Newts and salamanders (Caudata)

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Siskiyou Mountains Salamander (Plethodon stormi)

Citation:

Survey protocol for the Siskiyou Mountains salamander (Plethodon stormi), ver. 3.0.

Author(s)
Clayton, D. R., L. M. Ollivier, and H. H. Welsh, Jr.
Publisher
USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land
Management
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult NR Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Author(s)
Blaustein, A.P., Beatty, J.J., Olson, D.H. and Storm, R.M.
Publisher
USDA Northwest Research Station
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body length Snout-vent length mm B Juvenile Jackson County, OR and Siskiyou County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body length 58.9 Snout-vent length mm M Adult 62 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body length 61.9 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 41 Exposure Factor Datasets
Body length 76 Snout-vent length mm Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity y B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Autumn B Embryo Exposure Factor Datasets

Shasta Salamander (Hydromantes shastae)

Citation:

Habitat characteristics, a range extension, and an elevational record for Shasta salamanders.

Author(s)
Lindstrand III, L., Bainbridge, K. and Youngblood, G.A.B.E.
Issue
4
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 50 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Cline Gulch/Clear Creek confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 19.25 Snout-vent length mm NR Juvenile 4 Cline Gulch/Clear Creek confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 2 Highland Ridge Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 43 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Tombstone Mountain Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 3 Whiskey Creek tributary Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 27 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Deadwood Gulch Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 44 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Rippley Gulch Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA

Desert Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps aridus)

Citation:

A new species of Batrachoseps (slender salamander) from the desert of southern California.

Author(s)
Brame, A.H.
Volume
200
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 37.4 Total length mm B Adult 14 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA
Body length 48.4 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 1 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA
Body length 45.8 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 1 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA

Tehachapi Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi)

Citation:

A new species of Batrachoseps (slender salamander) from the desert of southern California.

Author(s)
Brame, A.H.
Volume
200
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 55.2 Standard length mm Exposure Factor Datasets Kern USA

Limestone Salamander (Hydromantes brunus)

Citation:

A new species of salamander from central California.

Author(s)
Gorman, J.
Issue
3
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Body length 105.6 Total length mm F 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 63.9 Snout-vent length mm F 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 98.5 Total length mm M 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 63.2 Snout-vent length mm M 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Amphibian populations in the terrestrial environment: Is there evidence of declines of terrestrial forest amphibians in northwestern California?

Author(s)
Welsh Jr, H.H., Fellers, G.M. and Lind, A.J.
Issue
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation Table 1 21-150 ha Individuals captured NR Not Reported 2420 Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Amphibians in managed, second-growth Douglas-fir forests.

Author(s)
Aubry, K.B.
Issue
4
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Population Density 33 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 12 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 34 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 137 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Early development of Ensatina eschscholtzii: an amphibian with a large, yolky egg.

Author(s)
Collazo, A. and Keller, R.
Issue
6
Volume
1
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying See citation F Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets Lab Gravid USA
Citation:

Plethodontid Salamander Distributions in Managed Forest Headwaters in Western Oregon, USA.

Author(s)
Olson, D. H., & Kluber, M. R.
Issue
1
Volume
9
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation 46 ha Individuals captured NR Not Reported Green Peak forest, Benton County, N 44.3667, W
123.4583 		Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 17.3 average distance moved between recaptures ft Female Adult 13 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Home Range 32.8 average distance moved between recaptures ft Male Adult 17 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Adult 25 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutches or Litters per year 1 clutch/yr Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Clutch or Litter Size 11 # large ovarian eggs/female #/clutch Female Adult 26 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Growth Rate see citation figure of growth rates based on changes in snout-vent length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Longevity range of oldest individuals recorded yrs Both Male and Female Adult 3 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Comparative studies on the distribution and foods of plethodontid salamanders in the redwood region of northern California

Author(s)
Bury, R.B. and M. Martin
Pages
331-335
Year
Issue
4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Collembola (68%); Coleoptera adults (49%); Coleoptera larvae (11%); Diptera adults (14%); Diptera larvae (16%); Hymenoptera (22%); Acarina (19%); Araneae (57%); Diplopoda (38%); Isopoda (32%) % frequency of major food items % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 37 1-2 mi WSW of Pepperwood, Humboldt Co. Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 194.1 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 14.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 21.7 mean final distance from original site of capture m Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.1
Home Range 22.2 mean final distance from original site of capture m Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.8
Home Range range of distances moved from original site of capture m Not Reported Juvenile 7 Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras
Growth Rate 0.005 changes in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 0.0049
Citation:

Foods of Plethodon larselli, Plethodon dunni and Ensatina eschscholtzi in the Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
226-228
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition gastropoda (1.5%); annelida (1.5%); acarina (10.0%); araneida (17.7%); non-insect arthropods (16.9%); collembola (16.2%); hemiptera (8.5%); coleoptera (3.1%); lepidoptera (0.8%); hymenoptera (12.3%); diptera (10.0%); orthoptera (1.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class >45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets

California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

Citation:

Unusual subterranean aggregations of the California Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus.

Author(s)
Fellers, G.M., Wood, L.L., Carlisle, S. and Pratt, D.
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type California Counties Countries
Population Density 28 Removed drainage culvert; 2.1 m wide x 1.4 m high x 12.2 m long Individuals captured B Adult Estero Road, Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin USA
Population Density 45 Removed drainage culvert; 1.2 m diameter x 12.2 m long Individuals captured B Adult Glenbrook Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin USA

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHOXYCHLOR no appreciable mortality embryo and larvae (10 d post-hatch) mortality Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-34 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/L mean day of hatch, compared to controls Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-34 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/l responsiveness to startle and distance travelled post-startle in larvae Not Reported Juvenile 30-34 eggs exposed/dose; 14-27 larvae tested/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3 and 10 mg/L mean body weight of larvae Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-38 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Response of amphibians to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon Coast Range

Author(s)
Cole, Elizabeth C., William C. McComb, Michael Newton, Carol L. Chambers, J.P. Leeming
Pages
656-664
Year
Volume
61
Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
no effect capture rates between logged and burned units and the logged, burned and sprayed units during the year after spraying Not Reported Not Reported 3 units/treatment Oregon Coast Range Toxicity Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Residues of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) and California newts (Tarichia torosa) from a lake treated with technical chlordane

Author(s)
Albright, L.J., P.C. Oloffs and S.Y Szeto
Pages
333-349
Year
Issue
4
Volume
815
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
CHLORDANE 8,906 ppb, range; 4,954 - 15, 609 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 14 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 2,116 ppb, range; 1,354 - 3,783 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 451 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 176 ppb, range; 29 - 272 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 1036 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 118.3 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 8.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 83.2 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 194.8 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 10.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 117.9 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 6.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at rest and druing activity in the salamander, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.066 (10C), 0.093 (15C), 0.120 (20C), 0.161 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Citation:

Aggression by non-native crayfish deters breeding in California newts

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C., Lee B. Kats and Christopher B. Anzalone
Pages
793-796
Year
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools without crayfish over two time periods #/10m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of mean density estimates for six pools with crayfish over two time periods #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Trancas Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The effects of dissolved O2 and CO2 on metabolism and gas-exchange partitioning in aquatic salamanders

Author(s)
Wakeman, John M. and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
348-359
Year
Issue
4
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The species of Californian Triturus

Author(s)
Twitty, Victor Chandler
Pages
64-75
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1942
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. and Mar. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Clutch or Litter Size #/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 4-7/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets unmatured gonads
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Male Adult 1-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets sperm evacuated testes
Citation:

Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa)

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities measured each yr for 4 yrs #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of mean densities of egg masses measured each yr for 4 yrs #/ 10 m2 Not Reported Embryo 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

The number of egg masses and eggs laid by the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Brame, Arden H.
Pages
169-170
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/mass Female Adult 6 egg masses Sycamore Canyon Creek, San Gabriel Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Ontogenetic changes in California newts (Taricha torosa) in response to chemical cues from conspecific predators

Author(s)
Kats, Lee B., Jennifer A. Breeding and Kimberly M. Hanson
Pages
321-325
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density 2.6 #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Population Density range of larval densities in pools with or without adults during June-July #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Los Angeles

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Population structure, growth and size of larval Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Glen W. Clothier
Pages
218-227
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate increase in total length mm/mo Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Mary's Peak and Palouse Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relationship between cover availability and larval pacific giant salamander density

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
355-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density see citation figure of population density estimates #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Caspar Creek Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
705-718
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range over 4 yrs #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2-3 yrs Mendocino
Dietary Composition Ephemeroptera (59.1%); Trichoptera (11.7%); Plecoptera (4.5%); Diptera (8.1%); Coleoptera (3.6%); Odonata (1.0%); Hemiptera (<1.0%); Non-Insecta (3.4%); Vertebrates (<1.0%); Terrestrial organisms, Insecta (8.8%) average proportion of total prey items in stomach contents on 11 sampling dates % Not Reported Juvenile 502 Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.2 (10C); 20.7 (15C); 24.0 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/h Not Reported Juvenile 4-7/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 20.7 (10C); 31.2 (15C); 63.3 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 4-5/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Small mammals and other prey in the diet of the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

Author(s)
Bury, R. Bruce
Pages
524-526
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Coleoptera adult (0.21); Orthoptera adult (0.13); Diptera adult (0.07); Lepidoptera larvae (0.20); Hymenoptera (0.05); Arachnida (0.15); Acarina (0.05); Diplopoda (0.37); Isopoda (0.05); Gastropoda (0.50); Amphibian (0.75); Reptilia (5.20); Mammalia (5.50); Rocks (0.05); Vegetable matter (0.05) mean volume of gut contents cc Not Reported Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets Del Norte, Humboldt, Marin
Citation:

Comparative food habits of four species of stream-dwelling vertebrates (Dicamptodon ensatus, D. copei, Cottus tenuis, Salmo gairdneri)

Author(s)
Antonelli, Arthur L., Ronald A. Nussbaum and Stamford D. Smith
Pages
277-289
Year
Issue
4
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation monthly % of gut content samples in which organism occurred (n=38 diet items) Not Reported Not Reported 3-34/mo Maratta Creek, Cowlitz County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (14.0%); Gastropoda (2.0%); Nematomorpha (2.0%); Arachnoidea (8.0%); Plecoptera (46.0%); Tricoptera larvae (52.0%); Tricoptera adults (6.0%); Coleoptera larvae (30.0%); Coleoptera adults (28.0%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (28.0%); Emphemeroptera adults (2.0%); Diptera larvae (20.0%); Diptera adults (10.0%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.0%); Orthoptera (2.0%); Misc. (46.0%) % of stomach contents containing item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Stomach contents of Idaho larval Dicamptodon

Author(s)
Metter, Dean E.
Pages
435-436
Year
Volume
1963
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (7%); Gastropoda (1%); Nematomorpha (1%); Arachnoidea (4%); Plecoptera nymphs (23%); Tricoptera larvae (26%); Tricoptera adults (3%); Coleoptera larvae (15%); Coleoptera adults (14%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (14%); Diptera larvae (10%) Diptera adults (5%); Lepidoptera (2%); Orthoptera (1%); Misc. (23%) % of stomachs containing the item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 223 Lindsey Creek, Perce County (elev., 420m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr.-May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 105.3 eggs/cluster averaged 14.8 eggs/female Female Adult 16 Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets 31.03 SD
Growth Rate increase in snout-vent length mm/d Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Bear Wallow, Baker County (elev., 1140m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying June - July time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Wallowa County (elev., 2470m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 90.1 eggs/female Female Adult 7 Wallowa County (elev., 2470m) Exposure Factor Datasets 48.87 SD

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Citation:

Growth and age of Alberta long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei): a comparison of two methods of estimation

Author(s)
Russell, Anthony P., G. Lawrence Powell and Dean R. Hall
Pages
397-412
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yrs Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Longevity 10 maximum lifespan yr Not Reported Adult 170 Bow Valley (elev., 1290-1375m), [lat.,51^o05'N; long., 115^o4'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla), California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (10.4%); Annelida (6.5%); Mollusca (7.8%); Chilopoda (3.9%); Isopoda (46.8%); Araneida (1.3%); Collembola (2.6%); Lepidoptera (2.6%); Diptera (2.6%); Orthoptera (6.5%); Coleoptera (14.2%); Unidentified (1.3%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 38 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Dietary Composition Cladocera (1.12%); Copepoda (0.22%); Ostracoda (12.64%); Chironomidae (23.79%); Corixidae (1.56%); Snails (5.58%); Leeches (4.46%); Oligochaeta (22.30%) and Tadpoles (27.88%) % by weight of food item in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 20 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Santa Cruz

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.092 change in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras USA 0.0071
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