Birds

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Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Molt-breeding overlap and timing of pre-basic molt in Texas least terns

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C. and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
187-190
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Molt May-Jul timing of primary molt Not Reported Adult 190 birds coastal areas Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Molt mid/late Jul-Sep timing of pre-basic molt Not Reported Adult Not Reported coastal areas Exposure Factor Datasets

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Ecology of the peregrine falcon in northeastern Mexico

Author(s)
Lanning, Dirk V., Peter W. Lawson and W. Grainger Hunt
Pages
377-388
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Natural breeding performance of the peregrine falcon in New Mexico, 1979-1985

Author(s)
Johnson, Terrell H., Roger W. Skaggs, and Katherine E. Skaggs
Publisher
National Wildlife Federation
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.64 fledging rate per adult pair fledglings/pair Both Male and Female Adult, Juvenile 125 territories Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.91 representative number of fledglings per nest attempt in a "normal year" fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Clutch or Litter Size 3.62 mean number of eggs laid per nest attempt eggs/clutch Female Adult 84 nest attempts Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding 0.59 SD
Citation:

Behavior of peregrines in winter in south Texas

Author(s)
Enderson, James H., Jon Larrabee, Zach Jones, Chris Peper, and Chris Lepisto
Pages
93-98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density one bird/50 sq. km estimated minimum density Both Male and Female Adult 20 birds near the Laguna Madre Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive success and eggshell thinning of a reestablished peregrine falcon population

Author(s)
Steidl, Robert J., Curtice R. Griffin, Lawrence J. Niles and Kathleen E. Clark
Pages
294-299
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.24 mean fledging rate for pairs fledging >1 young; estimated over a 10 yr period young fledged/pair Both Male and Female Adult 42 coastal habitats Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Longevity in a captive sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Kuyt, E.
Pages
197
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 12 yr Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

A study and implications of habitat separation by sex of wintering American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Meyer, Ruthe Lashe and Thomas G. Balgooyen
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (157.5), reptiles (0), birds (272.4), mammals (221.8) amount of prey taken by prey weight g Male Adult 5 Hollister Basin (elev. 48-210 m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito, Santa Clara
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.7 fledged/successful nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 30 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.1 fledged/active nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 36 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Gessaman, J.A. and S.M. Harden
Pages
56-57
Year
Issue
1
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 6.01 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Male Adult 12 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 1.92 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 8.51 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Female Adult 13 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 2.00 SE
Citation:

Foraging strategies of American kestrels during breeding

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G.
Pages
1268-1276
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Foraging Distance distance foraged from nest km Female Adult 4 agricultural lands (lat, 38 deg 32'N; long., 121 deg 47'W) Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo Breeding
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 dorsal surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition Jun 20-Jun 22 dates of earliest and latest hatching Not Reported Nestling 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals mi^2 Not Reported Adult 8 birds Superior Township Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean body weight at hatch g Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

A winter population study of the American kestrel in central Ohio

Author(s)
Mills, G. Scott
Pages
241-247
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Territory Size 1.4 average diameter of territories km Both Male and Female Adult 16 southcentral area, agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets wintering
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (57%), insect (42%), other (1%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 59 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Metabolic responses of mourning doves to short-term food and temperature stresses in winter

Author(s)
Ivacic, Donald L. and Ronald F. Labisky
Pages
182-196
Year
Issue
2
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 1.14 mean oxygen consumption during the light period at 10 deg C ml O2/g bw/hr Female Both Adults and Juveniles 14 captured at Dundee, IL Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 0.46 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Reproductive success of mourning doves near a nuclear generating plant

Author(s)
Faanes, Craig A.
Pages
201-204
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 mean clutch size Female Adult 524 nests Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 49.4% proportion of active nests that successfully fledged young Both Male and Female Fledgling 524 nests Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Movements of banded mourning doves near Turlock, California

Author(s)
Channing, Edward
Pages
23-35
Year
Issue
1
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal winter time of northward movement Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Turlock area Exposure Factor Datasets Merced, Stanislaus
Citation:

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Author(s)
Mirarchi, Ralph E. and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
1-32
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal review time of fall and spring migration Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

An eleven-year summary of mourning dove observations in the west

Author(s)
McClure, H. Elliott
Pages
335-346
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Hatching Success 55.2% percent of nests in which at least one egg hatched % Both Male and Female Adult 335 nest attempts near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Hatching Success 67.1% percent of eggs laid that hatched % Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Nesting habits of the mourning dove in Alabama

Author(s)
Pearson, Allen M. and George C. Moore
Pages
468-473
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 226 (both eggs); 56 (one egg) number of nests in which one or both eggs hatched Not Reported Hatchling 592 nests near Auburn Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Not Reported Fledgling 136 nests near Auburn Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Minnesota

Author(s)
Harris, Stanley W., Marius A. Morse, and William H. Longley
Pages
150-172
Year
Issue
1
Volume
69
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 37.3% (before hatch), 9.2% (after hatch) percent of eggs or young lost before and after hatch Both Male and Female Embryo, Juvenile 634 eggs Madelia Research Center, Watonwan County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in a cold desert ecosystem

Author(s)
Howe, Frank P. and Lester D. Flake
Pages
467-472
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0.02 density of nests nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 15 plots Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Crop milk and clutch size in mourning doves

Author(s)
Blockstein, David E.
Pages
11-25
Year
Issue
1
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2 clutch size in 97.2% of observed nests Female Adult 1203 nests J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Texas

Author(s)
Swank, Wendell G.
Pages
495-505
Year
Issue
3
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting March-September period of active nesting Both Male and Female Adult 648 nests Texas A&M College campus Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Nesting success and habitat relationships of burrowing owls in the Columbia River Basin, Oregon

Author(s)
Green, Gregory A and Robert G. Anthony
Pages
347-354
Year
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 50-57% percent of occupied nests that fledged young Both Male and Female Adult 63-76 nests Gilliam, Morrow, and Umatilla counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition arthropods (92%), vertebrates (8%) percent occurrence in diet based on pellet analysis Both Male and Female Not Reported 5,559 pellets Gilliam, Morrow, and Umatilla counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selected aspects of burrowing owl ecology and behavior

Author(s)
Martin, Dennis J.
Pages
446-456
Year
Volume
75
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal August (begin) Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 15 pairs Albuquerque Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying third week of March (begin) Female Adult 15 pairs Albuquerque Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal Sep, Jan Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Molt Jul (begin) Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Molt review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Clutch or Litter Size review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Physiological and physical aspects of temperature regulation in the burrowing owl Speotyto cunicularia

Author(s)
Coulombe, Harry N.
Pages
307-337
Year
Volume
35
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate 25 average breathing rate at ambient temperatures below body temperature breaths/min Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Inhalation Rate 340 breathing rate with heat loading (gular flutter onset) breaths/min Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Reversed sexual size dimorphism: its effect on prey selection by the great horned owl, Bubo virginianus

Author(s)
Longland, William S.
Pages
395-398
Year
Issue
3
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Dipodomys ordii (0.13%), Microtus montanus (0.14%), Perognathus parvus (0.02%), Peromyscus maniculatus (0.50%), Thomomys umbrinus (0.21%) relative proportion of prey species in the diet, based on pellet analysis Female Adult 1 owl Gund Research Ranch, University of Nevada Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Dipodomys ordii (0.11%), Microtus montanus (0.12%), Perognathus parvus (0.03%), Peromyscus maniculatus (0.63%), Thomomys umbrinus (0.10%) relative proportion of prey species in the diet, based on pellet analysis Male Adult 1 owl Gund Research Ranch, University of Nevada Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Hatching Success 2.67 average number of young hatched hatches/nest Not Reported Nestling 12 nests Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 1.09
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.67 average number of young fledged fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 12 nests Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 1.09
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 11 percent of eggs that failed to hatch Not Reported Nestling 4 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 4 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Size dimorphism and food habits of North American owls

Author(s)
Earhart, Caroline M., and Ned K. Johnson
Pages
251-264
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean 914.2 (pallascens), 991.7 (pacificus), 1154.3 (occidentalis), 1317.8 (virgianus), 1238.6 (wapacuthu) Body weight means for 5 subspecies g Male Adult 10-26 individuals/subspecies Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1142.2 (pallascens), 1312.4 (pacificus), 1555.1 (occidentalis), 1768.5 (virgianus), 1556.0 (wapacuthu) body weight means for 5 subspecies g Female Adult 12-29 individuals/subspecies Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Factors influencing respiratory rates in four species of raptors

Author(s)
Daniels, Kathleen and G.E. Duke
Pages
703-706
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 19.1 mean resting respiratory rate #/min Not Reported Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets crippled, non-releasable 3.28 SD Laboratory

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.71 average size of clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-92,1994) eggs/clutch Female Adult 7 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 5.27 average number of nestlings from clutches laid early in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) nestlings/clutch Not Reported Nestling 11 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Molt review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Duration of Incubation or Gestation review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Traill's flycatcher breeding biology

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C.
Pages
50-68
Year
Issue
3
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 13.3 d Both Male and Female Embryo 28 nests Toledo, Wooster, OH Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 12.3 d Both Male and Female Fledgling 82 chicks Toledo, Wooster, OH Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE
Citation:

Nest success and age-specific mortality in Traill's flycatchers

Author(s)
Holcomb, Larry C.
Pages
837-841
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.11 mean fledglings in nests of known numbers of eggs fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 89 nests Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality see figure in citation figure showing percent survival over time of eggs and nestlings Not Reported Embryo, Nestling 272 eggs, 91 nests Wooster, Toledo, OH; Fremont, NE Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Migration of the willow flycatcher along the middle Rio Grande

Author(s)
Yong, Wang, and Deborah M. Finch
Pages
253-268
Year
Issue
2
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 12.59 mean body weight of brewsteri subspecies g Not Reported Adult 33 captures Rio Grand Nature Center (35deg07'N, 106deg41'W); Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (33deg48'N, 106deg52'W) Exposure Factor Datasets 1.13 SD

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

Ecological and complementarity of three sympatric parids in a California oak woodland

Author(s)
Hertz, Paul E., J.V. Remsen, Jr. and Stacey I. Zones
Pages
307-316
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 5.37 mean body weight of museum specimens g Not Reported Not Reported 23 birds Exposure Factor Datasets

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation range of average incubation periods, in two habitats, for successful nests d Not Reported Embryo 64 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of habtitat degradation on the breeding ecology of loggerhead shrikes Lanius ludovicianus in the shrubsteppe region

Author(s)
Leu, Matthias and David A. Manuwal
Pages
136
Year
Issue
2
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality survival rate of juveniles prior to dispersal from the breeding territory % Not Reported Juvenile 36 nests Yakima Training Center Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 84 average percent of nests that hatched at least 1 young, 4 years % Not Reported Hatchling 133 pairs Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Habitat selection and breeding biology of loggerhead shrikes in eastern Ontario and Quebec

Author(s)
Chabot, Amy, Rodger D. Titman and David M. Bird
Pages
155-156
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Not Reported Fledgling 27-52 pairs/yr eastern Ontario, Quebec Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Territory Size review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Natural history of the Bell Vireo, Vireo bellii Audubon

Author(s)
Barlow, Jon C.
Pages
243-296
Year
Issue
5
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year number of broods raised in one nesting season clutches/yr Both Male and Female Adult 9 pairs Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
1-17
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Duration of Incubation or Gestation review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Environmental and endocrine control of reproduction in the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia. I. Temporal Organization of the breeding cycle

Author(s)
Wingfield, John C.
Pages
406-416
Year
Issue
3
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year 2 clutches/year Both Male and Female Adult about 5 each Rockefeller University field research center Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter, James N. M. Smith, Wesley M. Hochachka, Christopher M. Rogers, and Donald Ludwig
Pages
805-822
Year
Issue
3
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density 7.8 median density; 10 fold fluctuation over 15 yr period females/ha Female Not Reported 19 years Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter and James N. M. Smith
Pages
119-136
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.2 mean mass of nestlings 1 d old; no addtn. food g Not Reported Nestling 14 nestlings Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.17 SE
Citation:

Settlement patterns, territory size, and breeding density in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Author(s)
Knapton, Richard W. and John R. Krebs
Pages
1413-1420
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Territory Size 3956 mean territory size, measured by song playbacks and observations of border disputes m^2 Male Adult 6 birds Reifel Island, Delta, British Columbia Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 611 SD

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

Repertoires, territory size and mate attraction in western meadowlarks

Author(s)
Aweida, Maria Klemperer
Pages
1080-1083
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size 3,228.1 average territory size of unmated birds m^2 Male Adult 7 birds Boulder Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A determination of the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California

Author(s)
Bryant, Harold C.
Pages
377-510
Year
Issue
14
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 0.25 body weight of day-old nestling oz Not Reported Nestling 2 nests Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Nesting ecology and production of western grebes at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah

Author(s)
Lindvall, Mark L. and Jessop B. Low
Pages
66-70
Year
Issue
1
Volume
84
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 21% percent of nests located in emergent vegetationin which at least one chick hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 221 nests Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.16 mean clutch size eggs Female Juvenile 37 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The gaseous metabolism of large wild birds under aviary life

Author(s)
Benedict, Francis G., and Edward L. Fox
Pages
511-534
Publisher
American Philosophical Society
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 75 average basal metabolism (heat production) cal/kg/d Not Reported Adult 1 bird (3 measurements) Exposure Factor Datasets fasted Laboratory

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Caloric intake of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
553-565
Year
Volume
92
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Food Ingestion Rate see figure estimated average energy intake during the nestling period (to 50 days of age) kcal/bird/day Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isles of Shoals (43 deg. N, 70 deg. 35' W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 17-08 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 4174 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Measurements of wintering double-crested cormorants and discriminant models of sex

Author(s)
Glahn, James F., and R. Barry McCoy
Pages
299-304
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2498.1 body weight g Male Adult 160 Exposure Factor Datasets 16.0 SE

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,280 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 10 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets basic plumage, prespring migration departure 13 SE
Citation:

Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota

Author(s)
Swanson, George A., Mavis I. Meyer, and Vyto A. Adomaitis
Pages
197-203
Year
Issue
1
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Total animal, 37.6: Gastropoda, 6.3; Insecta, 16.8; Crustacea, 11.3.
Total plant, 62.4: Seeds, 56.4; vegetation, 6.0; roots and tubers, 4.1. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Male Not Reported 39 drift prairie and missouri Coteau of south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season
Citation:

Weights of wild mallard Anas platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and blue-winged teal A. discors during the breeding season

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Douglas H. Johnson and David E. Sharp
Pages
122-130
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 1206 g Male Adult 660 central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Fat (total or %) 72.4 g lipid Female Adult Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 44.2 SD
Citation:

Spring and summer survival of female mallards from northcentral Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E. and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
38-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April 15 (begin) - May 20 (end) Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Chippewa National Forest, east of Bemidji Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting biology of mallards in California

Author(s)
McLandress, M. Robert, Gregory S. Yarris, Alison E.H. Perkins, Daniel P. Connelly and Dennis G. Raveling
Pages
94-107
Year
Issue
1
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 8.3 eggs Not Reported Not Reported 227 Northeastern California Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 56 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Adult Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Repeatability of wing molt timing of mallards in relation to breeding

Author(s)
Leafloor, James O. and Bruce D.J. Batt
Pages
2620-2624
Year
Volume
68
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Molt July 21-27 mean annual date of molt initiation (over 3 yr) Male Adult 126 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Distribution and survival of mallards banded at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Author(s)
Jarvis, Robert L., and Sean B. Furniss
Pages
292-301
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.377 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Male Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.046 (SE)
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (25.3%), fauna (74.7%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 13-18 d
Citation:

Growth and energy consumption by captive mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G., E.A. Driver and Michael C.S. Kingsley
Pages
1567-1570
Issue
8
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Growth Rate 195 maximum growth rate based on body weight g/wk Female Juvenile 72 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Body temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate of an unrestrained domestic mallard duck, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus

Author(s)
Smith, E. Norbert, Connie Peterson, and Kenneth Thigpen
Pages
19-20
Year
Volume
54A
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 34.9 respiration rate during darkness breaths/min Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets unrestrained 1.29 SE Laboratory

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 7-06 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 758 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 7-00 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 35 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 33.3 estimated breeding density in open field habitat (24 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
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