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Anas platyrhynchos

Citation:

Comparative toxicity of lead shot in black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrynchos)

Author(s)
Rattner, Barnett A., W. James Fleming and Christine M. Bunck
Pages
175-183
Year
Issue
2
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased body weight and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity versus controls Male Adult 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations versus controls Male Adult 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight and hematocrit versus controls Male Juvenile 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) 60% @ 2 shot, 30% @ 4 shot cumulative mortality Male Adult 10/treatment group 0, 2, or 4 #four lead shot TOX-MORT - dose-response data single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 2 #four shot mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) 0, 931,000 shot/acre (field exposure) or 2 # four shot (lab exposure) TOX-MORT - dose-response data single (lab exposure) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (lab exposure) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 931,000 shot/acre or 2 #four pellets spleen weight and total white blood cell counts versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) 0, 931,000 shot/acre (field exposure) or 2 # four shot (lab exposure) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single (lab exposure) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (lab exposure) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 3.47 (1.38), blood; 32.16 (11.60), liver; 114.78 (28.96), femur @ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentration in liver, femur and blood Male Adult 11 birds 2 # four shot TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 4.15 (3.56), blood; 13.85 (7.96), liver; 577.07 (156.4), femur@ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentrations in liver, femur and blood Female Adult 5 birds 2 # four shot TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 2 #four shot spleen plaque forming cell counts, % packed cell volume versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 16 (2 #four shot) 63 (field exposure) 0, 931,000 shot/acre or 2 # four shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single (shot) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (2 #four shot) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Enzyme changes in mallard ducks fed iron or lead shot

Author(s)
Rozman, Robert S., Louis N. Locke and S. Finley McClure III
Pages
435-445
Year
Issue
3
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased with all treatments incidence of hemosiderosis in liver vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot incidence of inclusion bodies in kidney vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) no effect serum enzyme levels versus controls (at 30 or 60 d post dose) Male Adult 2/group 0, 8, 16, 32, 64 #four iron shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Lead contamination in the mallard (Anas platyrynchos) in Italy

Author(s)
Tirelli, E., N. Maestrini, S. Govoni, E. Catelli and R. Serra
Pages
729-733
Year
Volume
56
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ > 60 ug/dl blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Not Reported World Wildlife Fund Refuge, Tuscany 21 birds 10-120 ug/dl blood (mean 46 +/- 25 sd) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects NR site contamination (primary uptake via ingestion) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of ingested lead on antibody production in mallards (Anas platyrynchos)

Author(s)
Trust, Kimberly A., Michael W. Miller, James K. Ringelman and Ian M. Orme
Pages
316-322
Year
Issue
3
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 7, 14, 21 d post-dose concentration of lead in blood versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 1 #four shot mortality rate by 15 d post-dose versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-MORT - dose-response data single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 1 #four shot, 7, 14, 21 d. post-dose agglutination titers to sheep red blood cells versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects on wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchards

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J., Charles J. Henny, T. Earl Kaiser and Robert A. Grove
Pages
159-174
Year
Volume
48
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
ENDRIN breast muscle=non-detect.; liver=non-detect.-0.05; fat=non-detect.-0.50 ppm, wet wt tissue endrin residues Not Reported Not Reported Wenatchee 7-10 animals 1.3-1.7 kg/ha TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR pesticide application (late fall) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of lead nitrate ingestion on open-field behavior of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Frederick, Robert B.
Pages
739-742
Year
Issue
6
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD NITRATE no effect (3 or 8 d) open field behavior scores versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 26-28/group 0,5,50,500 ppm lead as lead nitrate TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - behavioral effects 3 or 8 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD NITRATE decreased @ 5 ppm (8 d exposure) mean percentage weight gain versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 26-28/group 0,5,50,500 ppm lead as lead nitrate TOX-REPRO - development 3 or 8 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Neurotoxic and teratogenic effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (phenyl phosphorothioic acid-o-ethyl-o-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) on mallard development

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J. and Louis Sileo
Pages
284-294
Year
Volume
73
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
EPN decreased @ 12 ug/g (82%); 36 ug/g (77%); 108 ug/g (70%) percent survival versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-MORT - dose-response data single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 12, 36, 108 ug/g brain weight, acetylcholinesterase activity, neurotoxic esterase activity versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 108 ug/g brain protein content versus controls Not Reported Embryo 10/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 36 (cholineserase only), 108 ug/g plasma alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase activities, and uric acid Not Reported Embryo 12/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 12, 36, 108 ug/g embryo weight and length, % normal survivors versus controls Not Reported Embryo 12/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-REPRO - development single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 12 ug/g (48%), 36 ug/g (29%), 108 ug/g (0%) % surviving to hatch versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 12/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-MORT - dose-response data single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
EPN decreased @ 12, 36 ug/g plasma cholinesterase activity, hemoglobin and uric acid content Not Reported Hatchling 12/group 0,12,36,108 ug/g egg TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Tissue-specific bioenergetic effects and increased enzymatic activities following acute sublethal peroral exposure to cyanide in the mallard duck

Author(s)
Ma, Juntao and Chris A. Pritsos
Pages
297-302
Year
Volume
142
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CYANIDE decreased @ all doses ATP levels in liver and brain tissues versus controls Female Adult 5/treatment 0,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANIDE no effect ATP levels in heart versus controls Female Adult 5/treatment 0,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANIDE increased rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in brain versus controls Female Adult 5/treatment 0,1.0 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANIDE no effect rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in liver and heart versus controls Female Adult 5/treatment 0,1.0 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Biochemical assessment of cyanide-induced toxicity in migratory birds from gold mining hazardous waste ponds

Author(s)
Pritsos, Chris A. and Juntao Ma
Pages
203-209
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CYANIDE increased @ 1, 2 mg/kg bw serum creatine kinase activity versus controls Female Adult at least 5 determinations/group 0,1,2 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
CYANIDE decreased @ 0.5,1,2 mg/kg bw respiratory control ratios in heart, liver and brain versus controls Female Adult at least 5 determinations/group 0,0.5,1,2 mg/kg bw (as KCN) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight and food consumption versus controls Both Male and Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) no effect incidence of lead poisoning tissue lesions versus controls Both Male and Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 112.27 (+/- 44.27); lead-iron: 32.65 (+/- 16.58) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in bone (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 10.22 (+/- 1.46); lead-iron: 3.38 (+/- 0.56) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in bone (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.71 (+/- 0.25); lead-iron: 0.31 (+/- 0.06) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.49 (+/-0.10); lead-iron: 0.23 (+/- 0.04) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in blood (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group 0, 1 #four lead shot, or 1 #four iron-lead shot (47.5% lead) TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
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