Birds

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Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

American Peregrine Falcon

Author(s)
Aldrich, John A.
Pages
1-14
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying review Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Age at Sexual Maturity review Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Status and reproduction of the peregrine falcon at a coastal lagoon in Baja California Sur, Mexico

Author(s)
Castellanos, Aradit, Federico Salinas-Zavala and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
110-112
Year
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. time of laying Female Adult 3 breeding pairs Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Baja California Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Distribution and breeding biology of raptors in the Thelon River area, Northwest Territories, 1957-1969

Author(s)
Kuyt, E.
Pages
121-130
Year
Volume
94
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June time of laying Female Adult 19 Thelon River, Northwest Territories Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Population dispersal, turnover, and migration of Alaska peregrines

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., and Kenton E. Riddle
Pages
677-684
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality range of annual mortality rates over 3 years, corrected for known movements % Female Adult 7-11 recaptured birds/yr Colville, Sagavanirktok, Yukon, and Tanana Rivers Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Growth Rate y = 8.89 + 7.33x growth rate from day 3-16 Male Nestling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Growth Rate y = 7.77 + 7.44x growth rate from day 3-16 Female Nestling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

Notes on the American sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Roest, A.I.
Pages
1-19
Year
Issue
1
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality 57 average annual mortality of banded individuals (over 6 years) % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported throughout USA Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Predatory efficiency of American kestrels wintering in northwestern California

Author(s)
Collopy, Michael W.
Pages
25-31
Year
Issue
2
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (85.4%), vertebrates (14.6%) relative numbers of dietary items captured Not Reported Not Reported 24 birds Arcata Bottoms; pasture Exposure Factor Datasets Humboldt
Citation:

An analysis of the population dynamics of selected avian species with special reference to changes during the modern pesticide era

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
23-28
Publisher
United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report No. 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.59 eggs/clutch Female Adult 244 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.60 SD
Survival/ Mortality 0.602 mortality rate estimate for banded individuals Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 118 throughout USA and Canada Exposure Factor Datasets 0.035 SD
Citation:

Influence of nest-box placement and density on abundance and productivity of American kestrels in central Missouri

Author(s)
Toland, Brian R. and William H. Elder
Pages
712-717
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Clutch or Litter Size 5.1 mean clutch size over 3 years eggs per nest Female Adult 28 pairs rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Population Density 0.06 mean pair density in study area (194 km2) pairs per km2 Both Male and Female Adult 5 years rural and urban lands Exposure Factor Datasets Breeding
Citation:

Growth of body components in parent- and hand-reared captive kestrels

Author(s)
Bird, David M. and Robert G. Clark
Pages
77-84
Year
Issue
3
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 113.4 average body weight g Male Adult 25 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 2.0 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 120.2 average body weight g Female Adult 26 birds Exposure Factor Datasets 5.3 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Use of free ranging American kestrels and nest boxes for contaminant risk assessment sampling: a field application

Author(s)
Craft, Randall A. and Karen P. Craft
Pages
207-212
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 68% mean percent of eggs hatched of total eggs laid (4 sample years) % Not Reported Juvenile 217 eggs Lucas and Wayne Counties (40deg57'N, 93deg18'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Prey selection and caloric ingestion rate of captive American kestrels

Author(s)
Barrett, Gary W. and Mackey, Carl V.
Pages
514-519
Year
Issue
4
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 0.42 mean caloric consumption per g body weight per day (wet weight basis) kcal/g/day Male Adult 2 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Factors influencing respiratory rates in four species of raptors

Author(s)
Daniels, Kathleen and G.E. Duke
Pages
703-706
Year
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Inhalation Rate 35.4 mean resting respiratory rate #/min Not Reported Adult 4 Exposure Factor Datasets crippled, non-releasable 3.21 SD Laboratory
Citation:

American kestrel reproduction and dispersal in central Wisconsin

Author(s)
Jacobs, Eugene A.
Pages
135-137
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 4.1 mean brood size (13 sample years) young/nest Not Reported Juvenile 37 successful nests Portage County (44deg27'N, 89deg40'W) Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 80-93 age of puberty attainment d Male Yearling 79 birds east-central area Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 93+ age of puberty attainment d Female Yearling 91 birds east-central area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning dove body weights in southeastern New Mexico during and after a dry spring and early summer

Author(s)
Griffing, James P., Paul E. Sawyer and Charles A. Davis
Pages
545-547
Year
Issue
4
Volume
21
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 111.4 mean body weight g Male Adult 13 birds southeastern area Exposure Factor Datasets 70.7 SD
Body Weight - Mean 99.3 mean body weight g Female Adult 6 birds southeastern area Exposure Factor Datasets 155.1 SD
Citation:

Life history and productivity of a population of western mourning doves in California

Author(s)
Cowan, John B.
Pages
505-521
Year
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 6.0-6.2 mean number of nestlings raised per nesting pair per season (representing multiple broods per season) Both Male and Female Adult 43 pairs Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Time of Migration or Dispersal September period of departure for fall migration Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Citation:

Some aspects of the population ecolgoy of breeding mourning doves in Georgia

Author(s)
Hopkins, Milton N. and Eugene P. Odum
Pages
132-143
Year
Issue
2
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.1 mean productivity young/pair Both Male and Female Adult 73 nests southwest and northeast areas Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Author(s)
Mirarchi, Ralph E. and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
1-32
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal review time of juvenile dispersal Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Longevity review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Mourning dove foods in semi-desert, south-central New Mexico

Author(s)
Davis, Charles A.
Pages
941-944
Year
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition seeds (99.9%), green vegetation (0.1%) percent of diet by volume based on crop analysis % Not Reported Not Reported 42 birds New Mexico State University Ranch Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The minimum water requirements of mourning doves

Author(s)
MacMillen, Richard E.
Pages
165-166
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Water Ingestion Rate 6.9 daily ad libitum water consumption of captive birds as percent of body weight % body weight/day Not Reported Not Reported 11 birds captured in Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets 0.9 Laboratory
Citation:

Nest density and success of columbids in Puerto Rico

Author(s)
Rivera-Milan, Frank F.
Pages
100-113
Year
Volume
98
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 21% nest success estimate based on Mayfield method % Both Male and Female Adult 27 nests near Cidra, Guanica, and Cabo Rojo Exposure Factor Datasets PUERTO RICO
Citation:

Migration and mortality of banded mourning doves

Author(s)
Thomforde, Lawrence L.
Pages
72-76
Year
Issue
2/3
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 58.5% weighted mean annual mortality of banded doves Both Male and Female Juvenile 1,179 birds near Savage Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning dove production in southwestern Iowa

Author(s)
McClure, Elliot H.
Pages
64-75
Year
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 250-330 density of breeding pairs pairs/220 acres Both Male and Female Adult 220 acres Lewis, Cass County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth rate of nestling doves

Author(s)
Cheney, Susan and Philip W. Cheney
Pages
14-16
Year
Issue
1
Volume
48
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 7.7 average body weight g Not Reported Hatchling 15 nests near Orondo, Douglas County Exposure Factor Datasets 0 days (hatch)

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Nesting raptors along the Columbia River in north-central Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L., Dwight G. Smith and Albert Erickson
Pages
2-8
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.5 young/occupied nest Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Columbia River Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 172.0 g Male Not Reported 12 birds Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 168.0 g Female Not Reported 10 birds Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Comparison of selected aspects of burrowing owl ecology at two sites in Santa Clara county, California

Author(s)
Trulio, L.A.
Pages
63-64
Year
Issue
1
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 2.5 mean number of chicks per nest chicks/nest Both Male and Female Adult 11 pairs Moffett Air Force Base Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Hatching Success 78 percent of pairs hatching at least one chick % Both Male and Female Adult 9 pairs Shoreline Park Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Citation:

Size dimorphism and food habits of North American owls

Author(s)
Earhart, Caroline M., and Ned K. Johnson
Pages
251-264
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean 158.6 body weight g Male Adult 13 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 150.6 body weight g Female Adult 15 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Food habits of the burrowing owl in central Oregon

Author(s)
Maser, Chris, E. Wayne Hammer and Stanley H. Anderson
Pages
19-26
Year
Issue
1
Volume
45
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (85), insects (170), birds (3), spiders (0), reptiles (1) number of prey items found in sample pellets Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 60 pellets Crooked River National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

Food consumption and energy, water, and nitrogen budgets in captive great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus)

Author(s)
Duke, G.E., J.G. Ciganek and O.A. Evanson
Pages
283-292
Year
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 26.58 daily food intake on a mouse diet, dry weight basis g/kg/d Not Reported Adult 4 owls x 5 days = 20 owl days Exposure Factor Datasets 4.08 Laboratory
Food Ingestion Rate 26.37 daily food intake on a turkey poult diet, dry weight basis g/kg/d Not Reported Adult 26 owl days Exposure Factor Datasets 6.33 SD Laboratory
Citation:

Growth analysis of a female great horned owl in central Ohio

Author(s)
Springer, Mark A.
Pages
218-221
Year
Issue
6
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate 0.1900 growth constant based on logistic growth equation Female Nestling 1 owl Delaware County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1 bird/2000 acres Both Male and Female Not Reported 11 owls Superior township Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition white-footed mice (58.2%), meadow mice (28.0%), other small mammals (2.8%), medium sized mammals (5.1%), gamebirds and sm-med sized birds (4.8%), other birds (1.2%) percent occurrence of prey items in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 297 pellets from 14 owls Superior township Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Predation by owls in the Sierran foothills of California

Author(s)
Fitch, Henry S.
Pages
137-151
Year
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density density based on call counts birds/2000 ac Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 7 counts San Joaquin Experimental Range Exposure Factor Datasets Madera
Dietary Composition cottontail (61.1%), woodrat (17.9%), kangaroo rat (4.5%), pocket gopher (4.3%), gopher snake (3.7%), ground squirrel (2.4%), other spp (birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates; 6.1%) percent occurrence by weight in pellets Not Reported Not Reported 654 pellets, 1471 prey items San Joaquin Experimental Range Exposure Factor Datasets Madera
Citation:

Notes on nesting great horned owls in southern Arizona

Author(s)
Mader, William J.
Pages
109-111
Year
Issue
3/4
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Time of Mating/ Laying February (peak), March (end) egg laying dates Female Adult 16 nests Pima and Pinal Counties Exposure Factor Datasets breeding

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

A study of radio-equipped flickers

Author(s)
Royall, W.C., Jr., and O.E. Bray
Pages
47-50
Year
Issue
2
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Foraging Distance range of distances between night roost location and the following day's locations km Not Reported Adult 4 birds, 20-99 radio fixes per bird Lakewood, Jefferson County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 140 average body weight at time of capture g Not Reported Adult 4 birds Lakewood, Jefferson County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Author(s)
Moore, William S.
Pages
1-28
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Migration or Dispersal review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

A preliminary report on the biology of the willow flycatcher in the central Sierra Nevada

Author(s)
Stafford, Michael D. and Bradley E. Valentine
Pages
66-77
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Nesting May-August inclusive of pairing through departure from nesting territory Both Male and Female Adult 15 birds Sierra National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Territory Size range of territory sizes during the breeding season m^2 Both Male and Female Adult 15 birds Sierra National Forest Exposure Factor Datasets Fresno
Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Hatching Success 24/31 total number of eggs hatched relative to estimate of total eggs laid eggs hatched/eggs laid Not Reported Nestling 11 nests Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Territory Size 3000 average territory size of paired males based on observed perch locations m^2 Male Adult 8 territories Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra 2000 SD
Citation:

The energetic consequences of incubation for two passerine species

Author(s)
Walsberg, Glenn E. and James R. King
Pages
644-655
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.241 predicted night time basal metabolic rate W Not Reported Adult Not Reported collection location George E. Hudson Biological Reserve, Whitman County Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Migration of the willow flycatcher along the middle Rio Grande

Author(s)
Yong, Wang, and Deborah M. Finch
Pages
253-268
Year
Issue
2
Volume
109
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Migration or Dispersal mid-May (onset), June 8 (date of last capture) spring passage Not Reported Adult 42 captures Rio Grand Nature Center (35deg07'N, 106deg41'W); Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge (33deg48'N, 106deg52'W) Exposure Factor Datasets

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

Behavior of the bush-tit in the breeding season

Author(s)
Addicott, Alice B.
Pages
49-63
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean range of individual body weights g Not Reported Hatchling 2 birds Stanford University Campus Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis 14 age at which young left the nest d Not Reported Not Reported 1 brood Stanford University Campus Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

Reproductive success and nesting habitat of loggerhead shrikes in north-central South Carolina

Author(s)
Gawlik, Dale E. and Keith L. Bildstein
Pages
37-48
Year
Issue
1
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutches or Litters per year clutches/yr Both Male and Female Adult 49 nests York County Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.7 average number of fledglings produced per successful nest, 2 years fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 32 nests York County Exposure Factor Datasets 1.3 SD
Citation:

Nest ecology, productivity, and growth of the loggerhead shrike on the shortgrass prairie

Author(s)
Porter, David K., Mark A. Strong, J. Brent Giezentanner and Ronald A. Ryder
Pages
429-436
Year
Issue
4
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 5.69 average number of eggs hatched per successful nest eggs/nest Not Reported Hatchling 65 successful nests Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Dynamics of a loggerhead shrike population in Minnesota

Author(s)
Brooks, Bonnie L. and Stanley A. Temple
Pages
441-450
Year
Issue
3
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Hatching Success 4.18 average number of eggs hatched per nest hatchlings/nest Not Reported Hatchling 51 nests southern Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets 2.33 SD
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.02 average number of fledglings produced per nesting attempt fledglings/nest Not Reported Fledgling 60 nesting attempts southern Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets 2.07 SD
Citation:

Effect of vegetation height on hunting behavior and diet of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
127-131
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Odonata (12.1), Hemiptera (23.0), Coleoptera (22.3), Lepidoptera (7.3), Orthoptera (16.8), Hyla cinerea (7.6), H. squirella (1.7), Gastrophyne carolensis (0.9), Rana spenocephala (0.4), Anolis carolinensis (2.8), Scincella lateralis (4.1), Eumeces inexpectatus (1.0) percent of total prey items caught by observed pairs % Both Male and Female Adult 6 territories Archbold Biological Station near Lake Placid Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Population Density review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

Breeding ecology of Lanius ludovicianus nesting in sagebrush

Author(s)
Woods, Christopher P.
Pages
244-250
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Apr-mid Aug period from clutch initiations to chicks fledging Both Male and Female Adult 98 pairs Ada, Elmoor, Owyhee Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nestling diet and prey-delivery rates of loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) in north-central South Carolina

Author(s)
Gawlik, Dale E., Joseph Papp and Keith L. Bildstein
Pages
1-5
Year
Issue
1
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Orthoptera (59); Lepidoptera (15); Coleoptera (10); arthropod larvae (8); mammals; reptiles and amphibians (4); unident. arthropods (3) percent of total identified prey items delivered to the nest % Not Reported Nestling 1 pair, 155 identified prey York County Exposure Factor Datasets

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Observations on the nesting sucess of Bell's vireos in southern Arizona

Author(s)
Clark, Clarence F.
Pages
117-120
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 59.9 percent of eggs producing fledglings of total eggs laid % Not Reported Hatchling 24 nests, 70 eggs upper Santa Cruz River Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Author(s)
Brown, Bryan T.
Pages
1-17
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA
Territory Size review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO, USA
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Remizidae through Parulinae

Author(s)
Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen, Roger B. Clapp and Anthony G. Futcher
Pages
287-294
Year
Issue
3
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity 6 -11 age of oldest identified banded individual yr-mo Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Variation in breeding season and clutch size in song sparrows of the pacific coast

Author(s)
Richard F. Johnston
Pages
268-273
Year
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size oological collections eggs/nest Both Male and Female Adult 545 records from Baja California to Alaska Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Mating/ Laying early Feb.-July Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported California to Washington Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of supplemental food on growth and adult size in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M. and Peter Arcese
Pages
1416-1423
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Survival/ Mortality 3.87 young raised to independence Not Reported Fledgling 34 nests Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.68 SE
Survival/ Mortality 0.98 young raised to independence young/pair Not Reported Chick 34 nests Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.17
Citation:

Effects of population density and supplemental food on reproduction in song sparrows

Author(s)
Arcese, Peter and James N. M. Smith
Pages
119-136
Year
Volume
57
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 17 d Both Male and Female Fledgling 16 pairs with suppl. food Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutch or Litter Size 3.31 suppl. food eggs/clutch Both Male and Female Adult 16 pairs with suppl. food Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.11 SE

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Suisun Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. maxillaris), San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. samuelis)

Citation:

San Francisco Bay Region Salt Marsh Song Sparrow Survey, 1974

Author(s)
Walton, Brian James
Pages
19
Publisher
California Fish and Game, Special Wildlife Investigations
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Population Density see table 1 Both Male and Female Adult 64 sites San Francisco Bay region Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa breeding

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

A determination of the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California

Author(s)
Bryant, Harold C.
Pages
377-510
Year
Issue
14
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 5 usual number of eggs laid eggs/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

Estimation and testing of parametersin Richard's growth model for western grebes

Author(s)
White, Gary C. and John T. Ratti
Pages
315-323
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean estimates of asymptotic weights g Both Male and Female Juvenile 4 birds Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (collection site) Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Weight growth of young double-crested cormorants in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec

Author(s)
Desgranges, Jean-Luc
Pages
79-86
Year
Volume
5
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.2 mean clutch size among successful nests eggs Female Adult 32 nests St. Lawrence estuary Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.2 SE

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Brood size and chick position as factors influencing feeding frequency, growth, and survival of nestling double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus

Author(s)
Leger, Claire and Raymond McNeil
Pages
351-361
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 34.7 g Not Reported Hatchling 33 chicks Iles de la Madeleine Archipelago, Gulf of St. Lawrence Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 2.96 SD
Citation:

Foods of nestling double-crested cormorants in Penobscot Bay, Maine, USA: Temporal and spatial comparisons

Author(s)
Blackwell, Bradley F., William B. Krohn and R. Bradford Allen
Pages
199-208
Year
Issue
2
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition sculpin, rock gunnel, blueback herring, alewife, wrymouth, sand shrimp, cunner, American eel, rock crab, N. Caridean shrimp, sand shrimp, white perch, yellow perch, rainbow smelt, N. lobster, Atlantic tomcod primary dietary items from nestling regurgitant samples Not Reported Nestling 673 samples Penobscot Bay Exposure Factor Datasets

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,083 g Female Both Adults and Juveniles 9 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets alternate plumage, early migrants, unpaired 37 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 110 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 26 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets middle prebasic molt 11 SE
Citation:

Habitat use and home range of mallards breeding in Minnesota

Author(s)
Gilmer, David S., I.J. Ball, Lewis M. Cowardin, John H. Riechmann and John R. Tester
Pages
781-789
Year
Issue
4
Volume
39
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Home Range 135 Study area was 67% upland forest, 33% lakes and wetlands. ha Female Adult 8 western edge of Chippewa National Forest, Beltrami County Exposure Factor Datasets during the pre-nest interval
Citation:

Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Harold F. Duebbert and David E. Sharp
Pages
1-28
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 4.72 breeding pairs/km2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Woodworth study area Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season
Citation:
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size eggs Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 47 These are average survival rates. For breakdown by region, see table 16, p. 27. % Male Juvenile not reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival of radio-marked mallard ducklings in northeastern California

Author(s)
Mauser, David M., Robert L. Jarvis and David S. Gilmer
Pages
82-87
Year
Issue
1
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Survival/ Mortality 0.366 Survival estimates determined using the Kaplan-Meier method Not Reported Chick 41 Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 10 days
Citation:

Spring-summer survival rates of yearling versus adult mallard females

Author(s)
Reynolds, Ronald E., Robert J. Blohm, James D. Nichols and James E. Hines
Pages
691-696
Year
Issue
4
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.574 spring-summer survival (proportion) Female Adult 11,139 Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.053 SE
Citation:

A nesting study of ducks and coots on Tule Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges

Author(s)
Miller, A.W. and B.D. Collins
Pages
17-37
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 8.9 mean clutch size of successful nests eggs Female Adult 178 Tule Lake and Lower Klamath River National Wildlife Refuges Exposure Factor Datasets Modoc, Siskiyou
Citation:

Survival and nest success of sympatric female mallards, Anas platyrynchos, and American black ducks, Anas rubripes, breeding in a forested environment

Author(s)
Dwyer, Chris P. and Guy A. Baldassare
Pages
213-216
Year
Issue
2
Volume
107
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 88% survival of tagged females over the breeding period Female Adult 22 Adirondack Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Temporal and geographic estimates of survival and recovery rates for the mallard, 1950 through 1985.

Author(s)
Chu, D.S. and J.B. Hestbeck
Pages
57
Publisher
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Technical Report 20
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.5390 survival estimates for birds banded 1966-1985 Male Juvenile 11,372 Northern California Exposure Factor Datasets 0.0228 (SE)
Citation:

Production of mallards on irrigated land in the Sacramento Valley

Author(s)
Earl, John P.
Pages
23
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Clutch or Litter Size 8.37 mean clutch size eggs Female Adult 40 nests Conaway Ranch Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Growth Rate 0.105 growth rate g/day per g body mass Both Male and Female Juvenile 42 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN
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