American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

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American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius L.) fed biologically incorporated lead

Author(s)
Custer, Thomas W., J.Christian Franson, and Oliver H. Pattee
Pages
39-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS 7.84 ppm femur at 120 ppm; 16.60 ppm femur at 212 ppm; 18.44 ppm femur at 448 ppm mean lead concentration in femur Both Male and Female Adult 8-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 yr Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS no effect packed cell volume, hemoglogin concentration, erythrocyte counts Both Male and Female Adult 8-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Methyl mercury: Its effect on eggshell thickness

Author(s)
Peakall, David B. and Jefferey L. Lincer
Pages
89-90
Year
Issue
2
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DIMETHYLMERCURY no effect eggshell thickness Female Adult Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Enzymatic changes in the oviduct associated with DDE-induced eggshell thinning in the kestrel, Falco sparverius

Author(s)
Bird, David M., David B. Peakall and David S. Miller
Pages
22-24
Year
Volume
31
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease eggshell thickness Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) decrease Calcium ATPase activity of shell gland Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) decrease carbonic anhydrase activity of shell gland Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) no effect calcium concentration in blood Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE-induced eggshell thinning in the American kestrel: A comparison of the field situation and laboratory results

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L.
Pages
781-793
Year
Issue
3
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at all doses (15.1-29.2%) eggshell thickness Female Adult 2-5 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Organochlorine contaminants in a terrestrial foodweb on the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, Canada 1987 - 89

Author(s)
Hebert, C.E., D.V. Weseloh, L. Kot and V. Glooschenko
Pages
356-366
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) 5.53 mg/kg egg (wet wt) mean DDE concentration in eggs (pooled analyses) Both Male and Female Embryo 10 eggs N. Niagra Peninsula, Ontario Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Eggshell thickness and reproduction in American kestrels exposed to chronic dietary lead

Author(s)
Pattee, Oliver H.
Pages
29-34
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) no effect eggshell thickness Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect lead concentration in eggshell Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 62.0 ppm tibia, 13.5 ppm humeri at 50 ppm lead concentrations in bones Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: acute physiological responses and effects of cold

Author(s)
Rattner, Barnett A. and J. Christian Franson
Pages
787-792
Year
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLPARATHION increased at 2, 3 mg/kg bw abnormal posture, ataxia, paresis Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION increase at 3 mg/kg bw mortality rate 2 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw cloacal temperature Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw plasma cholinesterase activity 2 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 1, 2, 3 mg/kg bw brain acetylcholinesterase activity 10 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION increased at 2, 3 mg/kg bw plasma glucose concentrations Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Prey-Capturing Ability of American Kestrels Fed DDE and Acephate or Acephate Alone

Author(s)
Rudolph, S. G., J. G. Zinkl, D. W. Anderson and P. J. Shea
Pages
367-372
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) no effect prey capturing behavior Not Reported Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) decrease for both treatments median serum cholinesterase activity 24 hr post-dose Not Reported Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Accumulation of lead and organochlorine residues in captive American kestrels fed pine voles from apple orchards

Author(s)
Stendell, Rey C., W. Nelson Beyer and Robert A. Stehn
Pages
388-391
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS 1.05 (0.05 SE) ppm (wet wt) lead concentration in liver Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.70 (0.20 SE) ppm (wet wt) lead concentration in tibia Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS 232 (9 SE) ppm (wet wt) DDE concentration in carcass Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS 10.4 (0.6 SE) ppm (wet wt) DDE concentration in brain Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS decreased bw (versus pre-study bw) Female Juvenile 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Dietary exposure of kestrels to lead

Author(s)
Stendell, Rey C.
Pages
527-530
Year
Issue
2
Volume
44
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 0.367 (0.129 SE) ppm at 49 mg/d mean lead concentration (wet wt) in liver Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 28.70 (2.6 SE) ppm at 49 mg/d mean lead concentration (wet wt) in bone Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.357 (0.012 SE) ppm at 29.3 ppm mean lead concentration (wet wt) in liver Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD COMPOUNDS 7.63 (1.03 SE) ppm at 29.3 ppm mean lead concentration (wet wt) in bone Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Carbofuran affects wildlife on Virginia corn fields

Author(s)
Stinson, Elizabeth R., Lynn E. Hayes, Parshall B. Bush, and Donald H. White
Pages
566-575
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
CARBOFURAN 3 number of dead kestrels found on treated fields Not Reported Not Reported 44 fields Toxicity Factor Datasets
CARBOFURAN 1.7-7.4 ppm (wet wt) carcass residues of kestrels found dead Not Reported Not Reported 3 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Kestrel predatory behavior under chronic low-level exposure to DDE

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G., Daniel W. Anderson and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
121-136
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect variance in kestrel response time to prey stimulus Not Reported Adult 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 1.37 (0.10 SE) mg/kg mean DDE concentration in blood (wet wt) Not Reported Adult 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE thins eggshells of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N., and Richard D. Porter
Pages
737-738
Year
Volume
227
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at 10 ppm mean eggshell thickness Female Adult 8-10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 0.71 (0.05 SE) ppm at 0 ppm,
32.4 (2.78 SE) ppm at 10 ppm 		mean residues in eggs Female Embryo 9-10 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

A suggestion of sysnergistic effects of DDE and Aroclor 1254 on Reproduction of the American Kestrel Falco sparverius

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L.
Pages
761-765
Publisher
The Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) decrease at 3 ppm mean eggshell thickness Female Adult 18 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Acute toxicity of four anticholinesterase insecticides to American kestrels, eastern screech owls, and northern bobwhites

Author(s)
Wiemeyer, Stanley N. and Donald W. Sparling
Pages
1139-1148
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
EPN 4.0 mg/kg bw (3.1-5.1 95% CI) LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 1.4 mg/kg bw LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
CARBOFURAN 0.6 mg/kg bw (0.5-1.0 95% CI) LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
MONOCROTOPHOS 1.5 mg/kg bw LD50 Both Male and Female Adult 5/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
EPN 68% (10.0 SD) mean brain cholinesterase depression (relative to control) in birds that died in 8 hrs post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 12 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 88% (2.7 SD) mean brain cholinesterase depression (relative to control) in birds that died in 8 hrs post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
CARBOFURAN 83% (4.3 SD) mean brain cholinesterase depression (relative to control) in birds that died in 8 hrs post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 12 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE at Low Dietary Levels Kills Captive American Kestrels

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
193-199
Year
Issue
4
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 984.1-1438.6 ppm (dry wt) brain residues in birds that died Male Adult 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 232.9 ppm (dry wt) mean brain residues in birds that survived Male Adult 11 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 507-877.1 ppm (dry wt) liver residues in birds that died Male Adult 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 88.1 ppm (dry wt) mean liver residues in birds that survived Male Adult 11 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Organochlorine residues in raptor eggs in the Cayuga Lake Basin

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L., and Richard J. Clark
Pages
121-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 10% decrease eggshell thickness change relative to control Female Adult 34 eggs Cayuga Lake Basin Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Secondary poisoning hazard of fenthion to American kestrels

Author(s)
Hunt, K. A., D.M. Bird, P. Mineau and L. Shutt
Pages
84-90
Year
Volume
21
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FENTHION 100% Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 77.9-92% range of brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition (relative to control) in birds that died Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
FENTHION 96% range of plasma cholinesterase inhibition (relative to control) in birds that died Male Adult 14 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in hawks, falcons and owls downstream from a mining site on the Coeur D'Alene River, Idaho

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J., Lawrence J. Blus, David J. Hoffman and Robert A. Grove
Pages
267-288
Year
Volume
29
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.24 ug/g at study area,
0.087 ug/g at reference area 		mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) Both Male and Female Nestling 30 (study area)
22 (reference) 		Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.46 ug/g at study area
0.25 ug/g at reference area 		mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) Both Male and Female Adult 3 (study area)
6 (reference) 		Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS decreased red blood cell delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (relative to control) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 33 Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS decreased hematocrit Both Male and Female Juvenile 30 Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS decreased hemoglobin (relative to control) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 33 Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS 0.23 ug/g (wet wt) mean lead concentration in liver Both Male and Female Juvenile 30 Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD COMPOUNDS no effect number of young produced Both Male and Female Adult 20 nests Coeur D'Alene River Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Birds of prey, DDT, and tussock moths in Pacific Northwest

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
397-411
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) 6.42 ppm mean DDT concentration in eggs 0-0.8 mi from sprayed area Both Male and Female Embryo 21 eggs La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) 10.4% decrease change in mean eggshell thickness (relative to control) 0-0.8 miles from sprayed area Female Adult 21 eggs La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) no effect mean productivity (young produced) Both Male and Female Adult 21 eggs La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) 0.78 ppm mean DDT concentration in plasma of birds sampled 0-1.5 mi from sprayed area Both Male and Female Adult 23 birds La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of dietary sodium fluoride on internal organs, breast muscle, and bones in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Bird, D.M., D. Carriere and D. Lacombe
Pages
242-246
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FLUORIDE, SODIUM 247.0 +/- 103.1 ppm @ 0 ppm; 6137.9 +/- 823.8 ppm @ 1120 ppm; 10,272.6 +/- 865.8 ppm @ 2240 ppm mean fluoride content in the diaphyses of femurae Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
FLUORIDE, SODIUM no effect growth of body weight and skeletal components (skull, bill, tarsus, antebrachium, and manus) Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
FLUORIDE, SODIUM increased at 1120, 2240 ppm % bone ash Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
FLUORIDE, SODIUM decreased at 2240 ppm bonebreaking strength Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) effects on hepatic mixed function oxidases and porphyria in birds - II. American kestrel

Author(s)
Elliot, J.E., S.W. Kennedy, D. Jeffrey and L. Shutt
Pages
141-145
Year
Issue
1/2
Volume
99
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 153 aminopyrine N-demethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 105 aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) increased with PCB 126 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities in liver Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) no effect hepatic porphyrin levels Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) no effect liver weight Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) 2.4 (control), 119.0 (PCB 153), 182.0 (PCB 105), 3.3 (PCB 126) mg/kg, wet weight PCB concentrations in pooled adipose tissue Female Adult 5-6/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Duration of Incubation or Gestation d Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Growth Rate y = 7.77 + 7.44x growth rate from day 3-16 Female Nestling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Hatching Success 89.3 % Both Male and Female Hatchling 168 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

Reproductive patterns in captive American kestrels (sparrow hawks)

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
46-53
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 28.4 mean nestling period d Both Male and Female Fledgling 29 chicks Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Notes on the American sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Roest, A.I.
Pages
1-19
Year
Issue
1
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean 102.5 g Male Adult 88 throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Molt July-October/November period of molt Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Survival/ Mortality 57 average annual mortality of banded individuals (over 6 years) % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Prey selection and caloric ingestion rate of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Barrett, Gary W. and Mackey, Carl V.
Pages
514-519
Year
Issue
4
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 0.42 mean caloric consumption per g body weight per day (wet weight basis) kcal/g/day Male Adult 2 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Fall migration of diurnal raptors at Pt. Diablo, California

Author(s)
Binford, Laurence C.
Pages
1-16
Year
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal August (begin), October (peak), November (end) time period of fall migration Both Male and Female Not Reported 276 Pt. Diablo, Marin Headlands Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Respiratory metabolism of three species of raptors

Author(s)
Gatehouse, S.N. and B.J. Markham
Pages
738-741
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate combined day and night oxygen consumption over one 24 hr period ml oxygen/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Gessaman, J.A. and S.M. Harden
Pages
56-57
Year
Issue
1
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 6.01 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Male Adult 12 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 1.92 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 8.51 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Female Adult 13 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 2.00 SE
Citation:

Premigratory fat in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
625-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Fat (total or %) mean percent body fat as measured by fat extraction from April to September % Male Adult 14 Cache county Exposure Factor Datasets premigratory
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Harden, Shari M.
Pages
42
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Fat (total or %) 2.46 total body fat based on Soxhlet fat extraction g Both Male and Female Adult 21 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.25 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Food habits and abundance of raptors in an agricultural area of Tulare County, California

Author(s)
Hawkins, Cole Carlson
Pages
102
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition insects (97%), isopod (5%), birds (27%), mammals (25%) percent occurrence in sample pellets Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Tulare
Citation:

Clutch sizes, hatchability rates, and sex ratios of sparrow hawks in eastern Pennsylvania

Author(s)
Heintzelman, Donald S. and Alexander C. Nagy
Pages
306-311
Year
Issue
3
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 30.9 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo 2 clutches (8 eggs) Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 78 hatching success % Both Male and Female Hatchling 55 eggs (14 clutches) Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.23 eggs Female Adult 13 clutches Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

An analysis of the population dynamics of selected avian species with special reference to changes during the modern pesticide era

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
23-28
Publisher
United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report No. 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.59 eggs/clutch Female Adult 244 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.60 SD
Survival/ Mortality 0.602 mortality rate estimate for banded individuals Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 118 throughout USA and Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 0.035 SD
Survival/ Mortality 0.465 mortality rate of banded individuals, 1946-65 Both Male and Female Adult 6,544 throughout USA and Canada Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA 0.017 SD
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Time of Nesting May 20 to Jul 20 period from earliest egg laying date to date of latest brood departure Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (6.0%), meadow mice (78.9%), shrews (1.3%), pocket gopher (1.0%), uinta ground squirrel (0.3%), sm-med sized birds (5.7%), insects (59.9%) percent occurrence of prey items in pellets during nesting % Not Reported Not Reported 299 pellets from 8 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day g Both Male and Female Not Reported 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets captive Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of macrohabitat and microhabitat on nest-box use and nesting success of American kestrels

Author(s)
Rohrbaugh, Ronald W., Jr., and Richard H. Yahner
Pages
410-423
Year
Issue
3
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 49% mean percent of successful nests per year % Both Male and Female Adult 259 nesting attempts Berks and Lehigh counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Use of free ranging American kestrels and nest boxes for contaminant risk assessment sampling: a field application

Author(s)
Craft, Randall A. and Karen P. Craft
Pages
207-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 mean clutch size (4 sample years) eggs/clutch Female Adult 7-23 nests/year Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
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