Lizards and snakes (Squamata)

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Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer formerly Pituophis melanoleucus)

Citation:

Ventilation, gas exchange and blood gases in the snake, Pituophis melanoleucus

Author(s)
Stinner, Jerry N
Pages
279-298
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate log VO2 = 0.013 + 0.049T equation for oxygen consumption (logarithm of VO2; ul O2/g-h) as a function of body temperature (15-30C) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 11 captured at Riverside, CA Exposure Factor Datasets resting Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 655 g Not Reported Adult 11 captured at Riverside, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Inhalation Rate 363 (15C); 508 (20C); 709 (25C); 999 (30C) ventilation volume [ml (BTPS)/kg/hr) measured at 15-30 C ml/kg/hr Not Reported Adult 7 captured at Riverside, CA Exposure Factor Datasets resting Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 5.6 (15C); 9.8 (20C); 17.3 (25C); 30.4 (30C) oxygen consumption rates measured at body temperatures of 15-30C ml O2/kg/hr Not Reported Adult 4/temp captured at Riverside, CA Exposure Factor Datasets resting Laboratory
Citation:

Developmental effects of incubation temperature on hatchling pine snakes Pituophis melanoleucus

Author(s)
Burger, Joanna, Robert T. Zappalorti and Michael Gochfeld
Pages
727-732
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 8.8 eggs/clutch Female Adult 38 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 33.5 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 68 Exposure Factor Datasets 15 d 6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative ecology of two snake species (Crotalus viridis and Pituophis melanoleucus) in southwestern Idaho

Author(s)
Diller, Lowell V. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
343-360
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Dietary Composition Townsend ground squirrel (10.6%); Mountain conttontail (11.6%); Deer mouse (43.3%); Ord kangaroo rat (5.8%); Great Basin pocket mouse (5.8%); Montane vole (9.6%); House mouse (6.7%); Other species (6.7%) % frequency of prey based on stomach contents and scats % Not Reported Not Reported 104 prey items/455 snakes Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Townsend ground squirrel (30.3%); Mountain conttontail (34.4%); Deer mouse (15.8%); Ord kangaroo rat (5.9%); Great Basin pocket mouse (1.7%); Montane vole (5.6%); House mouse (2.2%); Other species (4.1%) % biomass of prey based on stomach contents and scat analysis % Not Reported Not Reported 104 prey items/455 snakes Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - Apr. Not Reported Not Reported 455 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 11.5 g Both Male and Female Neonate 9 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SD
Body Weight - Mean 45.0 g Male Juvenile 44 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 38.9 SD
Body Weight - Mean 59.8 g Female Juvenile 59 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 43.0 SD
Body Weight - Mean 238.4 g Male Adult 231 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 101.5 SD
Body Weight - Mean 267.9 g Female Adult 90 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 123.0 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 6.9 eggs/clutch Female Adult 20 Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets 2.10 SD
Time of Hatching or Parturition Oct. Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying June - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 125 d Female Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yr Male Adult Not Reported Snake River Birds of Prey Area, southwestern ID Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of body temperature on oxygen consumption and heart rate in the Sonora gopher snake, Pituophis catenfer affinis Hallowell

Author(s)
Greenwald, O.E.
Pages
98-106
Year
Volume
1971
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean 548 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.324/(37.4 - T) resting oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 10-35C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.198T - 0.126 active oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 10-29C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.0101T + 0.162 active oxygen consumption (OC) as a function of body temperature (T; 29-35C) ml O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Distribution and relative abundance of snakes along a transect in California

Author(s)
Sullivan, Brian K.
Pages
247-248
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of abundance along a transect crossing 3 habitat types #/km Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Corral Hollow Road (elev. 91 - 488 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, San Joaquin
Citation:

Pituophis melanoleucus (Daudin), Pine, Bull and Gopher Snakes

Author(s)
Sweet, Samuel S. and William S. Parker
Pages
1-8
Year
Volume
474
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)

Citation:

Ontogenetic changes in diet, field metabolic rate, and water flux in the herbivorous lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis

Author(s)
Mautz, William J. and Kenneth A. Nagy
Pages
640-658
Year
Issue
6
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition Aug. Not Reported Hatchling Not Reported Thousand Palms Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Growth Rate g/d Not Reported Hatchling 5 - 52/sampling time Thousand Palms Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Citation:

Dipsosaurus (Hallowell), Desert Iguana

Author(s)
Hulse, Arthur C.
Pages
1-6
Year
Volume
542
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Metabolic Rate review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

Citation:

Annual variation in reproduction in snakes in a fluctuating environment

Author(s)
Seigel, R.A. and H.S. Fitch
Pages
497-505
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size minimum and maximum mean annual clutch size young/litter Female Adult 158 over 9 yrs National History Reservation Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population size and survivorship of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, near the northern limit of its distribution

Author(s)
Larsen, Karl W. and Patrick T. Gregory
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality range of probability of surviving from spring of one year to spring of next year % Male Adult 43 - 132/yr for 3 yrs Wood Buffalo National Park (lat., 59^o49'N; long., 112^oW) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Quantitative genetics of maximal oxygen consumption in a garter snake

Author(s)
Garland, Theodore Jr. and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
R986-R992
Year
Volume
259
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 3.15 maximal oxygen consumption at 30C ml O2/hr Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 gravid adults captured near Lassen, CA Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58 d 0.845 SD Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 2.2 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 245 Exposure Factor Datasets mean age, 31.6 d; range 11-58d 0.350 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Feeding habits and diet overlap of three species of garter snakes (Thamnophis) on Vancouver Island

Author(s)
Gregory, Patrick T.
Pages
1967-1974
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition amphibians (41); earthworms (24); birds (1); leeches (1); misc. invertebrates (4); unidentified (13); empty (100) number of stomach examinations yielding various food types # Not Reported Not Reported 179 Vancouver Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorine and mercury residues in snakes from Pilot and Spider Islands, Lake Michigan - 1978

Author(s)
Heinz, Gary H., Susan D. Haseltine, Russell J. Hall and Alexander J. Krynitsky
Pages
738-743
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Fat (total or %) % lipid of whole animal (not including stomach contents) % Both Male and Female Adult 6 Pilot Island, Lake Michigan Exposure Factor Datasets

Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. sirtalis)

Citation:

The bioenergetics of hibernation in the eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

Author(s)
Costanzo, Jon P.
Pages
682-692
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.42 estimated from changes in body composition cal/g/d Both Male and Female Not Reported 13 captured in Portage County, WI Exposure Factor Datasets hibernating Laboratory
Citation:

Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and hematology in the garter snake: Implications for the "cost of reproduction" in live bearing reptiles

Author(s)
Birchard, Geoffrey F., Craig P. Black, Gordon W. Schuett and Virginia Black
Pages
519-523
Year
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 30.3 g Male Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 52.1 g Female Adult 3 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets non-pregnant 4.4 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.059 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Male Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.001 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.054 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 3 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets non-pregnant 0.011 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 52.5 g Female Adult 4 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 1 wk post-partum 1.8 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.065 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 4 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 1 wk post-partum 0.005 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 94.2 g Female Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets pregnant 10.2 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.095 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Female Adult 6 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets pregnant 0.010 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1.66 g Not Reported Neonate 8 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.119 resting oxygen consumption at 25C cm3 O2 STP/hr/g Not Reported Neonate 8 captured in Michigan and Ohio Exposure Factor Datasets 0.010 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Some aspects of the ecology of the eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) in a semi-disturbed habitat in west-central Illinois

Author(s)
Blaesing, Mark E.
Pages
177-181
Year
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 18.7 #/ha Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported McDonough County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stages in the normal development of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis

Author(s)
Zehr, David R.
Pages
322-329
Year
Volume
1962
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 12.9 young/litter Female Adult 104 Hanover Exposure Factor Datasets 6.1 SD
Citation:

Comparative ecology of the common garter snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis), the ribbon snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus) and Butler's garter snake (Thamnophis butleri) in mixed populations

Author(s)
Carpenter, Charles C.
Pages
235-238
Year
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition earthworms (80%); amphibians (5%); mammals, caterpillars and leeches (5%) % frequency of occurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 178 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 2.07 acres Both Male and Female Not Reported 1609 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 18 young/litter Female Adult 20 Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 482 #/48 acres Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Washtenaw County Exposure Factor Datasets

Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. parietalis)

Citation:

Seasonal changes in the body composition of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) at northern latitudes

Author(s)
Aleksiuk, Michael and Kenneth W. Stewart
Pages
484-490
Year
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Nov. - Apr. Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Weight - Mean range of monthly mean weights g Both Male and Female Adult 10-16/mo Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Body Fat (total or %) % ether-extractable lipids of total body weight (wet wt) % Both Male and Female Adult 10-16/mo Winnepeg, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Red-spotted Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. concinnus)

Citation:

Some observations on the natural history of two Oregon garter snakes (Genus Thamnophis)

Author(s)
Stewart, Glenn R.
Pages
71-86
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition late July - early Sept. Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 90 d Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 yr Male Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Female Adult Not Reported Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 8.2 determined by palpation young/litter Female Adult 18 Willamette Valley Exposure Factor Datasets

California Red-sided Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. infernalis)

Citation:

Diet and growth in juveniles of the garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis and Thamnophis radix radix

Author(s)
Scudder, Roy M. and Gordon M. Burghardt
Pages
74-85
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate increase in body mass on earthworm or mosquitofish diets g/d Not Reported Juvenile 13 captive-born to female from Humboldt County Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 4 mo Laboratory

Sideblotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana)

Citation:

Relation of oxygen consumption to body weight, temperature, and temperature acclimation in lizards Uta stansburiana and Sceloporus occidentalis

Author(s)
Dawson, William R. and George A. Bartholomew
Pages
40-51
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.60W^0.64 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 20C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 1.30W^0.47 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 30C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 1.32W^0.54 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 35C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 2.19W^0.55 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 40C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Citation:

Relation of oxygen consumption to body weight, temperature, and temperature acclimation in lizards Uta stansburiana and Sceloporus occidentalis

Author(s)
Dawson, William R. and George A. Bartholomew
Pages
40-51
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate OC = 0.52W^0.54 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 20C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 1.17W^0.64 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 30C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 1.66W^0.57 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 35C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate OC = 1.76W^0.68 equation relating resting oxygen consumption (OC) to body weight (W, g) at 40C cc O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 2-5/weight group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Sceloporus occidentalis (baird and Girard), Western fence lizard

Author(s)
Bell, Edwin L. and Andrew H. Price
Pages
1-17
Year
Volume
631
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Island Night Lizard (Xantusia riversiana)

Citation:

Xantusia riversiana (Cope), Island Night Lizard

Author(s)
Fellers, Gary M. and Charles A. Drost
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
518
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Valley Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. fitchi)

Citation:

Intrapopulation variation in ecological energetics of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, with analysis of the precision of doubly labeled water measurements

Author(s)
Peterson, Charles C., B. Michael Walton and Albert F. Bennett
Pages
333-349
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Metabolic Rate 9.18 field metabolic rate ml CO2/g/d Both Male and Female Adult 72 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Growth Rate 3.1 average increase in % of mean body mass per day % Both Male and Female Adult 78 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Food Ingestion Rate 14 average % of their body mass in frogs ingested per day, estimated from field metabolic rate % Both Male and Female Adult 72 Eagle Lake (elev., 1800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
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