increase over controls in brain to body weight ratio Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARAQUAT 14% @ 25 mg/kg, 18% @ 60 mg/kg percent increase over controls in liver to body weight ratio Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARAQUAT 51% @ 60 mg/kg percent increase over controls in kidney to body weight ratio Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARAQUAT no effect percent increase over controls in lung to body weight ratio Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Reproductive and morphological effects of o,p-dicofol on two generations of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
MacLellan, K.N.M., D.M. Bird, D.M. Fry, and J.L. Cowles
Pages
364-372
Year
Volume
30
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DICOFOL decreased 5.45% (@ 5 mg/kg), 10.98% (@ 20 mg/kg) eggshell thickness compared to controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DICOFOL non-detectable (@ 5 mg/kg), 560 ng/g (@ 20 mg/kg) mean concentration of metabolite dichlorobenzophenone in eggs Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DICOFOL increased @ 5 and 20 mg/kg incidence of abnormal embyronic gonads Both Male and Female Embryo 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DICOFOL increased @ 5 mg/kg numbers of chicks or eggs lost (destroyed) by breeding male and female offspring of dicofol-treated females versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DICOFOL no effect eggshell thickness for breeding female offspring of dicofol-treated females versus controls Female Adult 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, John D. Eisemann, and James W. Spann
Pages
747-757
Year
Issue
4
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 2.3, 23, 233 ng/g incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 100, 1000 ng/g percent hatching success, percent pipped versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 1000 ng/g humerus length versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased @ 100, 1000 ng/g incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and effects on reproduction in captive American kestrels fed selenomethionine

Author(s)
Santolo, Gary M., Julie T. Yamamoto, Jacqueline M. Pisenti, Barry W. Wilson
Pages
502-511
Year
Issue
2
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE reduced @ 12 ppm Se ratio of # fertile eggs to total # eggs laid versus 6 ppm Se group Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect incidence of embryo deformities versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect chick mass and size at hatch, and chick survival to fledging versus controls Both Male and Female Adult, Juvenile 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE thins eggshells of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N., and Richard D. Porter
Pages
737-738
Year
Volume
227
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at 10 ppm mean eggshell thickness Female Adult 8-10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 0.71 (0.05 SE) ppm at 0 ppm,
32.4 (2.78 SE) ppm at 10 ppm 		mean residues in eggs Female Embryo 9-10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Methyl mercury: Its effect on eggshell thickness

Author(s)
Peakall, David B. and Jefferey L. Lincer
Pages
89-90
Year
Issue
2
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DIMETHYLMERCURY no effect eggshell thickness Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Prey-Capturing Ability of American Kestrels Fed DDE and Acephate or Acephate Alone

Author(s)
Rudolph, S. G., J. G. Zinkl, D. W. Anderson and P. J. Shea
Pages
367-372
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) no effect prey capturing behavior Not Reported Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) decrease for both treatments median serum cholinesterase activity 24 hr post-dose Not Reported Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) effects on hepatic mixed function oxidases and porphyria in birds - II. American kestrel

Author(s)
Elliot, J.E., S.W. Kennedy, D. Jeffrey and L. Shutt
Pages
141-145
Year
Issue
1/2
Volume
99
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 153 aminopyrine N-demethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 105 aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 126 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Accumulation and effects in birds

Author(s)
Peakall, D.B.
Pages
31-47
Publisher
CRC Press, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Location Type
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS review Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Enzymatic changes in the oviduct associated with DDE-induced eggshell thinning in the kestrel, Falco sparverius

Author(s)
Bird, David M., David B. Peakall and David S. Miller
Pages
22-24
Year
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease eggshell thickness Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) decrease Calcium ATPase activity of shell gland Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

A suggestion of sysnergistic effects of DDE and Aroclor 1254 on Reproduction of the American Kestrel Falco sparverius

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L.
Pages
761-765
Publisher
The Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at 3 ppm mean eggshell thickness Female Adult 18 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in hawks, falcons and owls downstream from a mining site on the Coeur D'Alene River, Idaho

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J., Lawrence J. Blus, David J. Hoffman and Robert A. Grove
Pages
267-288
Year
Volume
29
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.24 ug/g at study area,
0.087 ug/g at reference area 		mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) Both Male and Female Nestling 30 (study area)
22 (reference) 		Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.46 ug/g at study area
0.25 ug/g at reference area 		mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) Both Male and Female Adult 3 (study area)
6 (reference) 		Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Acute oral toxicity of sodium cyanide in birds

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N., Elwood F. Hill, James W. Carpenter and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
538-546
Year
Issue
4
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CYANIDE, SODIUM 4.0 mg/kg bw LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Accumulation of lead and organochlorine residues in captive American kestrels fed pine voles from apple orchards

Author(s)
Stendell, Rey C., W. Nelson Beyer and Robert A. Stehn
Pages
388-391
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS 1.05 (0.05 SE) ppm (wet wt) lead concentration in liver Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech owls, and northern bobwhites

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N. and Donald W. Sparling
Pages
1139-1148
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
EPN 4.0 mg/kg bw (3.1-5.1 95% CI) LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Eggshell modifications in captive American kestrels resulting from Aroclor 1248 in the diet

Author(s)
Lowe, Peter T. and Rey C. Stendell
Pages
519-522
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1248 18.5 ug/g (5.1SD), PCBs; 0.10 ug/g (0.03 SD), dieldrin;1.02 ug/g (0.39 SD), DDE @ 3.0 ug/g mean carcass concentrations, wet wt Both Male and Female Adult 8 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls to Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Elliot, John E., Sean W. Kennedy, Angela Lorenzen
Pages
57-75
Year
Volume
51
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 77 liver weight (as percent of body weight) versus controls Female Adult 4/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
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