Newts and salamanders (Caudata)

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California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 5 sampling dates g Female Adult 2-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Female Adult 1-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets post-spawning
Clutch or Litter Size ova/mature ovary Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal oxygen metabolism and cutaneous osmoregulation in the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
231-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 9.7 g Male Adult Not Reported Trabuco, Holy Jim and Harding Canyons Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Metabolic Rate 0.025 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.054 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.004 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.019 aquatic respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 7 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 132.9 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 7.7 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 10.67 g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa, San Francisco 3.37 SD
Metabolic Rate 46.1 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 5.0 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 66.7 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at rest and druing activity in the salamander, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.016 (10C), 0.054 (15C), 0.061 (20C), 0.119 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.067 (10C), 0.132 (15C), 0.203 (20C), 0.287 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.009 (10C), 0.026 (15C), 0.027 (20C), 0.043 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Citation:

Taricha tarosa (Rathke), California newt

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
273
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Modified interactions between salamander life stages caused by wildfire-induced sedimentation

Author(s)
Kerby, J. Lawrence and Lee B. Kats
Pages
740-745
Year
Volume
79
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean larval density estimates over 2 yrs # larvae/m2 Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Dietary Composition see citation figure of % of stomachs containing prey items over several yrs Not Reported Adult 17-52 Cold Creek and Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Clutch or Litter Size 307 eggs/clutch Female Adult 5 Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Foods of Plethodon larselli, Plethodon dunni and Ensatina eschscholtzi in the Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
226-228
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition acarina (32.5%); araneida (22.6%); non-insect arthropods (22.6%); collembola (16.1%); coleoptera (6.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class <45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition earthworm (1); sowbugs (14); amphipod (1); centipede (1); millipede (4); spiders (6); springtail (1); thysanuran (1); camel crickets (15); lepidopterous larva (1); dipteran (1); beetles (5); ant (1) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 27 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Body Weight - Mean 6 g Both Male and Female Adult 9 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Duration of Incubation or Gestation mo Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying late spring - early summer time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying Oct. - Mar. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Hatching or Parturition fall - early winter Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Dietary Composition sowbug (1); centipede (1); millipede (6); spiders (7); wood ticks (2); scavenger mite (1); solpugid (1); springtails (5); worker termites (15); hemipteran (1); fly (1); beetles (11); ants (2) number of each food item in stomachs # Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Madelia Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Comparison of food habits of Ensatina eschscholtzii and Aneides lugubris

Author(s)
Zweifel, Richard G.
Pages
285-287
Year
Volume
1949
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition sow bugs (42%); centipedes (42%); spiders (60%); springtails (47%); beetles (36%); caterpillars (5%); ants (13%) % of stomach containing food item % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 Dixie Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 0.26 g Not Reported Juvenile 23 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.60 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 37 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 4.30 g Female Adult 11 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.80 g Male Adult 19 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Crustacea (1); Arachnida (19); Diplopoda (5); Chilopoda (3); Hexapoda (32) number of each item in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 21 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Life history patterns of the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum in the high Cascade mountains of southern Oregon

Author(s)
Kezer, James and Donald S. Farner
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Crater Lake, Munson Oxbow Pond, Aant Point Pond, Whitehorse Bluff ponds and Lake West Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Cutaneous and pulmonary gas exchange in ambystomatid salamanders

Author(s)
Whitford, Walter G. and Victor H. Hutchison
Pages
573-577
Year
Volume
1966
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation tidal volume and breathing rate data Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of pulmonary and cutaneous oxygen consumption ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 281.0 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 19.5 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes

Author(s)
Tyler, Torrey, William J. Liss, Lisa M. Ganio, Gary L. Larson, Robert Hoffman, Elisabeth Deimling and Gregg Lomnicky
Pages
94-105
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of larval density estimates in 8 fishless lakes utilizing 3 survey methodologies during day and night larvae/100 m shoreline Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Benthic macroinvertebrates (75%): Diptera (66.7); Chironomidae (41.7%); Coleoptera (58.3%); Trichoptera (50%); Ephemeroptera (25%); Amphipoda (16.7%); Plecoptera (8.3%); Pelecypoda (8.3%); Crustacean zooplankton (41.7%): Cladocerans (41.7%); Unidentified (41.7%); Imm. Daphnids (25.0%); Daphnia rosea (25%); Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (16.7%); Chydorus spaericus (8.3%); Copepods (16.7%); Cylopoids (16.7%); Calanoids (8.3%); Harpactacoids (8.3%) % larvae stomachs that contained prey item % Not Reported Juvenile 13 North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 15.4 mg Not Reported Juvenile 3 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 d post-hatch 0.3 SE Laboratory

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Food and feeding of larval Dicamptodon ensatus from California

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and Carl B. Schreck
Pages
280-281
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Ambystoma gracile (39.2%); Trichoptera larvae (19.6%); Trichoptera adults (1.9%); Coleoptera larvae (37.2%); Coleoptera adults (21.6%); Odonata larvae (70.5%); Odonata adults (1.9%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (1.9%); Gammarid amphipoda (3.9%); Hemiptera adults (5.9%); Arachnoidea (3.9%); Chironomidae (19.6%); Oniscoid isopoda (1.9%); Misc. (25.5%); Empty (3.9%) % frequency of ocurrence in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 51 Fern Lake, Arcata Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 20.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 17 Exposure Factor Datasets larvae 8.3 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 24.0 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets 9.9 Laboratory
Citation:

Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians

Author(s)
Corn, Paul Stephen and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
39-57
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 2.28 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 23 stream reaches streams in uncut forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.36 SE
Population Density 0.50 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 20 stream reaches streams in logged forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.24 SE
Citation:

Nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A.
Pages
257-262
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May time of laying Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 275 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/clutch Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population structure, growth and size of larval Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Glen W. Clothier
Pages
218-227
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 57 % mortality during first yr of life % Not Reported Juvenile 61 Gauldy Mountain, Tillamook County Exposure Factor Datasets

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

The sexual strategy of the central long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum, in south-eastern Washington

Author(s)
Verrel, Paul and Janet Pelton
Pages
37-50
Year
Volume
240
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 11 Palouse grasslands, Pullman Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Demography and migratory patterns of the eastern long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum

Author(s)
Beneski Jr., John T., Zalisko, Edward J. and John H. Larsen, Jr.
Pages
398-408
Year
Volume
1986
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 4.63 g Male Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.07 SE
Body Weight - Mean 6.02 g Female Adult 134 Moscow, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets 0.04 SE
Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Apr. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 166.5 eggs/cluster averaged 16.7 eggs/female Female Adult 25 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets 59.7 SD

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (2.1%); Isopoda (0.7%); Araneida (10.4%); Collembola (10.4%); Diptera (57.0%); Orthoptera (3.5%); Coleoptera (11.9%); Unidentified (4.2%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 20 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine
Dietary Composition Mollusca (2.7%); Cladocera (36.7%); Copepoda (20.8%); Ostracoda (11.5%); Hydracarina (0.4%); Chironomidae (17.9%); Mosquitoes (5.1%); Coleoptera (2.1); Trichoptera (0.3) and Unidentified (0.14%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 60 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Alpine
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
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