Newts and salamanders (Caudata)

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Siskiyou Mountains Salamander (Plethodon stormi)

Citation:

The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest.

Author(s)
Blaustein, A.P., Beatty, J.J., Olson, D.H. and Storm, R.M.
Publisher
USDA Northwest Research Station
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body length 76 Snout-vent length mm Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity y B Adult Exposure Factor Datasets
Body length Snout-vent length mm B Juvenile Jackson County, OR and Siskiyou County, CA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Body length 61.9 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 41 Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Autumn B Embryo Exposure Factor Datasets
Body length 58.9 Snout-vent length mm M Adult 62 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survey protocol for the Siskiyou Mountains salamander (Plethodon stormi), ver. 3.0.

Author(s)
Clayton, D. R., L. M. Ollivier, and H. H. Welsh, Jr.
Publisher
USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land
Management
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult NR Exposure Factor Datasets USA

Shasta Salamander (Hydromantes shastae)

Citation:

Habitat characteristics, a range extension, and an elevational record for Shasta salamanders.

Author(s)
Lindstrand III, L., Bainbridge, K. and Youngblood, G.A.B.E.
Issue
4
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 19.25 Snout-vent length mm NR Juvenile 4 Cline Gulch/Clear Creek confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 2 Highland Ridge Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 50 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Cline Gulch/Clear Creek confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 3 Whiskey Creek tributary Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 43 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Tombstone Mountain Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 44 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Rippley Gulch Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA
Body length 27 Snout-vent length mm NR Adult 1 Deadwood Gulch Exposure Factor Datasets Shasta USA

Limestone Salamander (Hydromantes brunus)

Citation:

A new species of salamander from central California.

Author(s)
Gorman, J.
Issue
3
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Body length 105.6 Total length mm F 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 63.2 Snout-vent length mm M 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 63.9 Snout-vent length mm F 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA
Body length 98.5 Total length mm M 1 Bear Creek/Merced River confluence Exposure Factor Datasets Mariposa Deceased specimensin museum collection USA

Tehachapi Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi)

Citation:

A new species of Batrachoseps (slender salamander) from the desert of southern California.

Author(s)
Brame, A.H.
Volume
200
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 55.2 Standard length mm Exposure Factor Datasets Kern USA

Desert Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps aridus)

Citation:

A new species of Batrachoseps (slender salamander) from the desert of southern California.

Author(s)
Brame, A.H.
Volume
200
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Body length 37.4 Total length mm B Adult 14 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA
Body length 45.8 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 1 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA
Body length 48.4 Snout-vent length mm F Adult 1 Hidden Palm Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside USA

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Amphibian populations in the terrestrial environment: Is there evidence of declines of terrestrial forest amphibians in northwestern California?

Author(s)
Welsh Jr, H.H., Fellers, G.M. and Lind, A.J.
Issue
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation Table 1 21-150 ha Individuals captured NR Not Reported 2420 Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Plethodontid Salamander Distributions in Managed Forest Headwaters in Western Oregon, USA.

Author(s)
Olson, D. H., & Kluber, M. R.
Issue
1
Volume
9
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Population Density See citation 46 ha Individuals captured NR Not Reported Green Peak forest, Benton County, N 44.3667, W
123.4583 		Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Early development of Ensatina eschscholtzii: an amphibian with a large, yolky egg.

Author(s)
Collazo, A. and Keller, R.
Issue
6
Volume
1
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying See citation F Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets Lab Gravid USA
Citation:

Amphibians in managed, second-growth Douglas-fir forests.

Author(s)
Aubry, K.B.
Issue
4
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type Countries
Population Density 137 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 34 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 12 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Population Density 33 >30 ha area Individuals captured NR Not Reported Pierce County, Washington Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Home Range 21.7 mean final distance from original site of capture m Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.1
Home Range 22.2 mean final distance from original site of capture m Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 2.8
Growth Rate 0.005 changes in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Male Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras 0.0049
Citation:

Foods of Plethodon larselli, Plethodon dunni and Ensatina eschscholtzi in the Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon

Author(s)
Altig, Ronald and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
226-228
Year
Volume
85
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition gastropoda (1.5%); annelida (1.5%); acarina (10.0%); araneida (17.7%); non-insect arthropods (16.9%); collembola (16.2%); hemiptera (8.5%); coleoptera (3.1%); lepidoptera (0.8%); hymenoptera (12.3%); diptera (10.0%); orthoptera (1.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class >45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition acarina (32.5%); araneida (22.6%); non-insect arthropods (22.6%); collembola (16.1%); coleoptera (6.5%) % of total items in stomach contents; Ensatina size class <45 mm % Not Reported Not Reported <22 Multonmah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparison of food habits of Ensatina eschscholtzii and Aneides lugubris

Author(s)
Zweifel, Richard G.
Pages
285-287
Year
Volume
1949
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition sow bugs (42%); centipedes (42%); spiders (60%); springtails (47%); beetles (36%); caterpillars (5%); ants (13%) % of stomach containing food item % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 45 Dixie Canyon Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 0.26 g Not Reported Juvenile 23 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.60 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 37 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Crustacea (1); Arachnida (19); Diplopoda (5); Chilopoda (3); Hexapoda (32) number of each item in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 21 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 17.3 average distance moved between recaptures ft Female Adult 13 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Home Range 32.8 average distance moved between recaptures ft Male Adult 17 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Adult 25 Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Population Density estimated maximum density #/acre Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa

California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)

Citation:

Unusual subterranean aggregations of the California Giant Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus.

Author(s)
Fellers, G.M., Wood, L.L., Carlisle, S. and Pratt, D.
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type California Counties Countries
Population Density 28 Removed drainage culvert; 2.1 m wide x 1.4 m high x 12.2 m long Individuals captured B Adult Estero Road, Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin USA
Population Density 45 Removed drainage culvert; 1.2 m diameter x 12.2 m long Individuals captured B Adult Glenbrook Creek, Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin USA

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Methoxychlor alters hatching and larval startle response in the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum

Author(s)
Ingermann, R.L., D.C. Bencic and V.P. Eroschenko
Pages
815-821
Year
Volume
59
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3 and 10 mg/L mean body weight of larvae Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-38 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/l responsiveness to startle and distance travelled post-startle in larvae Not Reported Juvenile 30-34 eggs exposed/dose; 14-27 larvae tested/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR decrease @ 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/L mean day of hatch, compared to controls Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-34 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHOXYCHLOR no appreciable mortality embryo and larvae (10 d post-hatch) mortality Not Reported Embryo, Juvenile 30-34 eggs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Life history patterns of the salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum in the high Cascade mountains of southern Oregon

Author(s)
Kezer, James and Donald S. Farner
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
1955
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Crater Lake, Munson Oxbow Pond, Aant Point Pond, Whitehorse Bluff ponds and Lake West Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Cutaneous and pulmonary gas exchange in ambystomatid salamanders

Author(s)
Whitford, Walter G. and Victor H. Hutchison
Pages
573-577
Year
Volume
1966
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation tidal volume and breathing rate data Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of pulmonary and cutaneous oxygen consumption ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Response of amphibians to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in the Oregon Coast Range

Author(s)
Cole, Elizabeth C., William C. McComb, Michael Newton, Carol L. Chambers, J.P. Leeming
Pages
656-664
Year
Volume
61
Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
no effect capture rates between logged and burned units and the logged, burned and sprayed units during the year after spraying Not Reported Not Reported 3 units/treatment Oregon Coast Range Toxicity Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Residues of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) and California newts (Tarichia torosa) from a lake treated with technical chlordane

Author(s)
Albright, L.J., P.C. Oloffs and S.Y Szeto
Pages
333-349
Year
Issue
4
Volume
815
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
CHLORDANE 8,906 ppb, range; 4,954 - 15, 609 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 14 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 4 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 2,116 ppb, range; 1,354 - 3,783 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 451 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
CHLORDANE 176 ppb, range; 29 - 272 ppb mean and range of total technical chlordane residues in newt carcasses (without liver and stomach) 1036 days after application Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 46.1 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 5.0 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 66.7 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 5C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 83.2 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 15C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 4.9 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 194.8 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 12C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 10.3 SE Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 117.9 maximum oxygen consumption during activity measured at 25C on animals acclimated at 22C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 5-8 Exposure Factor Datasets 6.6 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding California newts (Taricha torosa)

Author(s)
Gamradt, Seth C. and Lee B. Kats
Pages
546-549
Year
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density range of mean densities measured each yr for 4 yrs #/10 m2 Not Reported Adult 4 yearly surveys 750m stretch of Cold Creek, Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Ontogenetic changes in California newts (Taricha torosa) in response to chemical cues from conspecific predators

Author(s)
Kats, Lee B., Jennifer A. Breeding and Kimberly M. Hanson
Pages
321-325
Year
Issue
2
Volume
13
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range of larval densities in pools with or without adults during June-July #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Los Angeles
Citation:

Seasonal oxygen metabolism and cutaneous osmoregulation in the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
231-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 9.7 g Male Adult Not Reported Trabuco, Holy Jim and Harding Canyons Exposure Factor Datasets Orange
Metabolic Rate 0.025 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at rest and druing activity in the salamander, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.016 (10C), 0.054 (15C), 0.061 (20C), 0.119 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.067 (10C), 0.132 (15C), 0.203 (20C), 0.287 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.009 (10C), 0.026 (15C), 0.027 (20C), 0.043 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.066 (10C), 0.093 (15C), 0.120 (20C), 0.161 (25C) active oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newt Laboratory
Citation:

The effects of dissolved O2 and CO2 on metabolism and gas-exchange partitioning in aquatic salamanders

Author(s)
Wakeman, John M. and Gordon R. Ultsch
Pages
348-359
Year
Issue
4
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Berkeley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The species of Californian Triturus

Author(s)
Twitty, Victor Chandler
Pages
64-75
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1942
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. and Mar. - May time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying Dec. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean range of means from 5 sampling dates g Male Adult 2-10/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets mature gonads
Citation:

Taricha tarosa (Rathke), California newt

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
273
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Ascaphus truei larvae (14.0%); Gastropoda (2.0%); Nematomorpha (2.0%); Arachnoidea (8.0%); Plecoptera (46.0%); Tricoptera larvae (52.0%); Tricoptera adults (6.0%); Coleoptera larvae (30.0%); Coleoptera adults (28.0%); Ephemeroptera nymphs (28.0%); Emphemeroptera adults (2.0%); Diptera larvae (20.0%); Diptera adults (10.0%); Lepidoptera larvae (4.0%); Orthoptera (2.0%); Misc. (46.0%) % of stomach contents containing item % Not Reported Juvenile 50 Palouse River, Latah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians

Author(s)
Corn, Paul Stephen and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
39-57
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 0.50 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 20 stream reaches streams in logged forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.24 SE
Citation:

Nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A.
Pages
257-262
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May time of laying Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 275 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population structure, growth and size of larval Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Glen W. Clothier
Pages
218-227
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 57 % mortality during first yr of life % Not Reported Juvenile 61 Gauldy Mountain, Tillamook County Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate increase in total length mm/mo Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Mary's Peak and Palouse Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relationship between cover availability and larval pacific giant salamander density

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
355-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density see citation figure of population density estimates #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Caspar Creek Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Citation:

Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Author(s)
Parker, Michael S.
Pages
705-718
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Population Density range over 4 yrs #/m2 Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Mendocino
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fox Creek [lat., 38^o45'N, 123^o40'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 2-3 yrs Mendocino
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 15.2 (10C); 20.7 (15C); 24.0 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/h Not Reported Juvenile 4-7/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 20.7 (10C); 31.2 (15C); 63.3 (20C) average oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-20C) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 4-5/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 20.8 g Not Reported Juvenile 17 Exposure Factor Datasets larvae 8.3 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 24.0 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets 9.9 Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative food habits of four species of stream-dwelling vertebrates (Dicamptodon ensatus, D. copei, Cottus tenuis, Salmo gairdneri)

Author(s)
Antonelli, Arthur L., Ronald A. Nussbaum and Stamford D. Smith
Pages
277-289
Year
Issue
4
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition see citation monthly % of gut content samples in which organism occurred (n=38 diet items) Not Reported Not Reported 3-34/mo Maratta Creek, Cowlitz County Exposure Factor Datasets

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

The sexual strategy of the central long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum, in south-eastern Washington

Author(s)
Verrel, Paul and Janet Pelton
Pages
37-50
Year
Volume
240
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs/female Female Adult 11 Palouse grasslands, Pullman Exposure Factor Datasets

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (10.4%); Annelida (6.5%); Mollusca (7.8%); Chilopoda (3.9%); Isopoda (46.8%); Araneida (1.3%); Collembola (2.6%); Lepidoptera (2.6%); Diptera (2.6%); Orthoptera (6.5%); Coleoptera (14.2%); Unidentified (1.3%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 38 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Dietary Composition Cladocera (1.12%); Copepoda (0.22%); Ostracoda (12.64%); Chironomidae (23.79%); Corixidae (1.56%); Snails (5.58%); Leeches (4.46%); Oligochaeta (22.30%) and Tadpoles (27.88%) % by weight of food item in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 20 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Santa Cruz
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Clutch or Litter Size 307 eggs/clutch Female Adult 5 Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz

Southern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. sigillatum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (2.1%); Isopoda (0.7%); Araneida (10.4%); Collembola (10.4%); Diptera (57.0%); Orthoptera (3.5%); Coleoptera (11.9%); Unidentified (4.2%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 20 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine
Dietary Composition Mollusca (2.7%); Cladocera (36.7%); Copepoda (20.8%); Ostracoda (11.5%); Hydracarina (0.4%); Chironomidae (17.9%); Mosquitoes (5.1%); Coleoptera (2.1); Trichoptera (0.3) and Unidentified (0.14%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 60 Mosquito Lakes (elev., 8050 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Alpine
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Growth Rate see citation figure of seasonal changes in total length Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Big Meadow (elev., 1980m) and Mosquito Lakes (elev., 2450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Alpine, Calaveras

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (caudata: plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California

Author(s)
Staub, N.L., C.W. Brown and D.B. Wake
Pages
593-599
Year
Issue
4
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate 0.092 change in snout-vent length measured between recaptures (>1000d) mm/d Female Adult Not Reported Calaveras Big Trees State Park (elev., 1400m) Exposure Factor Datasets Calaveras USA 0.0071
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