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Anas platyrhynchos

Citation:

Some effects of DDE and PCB on mallards and their eggs

Author(s)
Risebrough, Robert W. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
508-513
Year
Volume
39
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
AROCLOR 1254, DDE (4,4'-) see citation figure of # eggs/female/wk over time Female Adult 10/dose 0, 40 ppm DDE + 40 ppm PCB TOX-REPRO - reproductive success 50 - 52 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) 373 (95% CL; 152-574) ppm lipid basis @ 40 ppm diet DDE residue concentrations in eggs Female Adult 12 0, 40 ppm DDE TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 8-94 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
AROCLOR 1254, DDE (4,4'-) 344 (95% CL; 156-686) ppm DDE lipid basis and 346 (95%CL; 133-686) ppm PCB lipid basis @ 40 ppm DDE + 40 ppm PCB diet mean DDE and PCB residue levels in eggs Female Adult 13 0, 40 ppm DDE + 40 ppm PCB TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 7-128 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of dietary vanadium in mallard ducks

Author(s)
White, Donald H. and Michael P. Dieter
Pages
43-50
Year
Volume
4
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
VANADYL SULFATE no effect body weight and food consumption compared among groups Both Male and Female Adult 5 pairs/group 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
VANADYL SULFATE increased @ 100 ppm (maximum = 106 +/- 19 ppb, wet wt) vanadium concentration in blood (sampled at 3 wk intervals) Both Male and Female Adult 5 pairs/group 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm diet TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
VANADYL SULFATE brain, 9(1); fat, 20(11); kidney, 273(49); liver, 657(113), male femur 274(47); female femur 3327(2208) ppm, wet wt mean (SE) vanadium concentrations @ 100 ppm dose in brain, fat, kidney, liver, and femur Both Male and Female Adult 5 pairs/group 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm diet TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
VANADYL SULFATE <0.02 ppb, wet wt @ 1, 10 ppm; 63 ppb, wet wt @ 100 ppm vanadium concentration in eggs Female Adult 5 pairs/group 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm diet TOX-EXP IND - accumulation 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
VANADYL SULFATE increased @ 100 ppm plasma cholesterol levels in drakes and laying hens Both Male and Female Adult 5 pairs/group 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm diet TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 12 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Embryotoxic and biochemical effects of waste crankcase oil on bird's eggs

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., William C. Eastin, Jr. and Martha L. Gay
Pages
230-241
Year
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS increase @ 2-15 ul/egg percent mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose 0, 2, 5, 15 ul waste crankcase oil/egg TOX-REPRO - reproductive success single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS increase @ 2-15 ul/egg incidence of survivors with abnormalities versus controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose 0, 2, 5, 15 ul waste crankcase oil/egg TOX-REPRO - development single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 15 ul/egg red blood cell and liver ALAD activity and hemoglobin concentration, compared to controls Both Male and Female Embryo 100 eggs/dose 0, 2, 5, 15 ul waste crankcase oil/egg TOX-REPRO - physiology single application to egg surface Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

South Louisiana crude oil or DDE in the diet of mallard hens: effects on egg quality

Author(s)
Vangilder, Larry D. and Tony J. Peterle
Pages
328-336
Year
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS decrease egg weight, length and breadth, compared to control Female Adult 25/dose control, 2% south Louisiana crude oil (w/w) TOX-REPRO - physiology NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-) no effect egg weight, length or breadth, compared to control Female Adult 21-25/dose control, 10 ppm DDE TOX-REPRO - physiology NR diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of chronic ingestion of south Louisiana crude oil on mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Szaro, Robert C., Michael P. Dieter, Gary H. Heinz and John F. Ferrell
Pages
426-436
Year
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 5% growth rate, estimated as change in body weight, compared to control Both Male and Female Juvenile 50/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 0.25 - 5% distance retreated from a frightening stimulus; impaired avoidance behavior Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - behavioral effects 6 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS increase @ 2.5 - 5% incidence of liver hypertrophy and splenic atropy Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS decrease @ 2.5 - 5% hematocrit, compared to control Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS increase @ 0.25 - 5.0% plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, from liver Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS increase @ 0.025 - 5% pathological release of ornithine carbamyltransferase from kidney Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
CRUDE OILS increase @ 5% incidence of degeneration of kidney tubules Both Male and Female Juvenile 10/dose 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 5% south Louisiana crude oil TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects 8 wks diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparative toxicity of lead shot in black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrynchos)

Author(s)
Rattner, Barnett A., W. James Fleming and Christine M. Bunck
Pages
175-183
Year
Issue
2
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased body weight and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity versus controls Male Adult 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentrations versus controls Male Adult 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight and hematocrit versus controls Male Juvenile 20/treatment group 0, 1 #four lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) 60% @ 2 shot, 30% @ 4 shot cumulative mortality Male Adult 10/treatment group 0, 2, or 4 #four lead shot TOX-MORT - dose-response data single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

Author(s)
Rocke, Tonie E. and Michael D. Samuel
Pages
1-9
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 2 #four shot mortality versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) 0, 931,000 shot/acre (field exposure) or 2 # four shot (lab exposure) TOX-MORT - dose-response data single (lab exposure) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (lab exposure) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 931,000 shot/acre or 2 #four pellets spleen weight and total white blood cell counts versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 12 (control); 16 (lab); 63 (field) 0, 931,000 shot/acre (field exposure) or 2 # four shot (lab exposure) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single (lab exposure) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (lab exposure) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 3.47 (1.38), blood; 32.16 (11.60), liver; 114.78 (28.96), femur @ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentration in liver, femur and blood Male Adult 11 birds 2 # four shot TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) ppm wet wt: 4.15 (3.56), blood; 13.85 (7.96), liver; 577.07 (156.4), femur@ 2 #four shot mean (2SE) lead concentrations in liver, femur and blood Female Adult 5 birds 2 # four shot TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 2 #four shot spleen plaque forming cell counts, % packed cell volume versus controls Both Male and Female Adult Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge 16 (2 #four shot) 63 (field exposure) 0, 931,000 shot/acre or 2 # four shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single (shot) 80 d (field exposure) oral intubation (2 #four shot) ingestion (field exposure) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Enzyme changes in mallard ducks fed iron or lead shot

Author(s)
Rozman, Robert S., Louis N. Locke and S. Finley McClure III
Pages
435-445
Year
Issue
3
Volume
18
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased with all treatments incidence of hemosiderosis in liver vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) increased @ 8 #four iron shot incidence of inclusion bodies in kidney vs controls Female Adult 8/group 0, 4 or 8 #four iron shot, 8 #six lead shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - organ/system effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
IRON (elemental), LEAD (elemental) no effect serum enzyme levels versus controls (at 30 or 60 d post dose) Male Adult 2/group 0, 8, 16, 32, 64 #four iron shot TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Lead contamination in the mallard (Anas platyrynchos) in Italy

Author(s)
Tirelli, E., N. Maestrini, S. Govoni, E. Catelli and R. Serra
Pages
729-733
Year
Volume
56
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ > 60 ug/dl blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity Both Male and Female Not Reported World Wildlife Fund Refuge, Tuscany 21 birds 10-120 ug/dl blood (mean 46 +/- 25 sd) TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects NR site contamination (primary uptake via ingestion) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of ingested lead on antibody production in mallards (Anas platyrynchos)

Author(s)
Trust, Kimberly A., Michael W. Miller, James K. Ringelman and Ian M. Orme
Pages
316-322
Year
Issue
3
Volume
26
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 7, 14, 21 d post-dose concentration of lead in blood versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-EXP IND - accumulation single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) no effect body weight versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - whole animal single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) increased @ 1 #four shot mortality rate by 15 d post-dose versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-MORT - dose-response data single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
LEAD (elemental) decreased @ 1 #four shot, 7, 14, 21 d. post-dose agglutination titers to sheep red blood cells versus controls Male Adult 4/group 0, 1 #four shot plus SRBC immune challenge at 0, 7, 14, 21 d post-dose TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - cellular/biochemical effects single oral intubation Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects on wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchards

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J., Charles J. Henny, T. Earl Kaiser and Robert A. Grove
Pages
159-174
Year
Volume
48
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
ENDRIN breast muscle=non-detect.; liver=non-detect.-0.05; fat=non-detect.-0.50 ppm, wet wt tissue endrin residues Not Reported Not Reported Wenatchee 7-10 animals 1.3-1.7 kg/ha TOX-EXP IND - accumulation NR pesticide application (late fall) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of lead nitrate ingestion on open-field behavior of mallard ducklings

Author(s)
Frederick, Robert B.
Pages
739-742
Year
Issue
6
Volume
16
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Tox Exposure Toxicity Endpoint Type Tox Exposure Duration Tox Exposure Technique Type
LEAD NITRATE no effect (3 or 8 d) open field behavior scores versus controls Not Reported Juvenile 26-28/group 0,5,50,500 ppm lead as lead nitrate TOX-Non-Repro-Sublethal - behavioral effects 3 or 8 d diet Toxicity Factor Datasets
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