American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

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American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.1 fledged/active nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 36 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Mating/ Laying May 22 median date of laying Female Adult 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 21 median hatching date Both Male and Female Hatchling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July 29 median fledging date Both Male and Female Fledgling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Gessaman, J.A. and S.M. Harden
Pages
56-57
Year
Issue
1
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 8.51 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Female Adult 13 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 2.00 SE
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (57%), insect (42%), other (1%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 59 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (43%), insect (51%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 71 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (39%), insect (60%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 95 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (24%), insect (74%), other (2%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 104 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (82%), insect (16%), other (2%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 116 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals mi^2 Not Reported Adult 8 birds Superior Township Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (6.0%), meadow mice (78.9%), shrews (1.3%), pocket gopher (1.0%), uinta ground squirrel (0.3%), sm-med sized birds (5.7%), insects (59.9%) percent occurrence of prey items in pellets during nesting % Not Reported Not Reported 299 pellets from 8 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day g Both Male and Female Not Reported 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets captive Laboratory
Population Density 1 density of nesting pairs pair/1.1 mi^2 Both Male and Female Adult 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Duration of Incubation or Gestation d Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Home Range 109.4 average home range - breeding ha Both Male and Female Adult 32 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Time of Mating/ Laying late May - June entire laying period Female Adult Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Time of Molt May - September Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Fledging or Weaning Rate 98 of chicks that hatched % Both Male and Female Fledgling 150 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Growth Rate y = 8.89 + 7.33x growth rate from day 3-16 Male Nestling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Growth Rate y = 7.77 + 7.44x growth rate from day 3-16 Female Nestling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Hatching Success 89.3 % Both Male and Female Hatchling 168 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Dietary Composition insects (31.7%), reptiles (26.0%), birds (16.6%), mammals (25.7%) percent of prey by prey weight Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra breeding
Citation:

A winter population study of the American kestrel in central Ohio

Author(s)
Mills, G. Scott
Pages
241-247
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density individuals per 52 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported southcentral area, agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets wintering
Citation:

Premigratory fat in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
625-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Fat (total or %) mean percent body fat as measured by fat extraction from April to September % Male Adult 14 Cache county Exposure Factor Datasets premigratory
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 11-07 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 1832 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Reproductive patterns in captive American kestrels (sparrow hawks)

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
46-53
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 27 mean number of days between 5th egg laid and 5th egg hatched d Both Male and Female Embryo 3 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets 0.58 SE Laboratory
Time of Mating/ Laying March-May period of laying Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets breeding Laboratory
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 28.4 mean nestling period d Both Male and Female Fledgling 29 chicks Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

An evaluation of heart rate as an indirect measure of daily energy metabolism of the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
273-289
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 23.06 daily energy metabolism based on heart rate (30 C) and a linear regression equation for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumed kcal/d Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.03 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Harden, Shari M.
Pages
42
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Fat (total or %) 2.46 total body fat based on Soxhlet fat extraction g Both Male and Female Adult 21 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.25 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.0 average number of young fledged fledges/nest Not Reported Fledgling 4 nests Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.41
Population Density 10 number of nesting pairs counted annually on study site pairs/1476 sq km Both Male and Female Adult 4 years Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 20 number of individual kestrels counted annually on study site individuals/1476 sq km Both Male and Female Adult 4 years Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Diet, capture success, and mode of hunting by female American kestrels in winter

Author(s)
Collopy, Michael W. and James R. Koplin
Pages
369-371
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (10.5%), herpetofauna (2.4%), mammals (79.1%), birds (8.0%) dietary composition (% of total biomass), 1972-1973 Female Not Reported 4 Arcata Bottoms Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Dietary Composition invertebrates (39.3%), herpetofauna (37.9%), mammals (22.8%) dietary composition (% of total biomass), 1973-1974 Female Not Reported 3 Arcata Bottoms Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Food habits and abundance of raptors in an agricultural area of Tulare County, California

Author(s)
Hawkins, Cole Carlson
Pages
102
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition insects (97%), isopod (5%), birds (27%), mammals (25%) percent occurrence in sample pellets Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Tulare
Citation:

Notes on the American sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Roest, A.I.
Pages
1-19
Year
Issue
1
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body Weight - Mean 102.5 g Male Adult 88 throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body Weight - Mean 119.0 g Female Adult 72 throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Time of Molt July-October/November period of molt Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Survival/ Mortality 57 average annual mortality of banded individuals (over 6 years) % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Clutch sizes, hatchability rates, and sex ratios of sparrow hawks in eastern Pennsylvania

Author(s)
Heintzelman, Donald S. and Alexander C. Nagy
Pages
306-311
Year
Issue
3
Volume
80
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 30.9 incubation period d Both Male and Female Embryo 2 clutches (8 eggs) Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 78 hatching success % Both Male and Female Hatchling 55 eggs (14 clutches) Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.23 eggs Female Adult 13 clutches Berks county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The effect of vegetative cover on foraging strategies, hunting success and nesting distribution of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R.
Pages
14-20
Year
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 48 individuals in 175 km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1 study area agricultural lands, woodlots, meadows Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 50 individuals in 175 km2 Both Male and Female Adult 1 study area agricultural lands, woodlots, meadows Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Citation:

Effects of macrohabitat and microhabitat on nest-box use and nesting success of American kestrels

Author(s)
Rohrbaugh, Ronald W., Jr., and Richard H. Yahner
Pages
410-423
Year
Issue
3
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 49% mean percent of successful nests per year % Both Male and Female Adult 259 nesting attempts Berks and Lehigh counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Raptor movements in California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H.
Pages
313-323
Publisher
Hawk Migration Association of North America
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal August (begin) period of fall migration of individuals fledged in northern CA, or at high elevations Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported throughout state Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal February (peak) period of spring migration of individuals fledged in northern CA, or at high elevations Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported throughout state Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth of body components in parent- and hand-reared captive kestrels

Author(s)
Bird, David M. and Robert G. Clark
Pages
77-84
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Growth Rate 0.250 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Male Nestling 11 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Growth Rate 0.239 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Female Nestling 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 113.4 average body weight g Male Adult 25 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 120.2 average body weight g Female Adult 26 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 5.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Use of free ranging American kestrels and nest boxes for contaminant risk assessment sampling: a field application

Author(s)
Craft, Randall A. and Karen P. Craft
Pages
207-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 mean clutch size (4 sample years) eggs/clutch Female Adult 7-23 nests/year Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 89% mean percent of young hatched that fledged (4 sample years) % Not Reported Juvenile 148 hatchlings Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 68% mean percent of eggs hatched of total eggs laid (4 sample years) % Not Reported Juvenile 217 eggs Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 5.0 three year mean fledging rate number of fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Clutch or Litter Size 5.1 mean clutch size over 3 years eggs per nest Female Adult 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Population Density 0.06 mean pair density in study area (194 km2) pairs per km2 Both Male and Female Adult 5 years rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Population Density 0.22 mean density in study area individuals per km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 5 years rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Predatory efficiency of American kestrels wintering in northwestern California

Author(s)
Collopy, Michael W.
Pages
25-31
Year
Issue
2
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (85.4%), vertebrates (14.6%) relative numbers of dietary items captured Not Reported Not Reported 24 birds Arcata Bottoms; pasture Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

An analysis of the population dynamics of selected avian species with special reference to changes during the modern pesticide era

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
23-28
Publisher
United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report No. 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.59 eggs/clutch Female Adult 244 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.60 SD
Survival/ Mortality 0.602 mortality rate estimate for banded individuals Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 118 throughout USA and Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 0.035 SD
Survival/ Mortality 0.465 mortality rate of banded individuals, 1946-65 Both Male and Female Adult 6,544 throughout USA and Canada Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA 0.017 SD
Citation:

Prey selection and caloric ingestion rate of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Barrett, Gary W. and Mackey, Carl V.
Pages
514-519
Year
Issue
4
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 0.42 mean caloric consumption per g body weight per day (wet weight basis) kcal/g/day Male Adult 2 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Factors influencing respiratory rates in four species of raptors

Author(s)
Daniels, Kathleen and G.E. Duke
Pages
703-706
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 35.4 mean resting respiratory rate #/min Not Reported Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets crippled, non-releasable 3.21 SD Laboratory
Citation:

American kestrel reproduction and dispersal in central Wisconsin

Author(s)
Jacobs, Eugene A.
Pages
135-137
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean brood size (13 sample years) young/nest Not Reported Juvenile 37 successful nests Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 88% percent of nests that fledged at least one young % Not Reported Juvenile 42 nests Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Fall migration of diurnal raptors at Pt. Diablo, California

Author(s)
Binford, Laurence C.
Pages
1-16
Year
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Migration or Dispersal August (begin), October (peak), November (end) time period of fall migration Both Male and Female Not Reported 276 Pt. Diablo, Marin Headlands Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

A population study of the sparrow hawk in east-central Illinois

Author(s)
Enderson, James Harris
Pages
222-231
Year
Issue
3
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 4 wintering population size individuals/43 sq mi Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.58 breeding population density birds/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported 25 birds agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food consumption of a sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Wing, Leonard and Anne H. Wing
Pages
168-170
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 43.6 average and range of daily caloric intake (food provided ad libidum) cal/d Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets sedentary, injured Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal variation in body weight of sparrow hawks in California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H.
Pages
17-19
Year
Issue
2
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 110.7 mean body weight measured over 4 years g Male Both Adults and Juveniles 69 coastal southern CA Exposure Factor Datasets 1.1 SE
Citation:

The incidence of man-caused and natural mortalities to raptors

Author(s)
Keran, Doug
Pages
108-112
Year
Issue
4
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 118 longest survival of a banded individual mo Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 1,017 records of mortality Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

A study of factors affecting nesting raptor populations in urban ares, Sacramento County, California - 1974

Author(s)
Vincenty, Joseph A., III
Pages
1-21
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report No. 74-5
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.2 fledging rate per successful nest fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 17 American River; oak woodlands, grasslands, residential Exposure Factor Datasets Sacramento
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