Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)
Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRUDE OILS | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 4.7 | km^2 | Female | Adult | 8 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 2.9 SD |
| Home Range | 5.6 | km^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 9 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 1.9 SD |
| Home Range | 4.6 | km^2 | Male | Adult | 5 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 0.8 SD |
| Home Range | 6.8 | km^2 | Female | Adult | 4 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 2.3 SD |
| Home Range | 3.7 | km^2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 11 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 3.1 SD |
| Home Range | 0.8 | km^2 | Male | Adult | 3 | Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets | Residents | 0.8 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.4 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 3-6 years) | Female | Adult | 5 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 3-6 years | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 0.75 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 7-10 years) | Female | Adult | 12 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 7-10 years | Monterey | |
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 1.0 | pre-weaning survival rate (mothers aged 11-14 years) | Female | Adult | 4 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | 11-14 years | Monterey | |
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | 198 | d | Female | Adult | 53 | Monterey Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | > 3 years | Monterey |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | 0.85 | average basal metabolic rate in water | cc O2/g x hr | Not Reported | Not Reported | 13 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | Laboratory | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 0.99 | average metabolic rate in air | cc O2/g x hr | Not Reported | Not Reported | 10 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | Laboratory | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 1.21 | average metabolic rate in water | cc O2/g x hr | Not Reported | Not Reported | 13 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | Laboratory | ||
| Metabolic Rate | 0.72 | average basal metabolism in air | cc O2/g x hr | Not Reported | Not Reported | 10 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 0.06 | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | range of estimated gestation period, based on observations | mo | Female | Adult | 2 otters | near Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
| Time of Migration or Dispersal | observed ages at which pups were no longer observed with mothers | mo | Not Reported | Juvenile | 5 pups | near Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
| Body Weight - Mean | range of body weights | kg | Female | Adult | 2 otters | near Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 24.3 | combined male and female weights | kg | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.5 SE | Laboratory | |
| Body Weight - Mean | 18.6 | kg | Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |||
| Food Ingestion Rate | 21.6 | % of body mass/d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.3 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Water Ingestion Rate | 269 | mL/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 25 SE | Laboratory | ||
| Water Ingestion Rate | 62 | Sea water ingestion rate | mL / kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 27 SE | Laboratory | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | 234 | Daily total energy consumption | Kcal/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | 19 SE | Laboratory | |
| Food Ingestion Rate | 168 | Net metabolizable energy | Kcal/kg-d | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 29.5 | resident and non-resident males were not significantly different | kg | Male | Adult | 22 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.3 SE |
| Body Weight - Mean | Individual data available in Table 2 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 33 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 6.5 | yr | Male | 22 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Population Density | 15 | maximum density at this time of year | per 1000 ha | Male | Adult | 7 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | |
| Home Range | 40.3 | ha | Male | Adult | 10 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 4.0 SE | |
| Home Range | 78.0 | ha | Male | Adult | 5 | Central coast | Exposure Factor Datasets | 7.2 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Mating/ Laying | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | unidentifed crab (11.5%), pugettia (8.9%), cancer species (11.0%), unidentified abalone (0.7%), red abalone (1.0%), black abalone (0%), clam (2.9%), turbon snail (12.0%), kelp and holdfasts (0.2%), unidentifed (37.7%), mussel (2.6%), annelid (1.0%), limpet (0.2%), scallop (0%), octopus (6.2%), red urchin (0%), cucumaria (0.2%), purple uechin (1.0%), pisaster species (1.7%), barnacle (1.2%) | dietary composition for adults | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | 608 | Piedras Blancas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | unidentifed crab (15.0%), pugettia (4.5%), cancer species (6.8%), unidentified abalone (0%), red abalone (0%), black abalone (0%), clam (0.8%), turbon snail (19.6%), kelp and holdfasts (0%), unidentifed (42.9%), mussel (0.8%), annelid (0%), limpet (0%), scallop (0%), octopus (0.8%), red urchin (6.0%), cucumaria (0%), purple urchin (2.3%), pisaster species (0.8%), barnacle (0%) | dietary composition for juveniles | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | 156 | Piedras Blancas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 1.75 | kg | Male | Juvenile | 4 | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | newborn | |||
| Body Weight - Mean | 1.96 | kg | Female | Juvenile | 6 | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | newborn | |||
| Body Weight - Mean | 28.3 | kg | Male | Adult | 79 | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | 7.98 SD | |||
| Body Weight - Mean | 21.1 | kg | Female | Adult | 254 | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | 6.49 SD | |||
| Food Ingestion Rate | 4.04 | kg/d | Female | Adult | 1 | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory | ||||
| Dietary Composition | vertebrates (fish; 50%), mollusks (37%), echinoderms (11%), annelid worms (1%), tunicates (<1%), crabs/shrimp (<1%) | mean percent of total stomach content volume contributed by dietary items | Not Reported | Not Reported | 309 stomachs | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 4 | yr | Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | estimated gestation including delayed implantation period | mo | Female | Adult | 275 reproductive tracts | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||
| Clutches or Litters per year | annual reproductive rate, based on field count, sex ratio, reproductive tract data | % | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||||
| Clutch or Litter Size | 1 | litter size as indicated by reproductive tract examination | pup | Female | Adult | 278 reproductive tracts | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Survival/ Mortality | annual mortality over two years estimated from carcass searches on beaches | % | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 1 population (1076 otters) | Amchitka Island | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method | ha | Male | Adult | 9 animals | Monterey to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Home Range | daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method | ha | Male | Juvenile | 5 animals | Monterey to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Home Range | daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method | ha | Female | Adult | 16 animals | Monterey to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Home Range | daily home range, estimated from hourly trangulations during 24-hr watches using the minimum convex polygon method | ha | Female | Juvenile | 10 animals | Monterey to San Luis Obispo | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic Rate | see Figure 1 | oxygen consumption measured at 15-20 C | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fed | Laboratory | |
| Surface Area | see Figure 3 | estimated surface area | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Exposure Factor Datasets | fed | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | Pr {giving birth in a year} = 1- (1-p1)^120(1-p2)^65 | p1 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the high probability period p2 = daily probability of becoming pregnant during the remaining part of the year. p1 and p2 = 0.02 and 0.00067, respectively, based on observations from Prince William Sound, |
Female | Adult | 1,482 | Aleutian islands, AK | Exposure Factor Datasets | 2-16 years |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | clams (34-61%), mussels (7-20%), crabs (2-11%), other invertebrates (4-5%), unknown prey (12-33%) | relative occurences of prey items in diet, based on observation (range crosses three locations) | Not Reported | Adult | 752-833 foraging dives/site | Prince William Sound | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 50 | resident population density (see citation for map of study area) | animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Population Density | 150 | population density for resident and non-resident animals (see citation for map of study area) | animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Dietary Composition | abalone (43%), crabs (16%), urchins (13%), other (28%) | The composition is based on occurrence of observed items. | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 15-170 | Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant; Point San Luis to Point Buchon | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | 0.9 | annual reproductive rate based on number of pups born during monitoring period | pups/year | Female | Adult | 13 animals | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding | |
| Survival/ Mortality | 0.58 | pup survival rate to weaning | Not Reported | Juvenile | 19 animals | Exposure Factor Datasets | |||
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | <80 or >120 | estimate time period that pups spent with mothers | d | Not Reported | Juvenile | 24 animals | Exposure Factor Datasets | ||
| Longevity | 11 | oldest animal captured in study | yr | Female | Adult | 1 animal | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 54 | population density, 1975 - 1977 | Animals per study area | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 54 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | |
| Body Weight - Mean | Weight for males | kg | Male | Both Adults and Juveniles | 15 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Body Weight - Mean | Weight for females | kg | Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 9 | Monterey, CA | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | ||
| Home Range | 35 | Home range for territorial males | ha | Male | Adult | 4 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 8.75 SE |
| Home Range | 44 | Home range for non-territorial males | ha | Male | Adult | 7 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 13.36 SE |
| Home Range | 80 | ha | Female | Adult | 8 | Monterey | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey | 19.04 SE |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | review | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | sea urchins (47.8-70.2%), mussels (0.4-3.1%), sea stars (0.5-0.8%), crabs (1.4-5.2%), clams (0.4-1.8%), octopus (0.0-0.9%), anemone (0.0-0.2%), algal holdfasts (0.0-2.6%), fish (0.0-12.3%), fish eggs (0.0-0.9%), chitons (0.2-0.8%), coralline algae (0.0-0.2%), unknown (14.6-26.7%), unsuccessful (3.4-7.1%) | percentage (ranges) of total dives that resulted in capture of different prey items at three locations | Not Reported | Not Reported | 425-584 dives/location | Amchitka and Attu (Aleutian Islands), and Blanco Reef, OR | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | pismo clams (559), unidentified bivalves (1), rock crabs (1), market crabs (1), unidentified crabs (1), unidentied food items (15) | number of prey retreived, based on observations from shore | Not Reported | Not Reported | 578 observed retrievals | Pismo Beach | Exposure Factor Datasets | San Luis Obispo |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | December to February | peak period of birth | Female | Adult | Not Reported | Point Lobos State Reserve to Lucia | Exposure Factor Datasets | Monterey |
Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris ssp. nereis)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TIN, BUTYL | increase | otters that died of infectious disease contained butyltin liver concentrations greater than those that died of trauma | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8-14 animals | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-) | increase | otters that died from infectious diseases contained higher liver DDTs concentrations that those that died of trauma | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4-8 | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range of densities for entire study area for 2 yrs | #/km2 | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | Not Reported | Elkhorn Slough | Exposure Factor Datasets |
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