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Falco sparverius

Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 0.06 mean pair density in study area (194 km2) 0.05-0.13 pairs per km2 Both Male and Female Adult rural and urban lands 5 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 0.22 mean density in study area individuals per km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles rural and urban lands 5 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A study of factors affecting nesting raptor populations in urban ares, Sacramento County, California - 1974

Author(s)
Vincenty, Joseph A., III
Pages
1-21
Publisher
California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Branch Administrative Report No. 74-5
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.2 fledging rate per successful nest fledglings per nest Both Male and Female Fledgling American River; oak woodlands, grasslands, residential 17 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Hatching Success 79 mean hatchability measured over 4 years 70-83 % Both Male and Female Hatchling Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) 157 boxes Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding behavior of the American kestrel (sparrow hawk)

Author(s)
Willoughby, Ernest J. and Tom J. Cade
Pages
75-96
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 28.4 mean incubation period in captivity 27-33 d Both Male and Female Embryo 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 3.66 mean clutch size in captivity 3-4 eggs Female Adult 5 Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 dorsal surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Longevity 11-07 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 1832 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of a nuclear energy facility on raptorial birds

Author(s)
Fitzner, R.E.
Pages
9-33
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.0 average number of young fledged 0.41 fledges/nest Not Reported Fledgling Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties 4 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 10 number of nesting pairs counted annually on study site pairs/1476 sq km Both Male and Female Adult Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties 4 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 20 number of individual kestrels counted annually on study site individuals/1476 sq km Both Male and Female Adult Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties 4 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth of body components in parent- and hand-reared captive kestrels

Author(s)
Bird, David M. and Robert G. Clark
Pages
77-84
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Growth Rate 0.250 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Male Nestling 11 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate 0.239 growth rate of body weight in parent-reared birds Female Nestling 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 113.4 average body weight 2.0 SE g Male Adult 25 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 120.2 average body weight 5.3 SE g Female Adult 26 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food consumption of a sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Wing, Leonard and Anne H. Wing
Pages
168-170
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Food Ingestion Rate 43.6 average and range of daily caloric intake (food provided ad libidum) 28.0-70.2 cal/d Male Adult 1 bird Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Population Density 1 density of nesting pairs pair/1.1 mi^2 Both Male and Female Adult Jackson Hole 10 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 5 (max) eggs/clutch Female Adult Jackson Hole 10 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 2 percent of eggs that failed to hatch % Not Reported Nestling Jackson Hole 10 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Nesting May 20 to Jul 20 period from earliest egg laying date to date of latest brood departure Both Male and Female Adult Jackson Hole 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Hatching or Parturition Jun 20-Jun 22 dates of earliest and latest hatching Not Reported Nestling Jackson Hole 11 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals 0.65-2.32 mi^2 Not Reported Adult Superior Township 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling Jackson Hole 10 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements 0.16-1.93 mi^2 Not Reported Adult Jackson Hole 11 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (6.0%), meadow mice (78.9%), shrews (1.3%), pocket gopher (1.0%), uinta ground squirrel (0.3%), sm-med sized birds (5.7%), insects (59.9%) percent occurrence of prey items in pellets during nesting % Not Reported Not Reported Jackson Hole 299 pellets from 8 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate averages of food amounts eaten per day 18-21 g Both Male and Female Not Reported 3 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of macrohabitat and microhabitat on nest-box use and nesting success of American kestrels

Author(s)
Rohrbaugh, Ronald W., Jr., and Richard H. Yahner
Pages
410-423
Year
Issue
3
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 49% mean percent of successful nests per year 42-57 % Both Male and Female Adult Berks and Lehigh counties 259 nesting attempts Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Use of free ranging American kestrels and nest boxes for contaminant risk assessment sampling: a field application

Author(s)
Craft, Randall A. and Karen P. Craft
Pages
207-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.4 mean clutch size (4 sample years) eggs/clutch Female Adult Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) 7-23 nests/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 89% mean percent of young hatched that fledged (4 sample years) % Not Reported Juvenile Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) 148 hatchlings Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 68% mean percent of eggs hatched of total eggs laid (4 sample years) % Not Reported Juvenile Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) 217 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

American kestrel reproduction and dispersal in central Wisconsin

Author(s)
Jacobs, Eugene A.
Pages
135-137
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean brood size (13 sample years) young/nest Not Reported Juvenile Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) 37 successful nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 88% percent of nests that fledged at least one young % Not Reported Juvenile Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) 42 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Parathion accumulation in cricket frogs and its effect on American kestrels

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James, Haydee de Chacin, Oliver H. Pattee and Thair G. Lamont
Pages
921-927
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
PARATHION 25% at 4.6 ppm Not Reported Adult 4/group <0.05, 0.08, 4.6 ppm TOX-MORT - dose-response data up to 24 hr diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
PARATHION 47% decrease at 4.6 ppm mean brain cholinesterase activity relative to control Not Reported Adult 4/group <0.05, 0.08, 4.6 ppm TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects up to 24 hr diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
PARATHION 56% decrease at 4.6 ppm mean plasma cholinesterase activity relative to control Not Reported Adult 4/group <0.05, 0.08, 4.6 ppm TOX-EXP IND - biomarkers up to 24 hr diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee, Christine M. Bunck, and Helen C. Murray
Pages
431-439
Year
Issue
2
Volume
80
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) 31% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw 14% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw hematocrit Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group 0,25,125,625 mg/kg bw TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 10 d gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) 48% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw 27% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw 12% decrease at 25 mg/kg bw red blood cell hemoglobin content Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group 0,25,125,625 mg/kg bw TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 10 d gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decrease at all doses (45-59%) red blood cell delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group 0,25,125,625 mg/kg bw TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 10 d gavage Toxicity Factor Datasets
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OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment