LEAD (elemental)

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Citation:
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Lab
LEAD (elemental) Increased Heart blood clot concentration NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) See citation Blood concentration Not Reported 12 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 0.02 ± 0.02 µg/g ww Blood concentration B Both Adults and Juveniles 3 Samandağ & Dörtyol Toxicity Factor Datasets TURKEY
LEAD (elemental) Decreased Body weight NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) No effect Liver concentration Not Reported 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 0.03 ± 0.01 µg/g ww Kidney concentration B Both Adults and Juveniles 3 Samandağ & Dörtyol Toxicity Factor Datasets TURKEY
LEAD (elemental) Increased Blood concentration NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 0.04 µg/g dw Liver concentration NR Hatchling 4 Hamilton Harbour, Western Lake Ontario Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 0.03 ± 0.02 µg/g ww Liver concentration B Both Adults and Juveniles 3 Samandağ & Dörtyol Toxicity Factor Datasets TURKEY
LEAD (elemental) See citation Figure 3 Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 0.03 µg/g dw Liver concentration NR Hatchling 4 Snake and Pigeon Islands, Eastern Lake Ontario Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
LEAD (elemental) Median: 279.6, geometric mean: 1116.6 ng/g Feather concentration NR Nestling 21 Birama Swamp Toxicity Factor Datasets CUBA
LEAD (elemental) See citation Figure 3 Erythrocyte protoporphryin activity NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 41.2 ppb dw ± 40.9 Egg concentration Embryo 2 Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 0.26 µg/g ww Liver concentration NR Nestling 5 Mangrove estuary, west coast of Everglades National Park Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) See citation Figure 3 Hematocrit NR Not Reported 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 4481 ppb dw ± 741 Feather concentration Both Adults and Juveniles 5 Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 23.02 mg/kg Femur concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) San Pedro: <0.5, Roosevelt: <0.5, Alamo: <0.5 µg/g dw Egg concentration San Pedro: 5, Roosevelt: 2, Alamo: 1 Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) 0.55 mg/kg Liver concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) See citation Table 1 Hair concentration B Pup 199 Gulf of California Toxicity Factor Datasets MEXICO
LEAD (elemental) 23.21 mg/kg Femur concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) Review Blood concentration Canary Islands Toxicity Factor Datasets SPAIN
LEAD (elemental) 0.50 mg/kg Liver concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 0.006 ± 0.0008 µg/g ww Eggshell concentration NR Embryo 12 Guadeloupe, French West Indies Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) 0.58 mg/kg Kidney concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 88.8 ± 15.1 ppb Blood concentration of live-captured 29 Pine Barrens Toxicity Factor Datasets USA Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) Review Eggshell concentration NR Embryo 2 Haha-Jimma Island Toxicity Factor Datasets JAPAN
LEAD (elemental) 0.11 mg/kg Thigh muscle concentration NR Not Reported 10 Chesterfield County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA

Pacific Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Citation:
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
LEAD (elemental) 0.013 ± 0.0012 µg/g ww Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 12 Guadeloupe, French West Indies Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) Blood concentration Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) Review Egg concentration Not Reported Embryo 55 Peninsular Malaysia Toxicity Factor Datasets MALAYSIA
LEAD (elemental) Kidney concentration Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets JAPAN
LEAD (elemental) 0.006 ± 0.0008 µg/g ww Eggshell concentration Not Reported Embryo 12 Guadeloupe, French West Indies Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) Liver concentration Not Reported Not Reported Toxicity Factor Datasets JAPAN
LEAD (elemental) Review Eggshell concentration Not Reported Embryo 2 Haha-Jimma Island Toxicity Factor Datasets JAPAN
LEAD (elemental) Review Eggshell concentration Not Reported Embryo 30 Hong Kong Toxicity Factor Datasets CHINA
LEAD (elemental) 0.03 µg/g dw, 0.006 ww Plasma concentration Not Reported 9 Big Bend, Citrus County Toxicity Factor Datasets USA
LEAD (elemental) 1.11 ± 0.06 µg/g Blood concentration Both Male and Female Juvenile 7 Bahia Salado Toxicity Factor Datasets CHILE
LEAD (elemental) 0.003 ± 0.002 µg/g ww Egg concentration Both Male and Female Embryo 11 Pacific Coast Toxicity Factor Datasets PANAMA
LEAD (elemental) Review Blood concentration Antofogasta region Toxicity Factor Datasets CHILE
LEAD (elemental) 3.31 ± 0.65 µg/g ww Yolk concentration Both Male and Female Embryo 48 eggs, 12 nests Chabahar Beach Toxicity Factor Datasets IRAN
LEAD (elemental) Review Blood concentration San Diego Bay Toxicity Factor Datasets San Diego USA
LEAD (elemental) 3.02 ± 0.97 µg/g ww Albumen concentration Both Male and Female Embryo 48 eggs, 12 nests Chabahar Beach Toxicity Factor Datasets IRAN
LEAD (elemental) Review Blood concentration Queensland Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA
LEAD (elemental) 4.25 ± 0.56 µg/g ww Eggshell concentration Both Male and Female Embryo 48 eggs, 12 nests Chabahar Beach Toxicity Factor Datasets IRAN
LEAD (elemental) Review Blood concentration Canary Islands Toxicity Factor Datasets SPAIN
LEAD (elemental) 0.77 ± 0.20 µg/g ww Blood concentration Both Male and Female Embryo 48 eggs, 12 nests Chabahar Beach Toxicity Factor Datasets IRAN
LEAD (elemental) Tumor score 0: 4.77, score 1: 3.77, score 2: 7.76, score 3: 11.15 µg/g dw Blood concentration Female Juvenile Tumor score 0: 13, score 1: 4, score 2: 4, score 3: 6 Sao Paulo Toxicity Factor Datasets BRAZIL
LEAD (elemental) Reference intervals for blood concentration Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 49 Howick Group of Islands Toxicity Factor Datasets AUSTRALIA

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Effects of chronic dietary lead in American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Franson, J. Christian, Louis Sileo, Oliver H. Pattee and John F. Moore
Pages
110-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) increase at 50 ppm
1.3 ppm (1.00 SD) males; 2.4 ppm (1.40 SD) females 		mean lead concentration in liver Both Male and Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect mean organ and carcass weights Both Male and Female Adult 16 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee, Christine M. Bunck, and Helen C. Murray
Pages
431-439
Year
Issue
2
Volume
80
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 31% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
14% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw 		hematocrit Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 48% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
27% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw
12% decrease at 25 mg/kg bw 		red blood cell hemoglobin content Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decrease at all doses (45-59%) red blood cell delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 30% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
25% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw 		plasma creatine phosphokinase Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decrease at 125, 625 mg/kg bw (47-57%) brain delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Eggshell thickness and reproduction in American kestrels exposed to chronic dietary lead

Author(s)
Pattee, Oliver H.
Pages
29-34
Year
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) no effect eggshell thickness Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect lead concentration in eggshell Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 62.0 ppm tibia, 13.5 ppm humeri at 50 ppm lead concentrations in bones Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Dietary exposure of kestrels to lead

Author(s)
Stendell, Rey C.
Pages
527-530
Year
Issue
2
Volume
44
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 0.367 (0.129 SE) ppm at 49 mg/d mean lead concentration (wet wt) in liver Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 28.70 (2.6 SE) ppm at 49 mg/d mean lead concentration (wet wt) in bone Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on captive mourning dove survivability and reproduction

Author(s)
Buerger, Theodore T., Ralph E. Mirarchi and Michael E. Lisano
Pages
1-8
Year
Issue
1
Volume
50
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight at hatch Not Reported Hatchling 25 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect mortality Female Adult 25 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 169.2 ug/g, dry wt. lead concentration in bone Not Reported Adult 10 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 33.9 SE Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) 198.2 ug/g, dry wt lead concentration in bone Not Reported Adult 10 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets 39.9 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the blood of mourning doves dosed with lead

Author(s)
Castrale, John S., and Mark Oster
Pages
265-272
Year
Volume
102
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased at all doses delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)activity in blood Both Male and Female Adult 10 birds/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on free-ranging mourning doves

Author(s)
Carrington, Mary E., and Ralph E. Mirarchi
Pages
173-179
Year
Volume
43
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
LEAD (elemental) no effect post-dosing survival of free-ranging radio-transmittered birds Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 26 treated birds, 29 control birds Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Tissue lead concentrations and blood characteristics of mourning doves from southwestern Virginia

Author(s)
Kendall, Ronald J. and Patrick F. Scanlon
Pages
269-272
Year
Volume
11
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Not Reported Not Reported 5 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Histologic and ultrastructural lesions of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) poisoned by lead shot

Author(s)
Kendall, Ronald J., Patrick F. Scanlon and Hugo P. Veit
Pages
952-956
Year
Issue
6
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) light lesions present histological exam of acid-fast intranuclear inclusions of cells of kidney proximal convoluted tubules Not Reported Not Reported 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 2 #four shot spleen plaque forming cell counts, % packed cell volume versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 16 (2 #four shot)
63 (field exposure) 		Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 yr Sacramento Laboratory
Citation:

Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot

Author(s)
Finley, Mack T., Michael P. Dieter and Louis N. Locke
Pages
261-269
Year
Issue
3
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 3.53 (+/- 1.43); lead-iron: 1.42 (+/- 0.65) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 1.02 (+/- 0.22); lead-iron: 0.75 (+/- 0.10) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in kidneys (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 1.15 (+/- 0.29); lead-iron: 0.32 (+/- 0.05) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in liver (mean +/- SE) Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) lead only: 0.58 (+/- 0.19); lead-iron: 0.25 (+/- 0.02) ppm, wet wt lead concentration in liver (mean +/- SE) Male Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) decreased with increasing lead in bone number of eggs laid Female Adult control=2 F, 4 M; treatment=6 M-F pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) increased with lead shot (egg contents: 0.50 +/-0.06; egg shell: 2.80 +/-0.25 ppm, wet wt) and lead-iron shot (egg shell: 1.42 +/-0.26 ppm, wet wt) lead in egg contents and shell (mean +/- SE) versus controls Female Adult control=10 eggs; treatment=20 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mos Laboratory
Citation:

Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot administered to game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Kelly, M.E., S.D. Fitzgerald, R.J. Aulerich, R.J. Balander, D.C. Powell, R.L. Stickle, W. Stevens, C. Cray, R.J. Tempelman and S.J. Bursian
Pages
673-687
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS increased for lead shot mortality rate versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS increased for lead shot incidence of clinical signs versus other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS 10.3(0.7) ppm in femur, 14.1(0.6) ppm in liver, 6.8(0.2) in kidneys mean(SE) dry wt tungsten concentrations in tissues of tungsten-iron-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS reduced for lead shot body weight versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS 4.3(0.7) ppm in femur, non-detect. in liver, 2.4(0.2) in kidneys mean(SE) dry wt tungsten concentrations in tissues of tungsten-polymer-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS reduced for lead shot hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations versus all other groups Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS increased for lead shot plasma activities of alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase versus control group Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
LEAD (elemental), STEEL COMPOUNDS, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS increased for lead shot relative kidney weights versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 16/treatment Toxicity Factor Datasets 6 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards: Chronic health effects and effects on reproduction

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Karen L. Duncan, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey D. Brawn and James W. Seets
Pages
217-252
Year
Volume
35
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) decreased with Bi weight of hatchlings versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi survival to 7 d, organ histopathology, hematocrit, sex ratios, kidney or liver weights of ducklings versus controls Both Male and Female Juvenile 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi egg weight, eggshell thickness, fertility, hatchability versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no effect with Fe or Bi histopathology of kidney, liver, testis, heart, lung versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) 213(27.1) ppm, kidney; 91(4.55) ppm, liver; 9.8(3.22) ppm, ovary; 3.49(0.61) ppm, testis mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Pb in Pb-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) 237(17.2) ppm, kidney; 1936(233) ppm, liver; 90.6(6.85) ppm, ovary; 13.1(1.29) ppm, testis mean(SE) wet wt concentrations of Fe in Fe-dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 18 pairs/group (control, Fe, Bi); 6 pairs/Pb group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Some effects of vitamin E deficiency on hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase activity, lead, and a-tocopherol concentrations in tissues of lead-dosed mallard ducks

Author(s)
Sleet, R.B. and J.H. Soares, Jr.
Pages
71-78
Year
Volume
47
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD (elemental) 5.7 ppm (whole blood); 6.2 ppm (liver); 2.4 ppm (spleen) @ 300 mg/kg body weight lead concentrations in tissues, 96 hr after exposure to lead in ducklings receiving vitamin E Not Reported Juvenile 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets 1 d Laboratory
Citation:

Enzyme changes in mallard ducks fed iron or lead shot

Author(s)
Rozman, Robert S., Louis N. Locke and S. Finley McClure III
Pages
435-445
Year
Issue
3
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity vs controls Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased with all treatments incidence of hemosiderosis in liver vs controls Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot incidence of inclusion bodies in kidney vs controls Female Adult 8/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) no effect serum enzyme levels versus controls (at 30 or 60 d post dose) Male Adult 2/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of lead, iron, and bismuth allow shot embedded in the breast muscles of game-farm mallards

Author(s)
Sanderson, Glen C., William L. Anderson, George L. Foley, Stephen P. Havera, Loretta M. Skowron, Jeffrey W. Brawn, Gale D. Taylor and James W. Seets
Pages
688-697
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no differences mean survival times compared among lead, iron and bismuth dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no differences mean body weight and organ weights compared among lead, iron and bismuth dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS, IRON COMPOUNDS, LEAD (elemental) no differences mean hematocrit values compared among lead, iron and bismuth dosed birds Both Male and Female Adult 5 males, 5 females per group Toxicity Factor Datasets 6-8 mo Laboratory
Citation:

Lead contamination in the mallard (Anas platyrynchos) in Italy

Author(s)
Tirelli, E., N. Maestrini, S. Govoni, E. Catelli and R. Serra
Pages
729-733
Year
Volume
56
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ > 60 ug/dl blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Not Reported 21 birds World Wildlife Fund Refuge, Tuscany Toxicity Factor Datasets ITALY
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