Birds

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Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

The effect of burrow site use on the reproductive success of a partially migratory population of western burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea)

Author(s)
Botelho, Eugene S., and Patricia C. Arrowood
Pages
233-240
Year
Issue
3
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 8.8 mean clutch size in artificial burrows eggs/clutch Female Adult 8 clutches, 66 eggs New Mexico State University Exposure Factor Datasets 1.8 SE
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.5 mean fledging rate in artificial burrows fledglings/nest Not Reported Juvenile 8 clutches, 66 eggs New Mexico State University Exposure Factor Datasets 1.5 SE
Citation:

Artificial burrows provide new insight into burrowing owl nesting biology

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J. and Lawrence J. Blus
Pages
82-85
Year
Issue
3
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 4 burrows Umatillo and Morrow counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Sexual size dimorphism, mate choice, and productivity of burrowing owls

Author(s)
Plumpton, David L and R. Scott Lutz
Pages
724-727
Year
Issue
3
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.38 mean productivity chicks/nesting territory Both Male and Female Adult 33 nests Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis September period by which fledging is complete Both Male and Female Adult 18 birds Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Metabolic rates of red-tailed hawks and great horned owls

Author(s)
Pakpahan, Ani M., Jonathon B. Haufler and Harold H. Prince
Pages
1000-1002
Year
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.566 mean standard metabolic rate ml o^2/g bw/hr Male Adult 4 birds Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 0.080 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1,588 mean body weight g Female Adult 2 birds Exposure Factor Datasets fasted 147 Laboratory
Citation:

Food consumption and pellet formation rates in four owl species

Author(s)
Marti, Carl D.
Pages
178-181
Year
Issue
2
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 62.6 average daily consumption on an all mouse diet g/d Not Reported Adult 1 owl collected in Larimer County, CO Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of numbers of individual owls counted annually on a 1476 sq km study site individuals/study site Both Male and Female Adult 4 years Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (3.6%), meadow mice (64.5%), shrews (0.3%), weasels (0.6%), red squirrel (0.3%), pocket gopher (23.5%), snowshoe rabbit (2.8%), ruffed grouse (1.4%) sage grouse (0.3%), mallard (0.6%), sm-med sized birds (1.4%), sucker (0.8%) percent occurrence of prey items in diet during nesting % Not Reported Not Reported 361 food items, 4 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day g Both Male and Female Not Reported 2 birds Exposure Factor Datasets captive Laboratory
Citation:

Non-territorial 'floaters' in great horned owls: space use during a cyclic peak of snowshoe hares

Author(s)
Rohner, Christoph
Pages
901-912
Year
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Territory Size 4.83 mean territory size of territorial pairs square km Both Male and Female Adult 16 territories Kluane Lake (60 deg57'N, 138deg12'W), Yukon Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.40 SE
Citation:

Great horned owl food habits at Mono Lake, California

Author(s)
Aigner, Paul A., Michael L. Morrison, Linnea S. Hall, and William M. Block
Pages
286-288
Year
Issue
3
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Sylvilagus spp. (1.0%), unident. lagomorphs (0.2%), Peromyscus maniculatus (42.%), Microtus monatus (23.7%), unident. rodents (2.9%), Myotis spp. (1.9%), unident. mammal (1.5%), Podiceps nigricollis (1.0%), unident. rail (0.2%), Larus californicus (1.7%), unident. owl (0.4%), unident. blackbird (0.4%), unident. large bird (4.6%), unident. medium bird (1.2%), unident. small bird (6.9%), unident. vertebrate (1.0%), insects (8.3%), scorpions (0.4%) percent occurence of prey items in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 219 pellets, 518 remains Paoha Island, Mono Lake Exposure Factor Datasets Mono
Citation:

The nesting, reproductive performance, and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl in south-central Montana

Author(s)
Seidensticker, John C. and Harry V. Reynolds
Pages
408-418
Year
Issue
4
Volume
83
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting mid-Feb to Jun 20 period from first territory selection to last brood fledged Both Male and Female Adult 15 nests south-central Montana Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food habits of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) in a Patagonian steppe in Argentina

Author(s)
Trejo, Ana, and Dora Grigera
Pages
306-311
Year
Issue
4
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition rodents (98.5%), birds + insects + reptiles + lagomorphs (1.5%) percent of prey types in diet (seasonal average) Not Reported Adult 522 pellets near Bariloche, northwest. Patagonia Exposure Factor Datasets ARGENTINA

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Delayed nesting decreases reproductive success in northern flickers: implications for competition with European starlings

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
321-326
Year
Issue
2
Volume
67
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.09 average number of fledglings from clutches laid early in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) fledglings/clutch Not Reported Fledgling 11 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.75 average number of fledglings from clutches laid late in the breeding season (1990-1992, 1994) fledglings/clutch Not Reported Fledgling 4 clutches New Concord, Muskingum County (40 deg, 00'N, 81 deg, 46'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Growth Rate review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

Population estimates of breeding birds in North Dakota

Author(s)
Stewart, Robert E., and Harold A. Kantrud
Pages
766-788
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1.26 (20) mean density of breeding birds (maximum density in parentheses) pairs/square mile Both Male and Female Adult 130 sample units (160 acres/unit) Exposure Factor Datasets

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal early to mid-June timing of arrival of spring migrants Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Time of Mating/ Laying mid-June time by which first eggs laid Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Citation:

A high incidence of brown-headed cowbird parasitism of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Sedgwick, James A. and Fritz L. Knopf
Pages
253-256
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 18.2% percent of parasitized nests with at least one fledgling Not Reported Fledgling 11 nests Illinois River, Arapahoe National Wildlife Refuge (elev. 2,500 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Time and energy budgets of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) during the breeding season

Author(s)
Ettinger, Amelia O. and James R. King
Pages
533-546
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Metabolic Rate total daily energy expenditure kJ/d Female Adult 2-6 birds per breeding phase Hudson Biological Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Feeding-time minimization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Author(s)
Prescott, David R.C. and Alex L.A. Middleton
Pages
17-28
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 4 first clutch size in 13/14 females observed eggs/nest Female Adult 14 females Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

The energetic significance of huddling behavior in common bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus)

Author(s)
Chaplin, Susan B.
Pages
424-430
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.96 approximate basal rate of nocturnal oxygen consumption, measured at 30 deg C cc O^2/g/h Not Reported Adult 12 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate metabolic rate = 0.36(ambient T) + 14.64 linear regression equation for relationship between nocturnal metabolism and ambient temperature Not Reported Adult 12 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.4 average number of fledglings produced per nest fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 64 clutches, 245 eggs Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Clutches or Litters per year number of second clutches laid per season clutches/yr Both Male and Female Adult 27 pairs Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Status of loggerhead shrikes in the sagebrush habitat of southwestern Idaho

Author(s)
Woods, Christopher P.
Pages
150-154
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of nesting density, 2 study areas Both Male and Female Adult 10-19 pairs/study area Ada, Elmore, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Not Reported Adult 4 birds Ada, Elmore, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 16.9 average incubation period, 4 years d Both Male and Female Embryo 55 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 16.8 d Not Reported Fledgling 28 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Resource dependence and territory size in loggehead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
465-469
Year
Issue
2
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Territory Size 9.3 ha Both Male and Female Adult 10 pairs Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets 3.8 SD
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.1 mean number of fledglings produced per nesting attempt fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 24 clutches Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean review Both Adults and Juveniles Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the bell vireo in southern Indiana

Author(s)
Nolan, Val, Jr.
Pages
225-244
Year
Issue
4
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Hatchling 3 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets day of hatch
Duration of Incubation or Gestation Not Reported Embryo 3 eggs Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
1-17
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Hatching Success review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Food habits of the vireos: a family of insectivorous birds

Author(s)
Chapin, Edward A.
Pages
1-41
Publisher
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department Bulletin No. 1355
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Hemiptera (34.43%), Orthoptera (18.52%), Lepidoptera (20.63%), Coleoptera (15.26%), Hymenoptera (6.44%), other insects and spiders (2.71%), vegetable food (0.7%) percent occurrence of food items in stomachs Not Reported Not Reported 52 stomachs Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Song sparrows grow and shrink with age

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M., Peter Arcese, and Dolph Schluter
Pages
210-212
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries
Body Weight - Mean g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2-17 birds Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets 9 - >90 wks CANADA
Citation:

Reproductive success of grassland birds at east-central Illinois airports

Author(s)
Kershner, Eric L., and Eric K. Bollinger
Pages
358-366
Year
Volume
136
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 0.02 nest density nests/ha Both Male and Female Adult 4 nests airports in east-central IL Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter, James N. M. Smith, Wesley M. Hochachka, Christopher M. Rogers, and Donald Ludwig
Pages
805-822
Year
Issue
3
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling 15 years Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter and James N. M. Smith
Pages
119-136
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 16.81 mean mass of nestlings with suppl. food 6 d old g Not Reported Nestling 48 nestlings Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.3 SE
Citation:

Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows Part II: Density, Age Structure, and Maintanance

Author(s)
Johnston, Richard F.
Pages
254-272
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 8-10 pairs/acre Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M
Pages
154-172
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 6 years Male Chick, Not Reported 2 males out of 51 male and female; 7 year study Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Survival and mobility in a population of pacific coast song sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldii)

Author(s)
Halliburton, Richard and Richard L. Mewaldt
Pages
499-504
Year
Issue
4
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Survival/ Mortality 45 annual survival rates of adult song sparrows at Point Reyes % Both Male and Female Adult 539 birds Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 24.75 over 90 wks g Female Adult 2 birds Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets over 90 wks CANADA 2.1 SE

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

Specific limits and distribution of meadowlarks of the desert grassland

Author(s)
Lanyon, Wesley E.
Pages
183-207
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean 101.5 mean body weight g Male Adult 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Body Weight - Mean 75.9 mean body weight g Female Adult 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Effects of female pairing status and timing of breeding on nesting productivity in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)

Author(s)
Dickinson, T.E., J.B. Falls, and J. Kopachena
Pages
3093-3101
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.41 mean size of clutches laid early (pre-May 1), mid (May 1-10), or late season (post-May 10) eggs/clutch Female Adult 41 nests near Delta, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.14 SE
Hatching Success 19/31 proportion of successful nests (hatched at least one egg) in which entire clutch hatched Both Male and Female Adult 41 nests near Delta, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 60.2% percent of eggs producing downy young in succesful nests (nests producing at least one young) Female Adult 133 nests Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age of first nesting in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Williams, Lovett E., Jr. and Ted Joanen
Pages
279-280
Year
Issue
3
Volume
86
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 age of first nesting yr Not Reported Adult 13 nests Barataria Bay Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas

Author(s)
Campo, Joseph J., Bruce C. Thompson, John C. Barron, Raymond Telfair, II, Phil Durocher and Steve Gutreuter
Pages
135-144
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2.3 kg Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 420 cormorants east TX Exposure Factor Datasets 0.02 SE
Citation:

Breeding success of double-crested cormorants in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Author(s)
Stenzel, Lynne E., Harry R. Carter, R. Philip Henderson, Steven D. Emslie, Mark J. Rauzon, Gary W. Page, and Patrick Y. O'Brien
Pages
216-224
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.1+/- 0.1 to 3.2+/- 0.1 mean number of eggs/nest (over 3 years) Female Adult 263-312 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 76% proportion of nests in which at least one egg hatched Both Male and Female Hatchling 1056 nests San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting phenology of the double-crested cormorant

Author(s)
Kushlan, James A. and Linda C. McEwan
Pages
201-206
Year
Issue
2
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting year-round time during which active nests were observed Both Male and Female Adult 30 colonies south FL Exposure Factor Datasets

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 104 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 17 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets late prealternate molt 10 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 134 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 12 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets alternate plumate - early migrants, paired 7 SE
Citation:

Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota

Author(s)
Swanson, George A., Mavis I. Meyer, and Vyto A. Adomaitis
Pages
197-203
Year
Issue
1
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Total animal, 71.9: Gastropoda, 16.4; Insecta, 27.1; Crustacea, 12.9, Oligochaeta, 11.8.
Total plant, 28.1; seeds, 24.8; vegetation 3.3; roots and tubers, 2.8. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Female Not Reported 37 drift praire and Missouri Coteau in south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season, laying female
Citation:

Duck nesting in fields of undisturbed grass-legume cover

Author(s)
Duebbert, H.F. and J.T. Lokemoen
Pages
39-49
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 76.6 nests/km2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported western edge of Edmunds Co., South Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 9.3 eggs Female Yearling 7 nests prairie pothole region in North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 10.3 eggs Female Adult 46 nests prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.1 SD
Citation:

Feeding ecology of mallards wintering in Nebraska

Author(s)
Jorde, Dennis G., Gary L. Krapu and Richard D. Crawford
Pages
1044-1053
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Foraging Distance 3.8 foraging distance in grazed corn stubble; for foraging distance over other types of terrain, see table 3, p. 1050 km Not Reported Not Reported 66 Platte River between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets 0.4 SE
Dietary Composition corn (51.7%), milo (2.6%), other plant (16.5%), mollusca (snails, clams; 2.9%), insecta (0.3%) food item occurrence in esophageal contents, expressed as aggregate percent dry weight Not Reported Not Reported 68 birds along Platte River, between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of changing irrigation practices on waterfowl habitat use in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Barnum, D.A. and N.H. Euliss, Jr.
Pages
10-21
Year
Issue
1
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 1.0 For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported not reported Tulare Basin, Kern National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets wintering birds
Population Density 0.25 For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported hunting clubs Exposure Factor Datasets wintering birds
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 46 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Juvenile Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The Central, Imperial, and Coachella Valleys of California

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E., Daniel P. Connelly, and Roger L. Pederson
Pages
475-505
Publisher
Texas Tech University Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 314,712 mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Distribution and survival of mallards banded at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Author(s)
Jarvis, Robert L., and Sean B. Furniss
Pages
292-301
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.569 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Female Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.105 (SE)
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (71%), fauna (29%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 26-35 d
Citation:

Growth and energy consumption by captive mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G., E.A. Driver and Michael C.S. Kingsley
Pages
1567-1570
Issue
8
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 191 metabolized energy in 8 week old mallards kcal/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 15 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The length of incubation in relation to nest initiation date and clutch size in dabbling ducks

Author(s)
Feldheim, Cliff L.
Pages
997-1001
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 24.5 mean incubation period d Female Adult 66 nests near Devil's Lake (48deg10'N, 98deg90'W) Exposure Factor Datasets 4.1 2SD
Citation:

Home range and habitat use of forest-dwelling mallards in Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E., John H. Riechmann and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
215-219
Year
Issue
2
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 540 ha Female Adult 8 Bemidji, Beltrami Co. Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Harold F. Duebbert and David E. Sharp
Pages
1-28
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April 26 - June 6 Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heart and body growth in ducks

Author(s)
Gille, U. and F.V. Salomon
Pages
75-81
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 1.81%/d maximum growth rate relative to asymptotic weight Male Juvenile 48 Exposure Factor Datasets 0-154 d Laboratory

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

Body water and water flux in fresh water and sea-water acclimated clapper rails, Rallus longirostris

Author(s)
Hammons, Ralph L., Maryanne R. Hughes and Ralph R. Moldenhauer
Pages
539-541
Year
Issue
3
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 261.7 mean body weight in fresh water acclimated birds g Not Reported Adult 8 High Island, Chambers Co. Exposure Factor Datasets 8.4

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 42.2 mean body weight g Female Adult 158 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 3.0 SD

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 30.2 estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Post-fledging departure from colonies by juvenile Least Terns in Texas: implications for estimating production

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C., and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
2
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies fledglings/breeding pairs Not Reported Fledgling 26-140 pairs/colony Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.39 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The peregrine falcon: life history and population literature

Author(s)
Hickey, Joseph J. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
3-42
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.46 fledglings/brood Both Male and Female Fledgling 48 broods Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

The natural regulation of peregrine falcon populations

Author(s)
Hunt, W. Grainger
Pages
667-676
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review review of factors controlling population density Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

Reproductive patterns in captive American kestrels (sparrow hawks)

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
46-53
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 27 mean number of days between 5th egg laid and 5th egg hatched d Both Male and Female Embryo 3 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets 0.58 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 21 median hatching date Both Male and Female Hatchling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

An evaluation of heart rate as an indirect measure of daily energy metabolism of the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
273-289
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 23.06 daily energy metabolism based on heart rate (30 C) and a linear regression equation for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumed kcal/d Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.03 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (39%), insect (60%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 95 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in a cold desert ecosystem

Author(s)
Howe, Frank P. and Lester D. Flake
Pages
467-472
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 0.50 survival rate from incubation to fledging (26 days) Both Male and Female Nestling 24 nests Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Life history and productivity of a population of western mourning doves in California

Author(s)
Cowan, John B.
Pages
505-521
Year
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 14-15 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in fruit orchards in north-central Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L., Dwight G. Smith, David M. Gaudet and Albert W. Erickson
Pages
230-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1.8 mean number of eggs laid per nesting attempt Female Adult 123 nests Rufus Woods Lake area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Author(s)
Mirarchi, Ralph E. and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
1-32
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Molt review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

An eleven-year summary of mourning dove observations in the west

Author(s)
McClure, H. Elliott
Pages
335-346
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 21.7 average number of birds per 100 miles of survey route birds/100 mi Not Reported Not Reported 1000 mi surveyed/mo near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Gonadal and hormonal characteristics of juvenile female mourning doves in Virginia

Author(s)
Mirarchi, R.E., P.F. Scanlon, F.C. Gwazdauskas and R.L. Kirkpatrick
Pages
415-425
Year
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Body Weight - Mean 114.3 mean body weight g Female Juvenile 5 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 131 days 3.3 SE
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Texas

Author(s)
Swank, Wendell G.
Pages
495-505
Year
Issue
3
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 6.7 mean number of fledglings produced per adult female fledglings/female Both Male and Female Fledgling 7 marked pairs Texas A&M College campus Exposure Factor Datasets
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