Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

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Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Toxicity of mine drainage to embryonic and larval boreal toads (Bufonidae: Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Porter, Kenneth R and Dean E. Hakanson
Pages
327-331
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1976
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
IRON SULFATE increase @ 30-288 mg/l Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory
ZINC SULFATE increase @ 39 mg/l 100% mortality reported Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory
COPPER SULFATE increase @ 3.7 mg/l 100% mortality reported Not Reported Juvenile 5-25/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets larvae Laboratory
Citation:

The effects of sublethal concentrations of organophosphorus insecticides and an insect growth regulator on temperature tolerance in hydrated and dehydrated juvenile western toads, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Johnson, Clifford Ray and Jerry E. Prine
Pages
147-149
Year
Volume
53
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
FENTHION decrease @ 60 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
CHLORPYRIFOS decrease @ 30 and 60 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease @ 25 and 50 ppb temperature tolerance, estimated by heating water at 1C/3min and using onset of spasms in frogs as the endpoint Not Reported Juvenile 10 animals/replicate; 2 replicates/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.463 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 40 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.115 g Not Reported Tadpole 25 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 46 Laboratory
Metabolic Rate range of mean oxygen consumption rates for 11 tadpole stages ul O2/g wet wt./hr Not Reported Tadpole 10-84/age group Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stages 20-46 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.01 g Not Reported Tadpole 84 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 20 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.02 g Not Reported Tadpole 42 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 26 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.117 g Not Reported Tadpole 39 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 30 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.187 g Not Reported Tadpole 39 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 32 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.440 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 35 Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 0.458 g Not Reported Tadpole 26 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 37 Laboratory
Citation:

Interactions of temperature and steroids on larval growth, development and metamorphosis in a toad (Bufo boreas)

Author(s)
Hayes, Tyrone, Ruth Chan and Paul Licht
Pages
206-215
Year
Volume
266
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis May - June Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 0.429 g Not Reported 20 San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets "newly metamorphosed toadlets" 0.02 SE
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 30.80 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 25.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 71.2 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 32.54 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 29.41 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 26.86 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

An analysis of respiratory surface area as a limit to activity metabolism in anurans

Author(s)
Hillman, Stanley S., Philip C. Withers
Pages
2100 - 2105
Year
Issue
11
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate Log VO2 = 0.75(Log BW) - 2.43 regression equation relating resting oxygen consumption (VO2; cm3 O2/min) to log body weight (BW; g) at 25-27C cm3 O2/min Not Reported Not Reported 13 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate Log VO2 = 0.82(Log BW) - 1.40 regression equation relating active oxygen consumption (VO2; cm3 O2/min) to log body weight (BW; g) at 25-27C cm3 O2/min Not Reported Not Reported 76 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 22.5 g Not Reported Not Reported 76 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Observations on the diets of Rana pretiosa, Rana pipiens, and Bufo boreas from western Montana

Author(s)
Miller, J.D.
Pages
243-249
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Coleoptera (23.3%); Diptera (0.4%); Hymenoptera (75.3%); Lepidoptera (0.6%); Orthoptera (0.4%); Arachnoida (3.0%) and Diplopoda (0.6%) % frequency of occurrence of prey items in stomach contents % Not Reported Not Reported 7 Northern Flathead Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mating pattern variability among western toad (Bufo boreas) populations

Author(s)
Olson, Deanna H., Andrew R. Blaustein, Richard K. O'Hara
Pages
351-356
Year
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Deschutes and Linn counties (elev., 1220-1950m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Samollow, Paul B.
Pages
18-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 12,000 # eggs/spawn Female Adult Not Reported Lost Lake, Linn county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas (Baird and Girard), in western Montana

Author(s)
Black, Jeffrey Howard and Royal Bruce Brunson
Pages
109-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
31
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr. - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported ponds, Missoula and Ravalli counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aerobic and anaerobic energy expenditure during rest and activity in Montane Bufo boreas boreas and Rana pipiens

Author(s)
Carey, Cynthia
Pages
213-228
Year
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 40.2 g Both Male and Female Adult 50 East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets 5.62 SE
Metabolic Rate log SMR = -2.23 + 0.037(T) equation relating standard metabolic rate (SMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) on animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 30 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate log AMR = -1.13 +0.067(T) - 0.0008(T)^2 polynomial equation relating active metabolic rate (AMR; cm3 O2/g/hr), measured as oxygen consumption, to body temperature (T, 10-30C) in animals captured no more than a week before testing cm3 O2/g/hr Both Male and Female Adult 49 captured at East River Valley, Gothic, Gunnison county (elev., 3000 - 3355m) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food habits of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas, in the Colorado Front Range

Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
83-85
Year
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Nematoda (3.0%); Gastropoda (3-21.2%); Arachnida (3.0-42.5%); Orthoptera (3.0%); Coleoptera (3.0-51.5%); Hemiptera (3.0%); Neuroptera (3.0%); Lepidoptera (12.1%); Diptera (3.0 -24.2%); Hymenoptera (3.0-88.1%) % of stomachs containing prey items % Not Reported Not Reported 33 Left-hand reservoir, Boulder county (elev., 10,638ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hibernacula of a population of Bufo boreas boreas in the Colorado Front Range

Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
278-282
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - May time of hibernation Not Reported Adult 30 Boulder county (elev., 2,975m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. halophilus formerly Bufo boreas ssp. halophilus)

Citation:

Food habits of western toads (Bufo boreas halophilus) foraging from a residential lawn

Author(s)
Barrentine, Carl D
Pages
84 - 87
Year
Issue
3
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Isopoda (31.23%); Diplopoda (0.66%); Arachnida (2.14%); Orthoptera (0.35%); Dermaptera (2.65%); Coleoptera (54.06%); Lepidoptera (2.67%); Diptera (0.04%); Hymenoptera (5.92%); Unknown insects (0.3%) % occurrence in fecal pellets examined % Not Reported Adult 320 fecal pellets/ 6 animals residential lawn, Bakersfield [lat., 35^o21'N; long., 119^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Lillywhite, Harvey B.
Pages
375-383
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
Body Weight - Mean 2.5 g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of weight increase in juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate see citation figure of biomass of food ingested by juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption measured at a series of temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory
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