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Sterna antillarum ssp. browni

Citation:

Reproduction and breeding success of California least terns in Jalisco, Mexico

Author(s)
Garcia, Andres, and Gerardo Ceballos
Pages
1084-1087
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate range of fledging rates, 2 years 7/16 to 63/58 fledglings/nests Not Reported Fledgling Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] 16-58 nests/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success range of egg hatching rates, 2 years 34.4-48.9 % Not Reported Hatchling Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] 16-58 nests/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying May to Aug beginning to end of nesting period Both Male and Female Adult Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] 1 colony Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 40 density of nests at one colony nests/1400 m^2 Both Male and Female Adult Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] 1 colony Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes, 2 years 1.38-2.1 eggs/clutch Female Adult Cuixmala Beach [19 deg, 22'14"N, 104 deg 59'31"W] 16-58 nests/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding biology of the California least tern

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W.
Pages
1-24
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Apr time of arrival at breeding grounds Both Male and Female Adult Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach; Santa Margarita Lagoon 2 colonies Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year 1 normal number of broods per year Both Male and Female Adult Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach; Santa Margarita Lagoon Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying May-Jul period of egg laying, 2 years Female Adult Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 2 colonies Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2 most frequent clutch size, 2 years 1-3 Female Adult Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 96 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 22 most frequent incubation period, 2 years 20-25 d Not Reported Embryo Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 41 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success range of hatching success, 2 years 80-90 % Not Reported Hatchling Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 53-157 eggs/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 5.93 mean body weight of day 0 chicks 0.09 2SE g Not Reported Hatchling Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 77 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 39.62 asymptotic body weight of juveniles at 15 days of age 0.73 2SE g Not Reported Fledgling Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 8 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal first two wks Apr timing of dispersal from breeding areas Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 1 colony Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 20 approximate age of fledging (first flight) d Not Reported Fledgling Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 2 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality proportion of hatched birds that survived during post-fledging period, 2 years 11-33 % Not Reported Hatchling Sunset Aquatic Park, Huntington Beach 42-140 hatched birds/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Second wave nesting of the California least tern: age composition and reproductive success

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W. and Jonathon L. Atwood
Pages
596-605
Year
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May-early Jul (first wave), late May-Aug (second wave) nesting periods of early (first wave) and late (second wave) birds Both Male and Female Adult NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 8-10 pairs (first wave), 29 pairs (second wave) Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.50 (first wave), 0.58 (second wave) mean number of fledglings produced per nesting pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 100% (first wave), 82% (second wave) proportions of eggs hatched of eggs laid Not Reported Hatchling NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 54 eggs (second wave) Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2.33 (first wave), 1.70 (second wave) average clutch sizes for early and late nesters eggs/clutch Female Adult NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 10 nests (first wave), 33 nests (second wave) Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 age of birds nesting for the first time yr Both Male and Female Adult NASA Island, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge 10 pairs Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population status and trends of the California least tern

Author(s)
Fancher, Jack M.
Pages
59-66
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.69 statewide average annual fledging rate, 13 years 0.45-0.94 fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 832-1708 nesting pairs/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Experiments on the nesting behavior of the least tern, Sterna albifrons browni

Author(s)
Davis, Milton E.
Pages
25-43
Year
Issue
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Territory Size 40 radius of nesting territory cm Both Male and Female Adult Huntington Beach State Park Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 2-3 eggs/clutch Female Adult Huntington Beach State Park 12 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Least tern foraging ecology at three major California breeding colonies

Author(s)
Atwood, Jonathon L. and Dennis E. Minsky
Pages
57-72
Year
Volume
14
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Foraging Distance foraging distance from nesting sites approx. 2 - >2 mi Not Reported Adult Venice Beach, Huntington Beach, Santa Margarita River 10-11 surveys/site Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Jul timing of post-fledging dispersal Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Santa Margarita River Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Status of the least tern at Camp Pendleton, California

Author(s)
Swickard, Deane K.
Pages
49-58
Year
Volume
3
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal late Aug-Sep timing of departure from breeding areas Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton 4 nesting areas, 2 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size range of average clutch sizes over 2 years 1.72-2.22 eggs/clutch Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton 230-336 nests Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success proportion of eggs hatched of total eggs laid over 2 years 60.8-79.9 % Not Reported Hatchling Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton 419-734 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality estimated annual mortality rate for two years based on juvenile censuses 56-74 % Not Reported Juvenile Santa Margarita River at Camp Pendleton 92-195 birds counted Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Renesting by California least terns

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W. and Jack M. Fancher
Pages
350-357
Year
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Survival/ Mortality 17/32 to 33/33 range of numbers of clutches lost of total numbers of clutches in a colony Not Reported Chick, Embryo coast 7 colonies, 8 years Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Demography of a California least tern colony including effects of the 1982-83 El Nino

Author(s)
Massey, Barbara W., David W. Bradley and Jonathon L. Atwood
Pages
976-983
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Error Range Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years 0.4-1.7 fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling Venice (beach) 35-165 pairs/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate average number of fledglings produced per pair, over 13 years 0.45-0.94 fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling statewide 775-1,264 pairs/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 earliest age at which adults were known to breed for the first time yr Not Reported Adult Venice (beach) 186 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 13 age of oldest banded breeding birds yr Not Reported Adult Venice (beach) 40-105 birds/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.88 overall survival rate for adults that have returned to breed once Not Reported Adult Venice (beach) 82-165 breeding pairs/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 0.16 rate at which chicks survived to breed at least once Not Reported Chick Venice (beach) 84-285 chicks/year Exposure Factor Datasets
Longevity 9.63 expected number of breeding years per adult bird 6.55-14.48 95% CI yr Not Reported Adult Venice (beach) 372 birds Exposure Factor Datasets
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