Birds

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Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)

Citation:

A banding study of Cincinnati area great horned owls

Author(s)
Holt, John B., Jr.
Pages
194-197
Year
Issue
4
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success 47.3% percent of nests with at least one young surviving to banding age (of all pairs observed) Not Reported Juvenile 1777 territories near Cincinnati Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

North America's oldest great horned owl

Author(s)
Houston, C. Stuart
Pages
88-90
Year
Issue
2
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 20.7 known age at time of death yr Not Reported Adult 1 bird s. of Aberdeen, Saskatchewan Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Food-niche relationships between great horned owls and common barn owls in eastern Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L. and Ronald E. Jackman
Pages
175-179
Year
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Sylvilagus nuttallii (12.4%), Spermophilus washingtoni (0.4%), Thomomys talpoides (29.7%), Perognathus parvus (12.5%), Dipodomys ordii (1.4%), Reithrodontomys megalotis (0.3%), Peromyscus maniculatus (6.2%), Neotoma cinerea (2.1%), Microtus montanus (7.7%), Mus musculus (0.2%), unident. microtinae (4.5%), Mustela frenata (0.4%), Anas platyrynchos (2.6%), Phasianus colchicus (2.5%), Fulica americana (1.5%), Charadrius vociferus (0.2%), Tyto alba (10.7%), Sternella neglecta (0.2%), unident. Fringillidae (0.2%), unident. Passeriformes (1.2%), unident. snake (1.4%), Cyprinus carpio (1.3%), Stenopelmatus spp (0.2%) percent of total prey biomass Not Reported Not Reported 234 pellets Esquatzel Coulee, Franklin County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The nesting, reproductive performance, and chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl in south-central Montana

Author(s)
Seidensticker, John C. and Harry V. Reynolds
Pages
408-418
Year
Issue
4
Volume
83
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2.2 eggs/clutch Female Adult 6 nests south-central Montana Exposure Factor Datasets 0.2 SE
Citation:

Growth development and reactions of young great horned owls

Author(s)
Reed, Bessie P.
Pages
14-31
Year
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Body Weight - Mean maximum body weights achieved by captively raised chicks oz Not Reported Juvenile 2 birds captured in Kansas Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)

Citation:

Comparative reproductive success of yellow-shafted, red-shafted and hybrid flickers across a hybrid zone

Author(s)
Moore, William S. and Walter D. Koenig
Pages
42-51
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Hatching Success range of mean brood to clutch size ratios measured among male and female auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers Both Male and Female Adult 4-42 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The influence of starlings on flicker reproduction when both naturally excavated cavities and artificial nest boxes are available

Author(s)
Ingold, Danny J.
Pages
218-225
Year
Issue
2
Volume
110
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis mid-June to late July Both Male and Female Juvenile 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Nesting early May to late June time of incubation Both Male and Female Adult 40 pairs near New Concord Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Molt in flight feathers of flickers

Author(s)
Test, Frederick H.
Pages
63-72
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Time of Molt June-July date of onset of postjuvenal and adult molt Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 2500 birds Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Citation:

Ecology of a Sierra Nevada population of willow flycatchers

Author(s)
Flett, Mary Anne and Susan D. Sanders
Pages
37-42
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July 15-August 13 dates on which first and last young fledged Both Male and Female Adult 11 nests Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Time of Migration or Dispersal August 31 date by which last fall migrants departed Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) Exposure Factor Datasets Sierra
Citation:

Feeding-time minimization and the territorial behavior of the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)

Author(s)
Prescott, David R.C. and Alex L.A. Middleton
Pages
17-28
Year
Volume
105
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition Mollusca (4), Arachnida (19), Isopoda (4), Orthoptera (15), Hemiptera (56), Coleoptera (7), Lepidoptera adult (20), Lepidoptera larvae (10), Diptera adult (188), Hymenoptera adult (9), Hymenoptera larvae (1) numbers of food items delivered to nestlings fitted with neck ligatures Not Reported Nestling 333 food items collected Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

The energetic consequences of incubation for two passerine species

Author(s)
Walsberg, Glenn E. and James R. King
Pages
644-655
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 0.00487 estimated area of the external plumage surface (geometrical approximation) of 13.2 g bird m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)

Citation:

The energetic significance of huddling behavior in common bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus)

Author(s)
Chaplin, Susan B.
Pages
424-430
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Food Ingestion Rate 35.17 consumption of mealworms at 20 deg C kJ/d Not Reported Adult 6 birds captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 1.26 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Behavior of the bush-tit in the breeding season

Author(s)
Addicott, Alice B.
Pages
49-63
Year
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Mar-Apr time of peak nesting activity Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Stanford University Campus Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Clara

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Citation:

The effects of fencelines on the reproductive success of loggerhead shrikes

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
281-285
Year
Issue
1
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 67.0 estimated probability of a nestling surviving to fledge in fenceline areas % Not Reported Nestling 39 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 1.8 SD
Survival/ Mortality 73.0 estimated probability of a nestling surviving to fledge in pasture areas % Not Reported Nestling 25 clutches Archbold Biological Station Exposure Factor Datasets 28.8 SD
Citation:

Nest ecology, productivity, and growth of the loggerhead shrike on the shortgrass prairie

Author(s)
Porter, David K., Mark A. Strong, J. Brent Giezentanner and Ronald A. Ryder
Pages
429-436
Year
Issue
4
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 16 incubation period d Not Reported Embryo 330 hatched eggs Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 17 normal fledging period d Not Reported Fledgling 232 fledged birds Pawnee National Grassland Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting ecology of the loggerhead shrike in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Tyler, Jack D.
Pages
95-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
104
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 46 calculated probability of survival of any nest from incubation onset to end of fledging % Not Reported Fledgling 109 nests Lawton, Comanche County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Resource dependence and territory size in loggehead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven and Thomas C. Grubb, Jr.
Pages
465-469
Year
Issue
2
Volume
111
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 33.0 mean body weight of 10 day old nestlings g Not Reported Nestling 18 nestlings Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets 2.6 SD
Clutches or Litters per year number of clutches laid per season per pair clutches/pair Both Male and Female Adult 10 pairs Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Author(s)
Yosef, Reuven
Pages
1-27
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
Year
Issue
231
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Location Type Countries
Age at Sexual Maturity review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Hatching Success review Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, USA
Citation:

Dynamics of a loggerhead shrike population in Minnesota

Author(s)
Brooks, Bonnie L. and Stanley A. Temple
Pages
441-450
Year
Issue
3
Volume
102
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year clutches/yr Both Male and Female Adult 48 pairs southern Minnesota Exposure Factor Datasets

Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Citation:

Breeding behavior of the bell vireo in southern Indiana

Author(s)
Nolan, Val, Jr.
Pages
225-244
Year
Issue
4
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Condition
Body Weight - Mean g Female Adult 4 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets feeding young
Body Weight - Mean 8.3 mean body weight g Not Reported Nestling 3 birds Bloomington Exposure Factor Datasets 6-7 d post-hatch

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

Citation:

Population structure in salt marsh song sparrows Part II: Density, Age Structure, and Maintanance

Author(s)
Johnston, Richard F.
Pages
254-272
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Clutch or Litter Size 8.2 eggs/pair/year Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa breeding
Longevity up to 7 years Both Male and Female Adult 6 animals (from 1000) San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Citation:

Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M
Pages
154-172
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutches or Litters per year 2 clutches/year Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Survival and mobility in a population of pacific coast song sparrows (Melospiza melodia gouldii)

Author(s)
Halliburton, Richard and Richard L. Mewaldt
Pages
499-504
Year
Issue
4
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 162 median m Female Adult nr Point Reyes National Seashore Exposure Factor Datasets Marin
Citation:

Temporal spacing of broods, brood size, and parental care in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M. and Derek A. Roff
Pages
1007-1015
Year
Issue
6
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.58; 3.42 Both Male and Female Adult 140; 89 Mandarte Island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 0.1; 0.19
Citation:

Effects of supplemental food on growth and adult size in the song sparrow

Author(s)
Smith, James N. M. and Peter Arcese
Pages
1416-1423
Year
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 2.41 brood size with supplemental food young/nest Not Reported Chick 34 nests Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets 6 d CANADA 0.17
Citation:

Determinants and consequences of nestling condition in song sparrows

Author(s)
Hochachka, Wesley, and James N. M. Smith
Pages
995-1008
Year
Issue
3
Volume
60
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning 30 d Not Reported Fledgling Not Reported Mandarte island Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)

Citation:

A determination of the economic status of the western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in California

Author(s)
Bryant, Harold C.
Pages
377-510
Year
Issue
14
Volume
11
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year 2 usual number of nesting attempts per year nests/yr Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 5 usual number of eggs laid eggs/clutch Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

Citation:

The breeding populations of piscivorous birds of Eagle Lake

Author(s)
Lederer, Roger J.
Pages
771-772
Year
Issue
3
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density 2400 annual number of individuals censused birds/lake Both Male and Female Not Reported 1 lake Eagle Lake, 42 km NW of Susanville Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen

Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)

Citation:

Variation in reproductivity with age in the brown pelican

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Julie A. Keahey
Pages
128-134
Year
Volume
95
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 2.85 mean clutch size eggs Female Adult 89 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets
Hatching Success 57.1% percent of eggs producing downy young in succesful nests (nests producing at least one young) Female Juvenile 7 nests Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Citation:

Development of endothermy and existence energy expenditure of nestling double-crested cormorants

Author(s)
Dunn, Erica H.
Pages
350-356
Year
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Metabolic Rate oxygen consumption during brooding period (to about 2 wks of age) cm^3/g BW/hr Both Male and Female Nestling Not Reported Duck Island, Isle of Shoals (43 deg. 00'N, 70 deg 35'W) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Breeding success of double-crested cormorants in the San Francisco Bay Area, California

Author(s)
Stenzel, Lynne E., Harry R. Carter, R. Philip Henderson, Steven D. Emslie, Mark J. Rauzon, Gary W. Page, and Patrick Y. O'Brien
Pages
216-224
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April-June period during which nest initiations were observed Both Male and Female Adult 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 0.98 +/- 0.07 to 1.78 +/- 0.06 mean number of chicks fledged/nest (over 3 years) Both Male and Female Fledgling 296-424 nests/year San Francisco Bay estuary Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Measurements of wintering double-crested cormorants and discriminant models of sex

Author(s)
Glahn, James F., and R. Barry McCoy
Pages
299-304
Year
Issue
2
Volume
66
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 2162.2 body weight g Female Adult 41 Exposure Factor Datasets 29.8 SE
Citation:

Diet of double-crested cormorants wintering in Texas

Author(s)
Campo, Joseph J., Bruce C. Thompson, John C. Barron, Raymond Telfair, II, Phil Durocher and Steve Gutreuter
Pages
135-144
Year
Issue
2
Volume
64
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition shad (26.1%), large roughfish (2.5%), small forage species (1.2%), catfish (9.6%), bass (16.5%), sunfish (15.0%), crappies (5.6%), other fishes (23.3%) percent occurence of prey items by weight in stomach contents Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 420 cormorants east TX Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Food of double-crested cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, in the gulf and estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada

Author(s)
Rail, Jean-Francois, and Gilles Chapdelaine
Pages
635-643
Year
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Dietary Composition gunnels (5%), sculpins (1%), sand lance (44%), capelin (34%), flatfishes (11%), clupeids (4%), other (1%) proportion of prey species in diet by percent volume % Not Reported Both Adults and Juveniles 187 St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA

Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Citation:

Body composition of female mallards in winter in relation to annual cycle events

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E.
Pages
669-680
Year
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 104 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 17 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets late prealternate molt 10 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 134 g (lipid) Female Both Adults and Juveniles 12 Mingo Basin Exposure Factor Datasets alternate plumate - early migrants, paired 7 SE
Citation:

Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota

Author(s)
Swanson, George A., Mavis I. Meyer, and Vyto A. Adomaitis
Pages
197-203
Year
Issue
1
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Dietary Composition Total animal, 71.9: Gastropoda, 16.4; Insecta, 27.1; Crustacea, 12.9, Oligochaeta, 11.8.
Total plant, 28.1; seeds, 24.8; vegetation 3.3; roots and tubers, 2.8. 		Proportion by volume of plant and animal foods in the esophagi of mallards. % (by volume) Female Not Reported 37 drift praire and Missouri Coteau in south-central North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets during breeding season, laying female
Citation:

Duck nesting in fields of undisturbed grass-legume cover

Author(s)
Duebbert, H.F. and J.T. Lokemoen
Pages
39-49
Year
Issue
1
Volume
40
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 76.6 nests/km2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported western edge of Edmunds Co., South Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Age-related aspects of mallard reproduction

Author(s)
Krapu, Gary L. and Harold A. Doty
Pages
35-39
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 9.3 eggs Female Yearling 7 nests prairie pothole region in North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.7 SD
Clutch or Litter Size 10.3 eggs Female Adult 46 nests prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets 1.1 SD
Citation:

Feeding ecology of mallards wintering in Nebraska

Author(s)
Jorde, Dennis G., Gary L. Krapu and Richard D. Crawford
Pages
1044-1053
Year
Issue
4
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Foraging Distance 3.8 foraging distance in grazed corn stubble; for foraging distance over other types of terrain, see table 3, p. 1050 km Not Reported Not Reported 66 Platte River between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets 0.4 SE
Dietary Composition corn (51.7%), milo (2.6%), other plant (16.5%), mollusca (snails, clams; 2.9%), insecta (0.3%) food item occurrence in esophageal contents, expressed as aggregate percent dry weight Not Reported Not Reported 68 birds along Platte River, between Lexington and Gibbon, Nebraska Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Impacts of changing irrigation practices on waterfowl habitat use in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California

Author(s)
Barnum, D.A. and N.H. Euliss, Jr.
Pages
10-21
Year
Issue
1
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Population Density 1.0 For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported not reported Tulare Basin, Kern National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets wintering birds
Population Density 0.25 For explanation of classifications, see p. 11 (classifications are Kern NWR, hunting clubs, etc). birds/ha Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported hunting clubs Exposure Factor Datasets wintering birds
Citation:

Harvest distribution and survival of mallards banded in California

Author(s)
Rienecker, Warren C.
Year
Issue
1
Volume
76
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality 46 average survival rate of birds banded 1948-1982 % Female Juvenile Not Reported Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, n.e. CA Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The Central, Imperial, and Coachella Valleys of California

Author(s)
Heitmeyer, Mickey E., Daniel P. Connelly, and Roger L. Pederson
Pages
475-505
Publisher
Texas Tech University Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 314,712 mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Sacramento Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 30,438 mean number of ducks counted in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mid-winter inventories 1978-1987 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported San Joaquin Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Distribution and survival of mallards banded at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Author(s)
Jarvis, Robert L., and Sean B. Furniss
Pages
292-301
Year
Issue
3
Volume
52
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Survival/ Mortality 0.569 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Female Juvenile Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.105 (SE)
Survival/ Mortality 0.586 estimated annual survival rate (1960-1971) Female Adult Not Reported Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 0.081 (SE)
Citation:

Food availability and preference of juvenile mallards

Author(s)
Chura, Nicholas J.
Pages
121-134
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Dietary Composition flora (71%), fauna (29%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 26-35 d
Dietary Composition flora (89.4%), fauna (10.6%) Both Male and Female Juvenile 94 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets 36-45 d
Citation:

Growth and energy consumption by captive mallards

Author(s)
Sugden, Lawson G., E.A. Driver and Michael C.S. Kingsley
Pages
1567-1570
Issue
8
Volume
59
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 191 metabolized energy in 8 week old mallards kcal/d Both Male and Female Juvenile 15 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 936.1 mean body weight of 8 week old mallards g Both Male and Female Juvenile 15 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The length of incubation in relation to nest initiation date and clutch size in dabbling ducks

Author(s)
Feldheim, Cliff L.
Pages
997-1001
Year
Volume
99
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 24.5 mean incubation period d Female Adult 66 nests near Devil's Lake (48deg10'N, 98deg90'W) Exposure Factor Datasets 4.1 2SD
Citation:

Home range and habitat use of forest-dwelling mallards in Minnesota

Author(s)
Kirby, Ronald E., John H. Riechmann and Lewis M. Cowardin
Pages
215-219
Year
Issue
2
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 540 ha Female Adult 8 Bemidji, Beltrami Co. Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Homing and reproductive habits of mallards, gadwalls, and blue-winged teal

Author(s)
Lokemoen, John T., Harold F. Duebbert and David E. Sharp
Pages
1-28
Year
Volume
106
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sample Size Location Type
Time of Nesting April 26 - June 6 Not Reported prairie pothole region of North Dakota Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Heart and body growth in ducks

Author(s)
Gille, U. and F.V. Salomon
Pages
75-81
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 1.81%/d maximum growth rate relative to asymptotic weight Male Juvenile 48 Exposure Factor Datasets 0-154 d Laboratory
Citation:

Fall and spring body weights and condition indices of ducks in Illinois

Author(s)
Hine, Christoper S., Stephen P. Havera, Richard M. Whitton, Jerome R. Serie
Pages
197-213
Year
Volume
89
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Weight - Mean 1,240 g Female Adult 220 Illinois and Mississippi river valleys Exposure Factor Datasets hunter-harvested 8 SE

Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris)

Citation:

Body water and water flux in fresh water and sea-water acclimated clapper rails, Rallus longirostris

Author(s)
Hammons, Ralph L., Maryanne R. Hughes and Ralph R. Moldenhauer
Pages
539-541
Year
Issue
3
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 261.7 mean body weight in fresh water acclimated birds g Not Reported Adult 8 High Island, Chambers Co. Exposure Factor Datasets 8.4

Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus formerly Charadrius alexandrinus)

Citation:

Breeding biology of a kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrius) population in an inland saline lake

Author(s)
Fraga, Rosendo M., and Juan A. Amat
Pages
69-85
Year
Issue
1
Volume
43
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Body Weight - Mean 42.2 mean body weight g Female Adult 158 Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN 3.0 SD
Time of Mating/ Laying March 29-June 25 (1991), March 11-June 29 (1992) length of egg laying season in two sample years Female Adult Not Reported Fuente de Piedra lake, s. Spain Exposure Factor Datasets SPAIN

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

Citation:

Killdeer breeding densities

Author(s)
Mace, Terrence R.
Pages
442-443
Year
Issue
3
Volume
90
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 30.2 estimated breeding density in bare cultivated field habitat (43 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density 14.3 estimated breeding density in planted field habitat (14 ha) pairs/100 ha Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported St. Paul Campus, Univ. of MN Exposure Factor Datasets

Least Tern (Sterna antillarum)

Citation:

Post-fledging departure from colonies by juvenile Least Terns in Texas: implications for estimating production

Author(s)
Thompson, Bruce C., and R. Douglas Slack
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
2
Volume
96
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate estimated fledgling production among 4 colonies fledglings/breeding pairs Not Reported Fledgling 26-140 pairs/colony Aransas and San Patricio Counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina

Author(s)
Blus, Lawrence J. and Richard M. Prouty
Pages
62-71
Year
Issue
1
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 1.73 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 396 clutches Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.39 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The peregrine falcon: life history and population literature

Author(s)
Hickey, Joseph J. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
3-42
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.46 fledglings/brood Both Male and Female Fledgling 48 broods Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

The natural regulation of peregrine falcon populations

Author(s)
Hunt, W. Grainger
Pages
667-676
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review review of factors controlling population density Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

Reproductive patterns in captive American kestrels (sparrow hawks)

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
46-53
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 27 mean number of days between 5th egg laid and 5th egg hatched d Both Male and Female Embryo 3 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets 0.58 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 21 median hatching date Both Male and Female Hatchling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

An evaluation of heart rate as an indirect measure of daily energy metabolism of the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
273-289
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 23.06 daily energy metabolism based on heart rate (30 C) and a linear regression equation for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumed kcal/d Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.03 SE Laboratory
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (39%), insect (60%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 95 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in a cold desert ecosystem

Author(s)
Howe, Frank P. and Lester D. Flake
Pages
467-472
Year
Issue
3
Volume
101
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate mean number of fledglings per successful nest (over three years) Both Male and Female Adult 5-7 nests/yr Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Life history and productivity of a population of western mourning doves in California

Author(s)
Cowan, John B.
Pages
505-521
Year
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition waste rice, milo, watergrass, yellow star thistle, Turkey mullein seeds, waste wheat, canary grass, safflower, johnson grass food items in crop contents, in order of importance Not Reported Adult 22 birds Gray Lodge State Refuge Exposure Factor Datasets Butte
Citation:

Nesting ecology of mourning doves in fruit orchards in north-central Washington

Author(s)
Knight, Richard L., Dwight G. Smith, David M. Gaudet and Albert W. Erickson
Pages
230-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density 1.8 nesting pairs per 100 trees checked Both Male and Female Adult 4 orchards Rufus Woods Lake area Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

Author(s)
Mirarchi, Ralph E. and Thomas S. Baskett
Pages
1-32
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

An eleven-year summary of mourning dove observations in the west

Author(s)
McClure, H. Elliott
Pages
335-346
Year
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Nesting Mar-Sep period from beginning to end of nesting Both Male and Female Adult 335 nest attempts near Bakersfield Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Fall-winter habitat use and food habits of doves in southwestern Oklahoma

Author(s)
Lewis, James C., John A. Morrison, Victor J. Heller and John W. Ault
Pages
678-690
Year
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition haygrazer (15-96%), wheat (trace-31%), pricklepoppy (trace-19%), panic grass (trace-33%), maize (3-76%), pigweed (trace-14%), sunflower (trace-10%), spurge (trace-17%), wild bean (trace-44%), others (1-6%) percent consumption by weight of 9 most frequently eaten foods (range over 7 months) % Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Jackson County (elev. 430 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nesting and production of the mourning dove in Texas

Author(s)
Swank, Wendell G.
Pages
495-505
Year
Issue
3
Volume
36
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutches or Litters per year 4.4 mean number of nest attempts made per pair per year nests/yr Both Male and Female Adult 7 marked pairs Texas A&M College campus Exposure Factor Datasets

Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)

Citation:

Artificial burrows provide new insight into burrowing owl nesting biology

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J. and Lawrence J. Blus
Pages
82-85
Year
Issue
3
Volume
15
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying April Female Adult 4 burrows Umatillo and Morrow counties Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of burrowing owls on the Oakland Municipal Airport

Author(s)
Thomsen, Lise
Pages
177-192
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition mammals (31.4%), birds (5.9%), insects (28.6%), vegetation (61.0%) mean percent occurrence in pellets Both Male and Female Not Reported 608 pellets Oakland Airport Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Nest site characteristics and reproductive success of burrowing owls (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in Durango, Mexico

Author(s)
Rodriguez-Estrella, Ricardo and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
Pages
143-148
Year
Issue
1
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.91 fledglings/successful nest Both Male and Female Adult 52 nests Mapimf Biosphere Reserve, Durango (1,000-1,350 m) Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia)

Author(s)
Haug, Elizabeth A., Brian A. Millsap and Mark S. Martell
Pages
1-20
Publisher
The Academy of Natural Sciences; Philadelphia, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Survival/ Mortality review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA, MEXICO, USA
Citation:

The effect of burrow site use on the reproductive success of a partially migratory population of western burrowing owls (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea)

Author(s)
Botelho, Eugene S., and Patricia C. Arrowood
Pages
233-240
Year
Issue
3
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.9 mean fledging rate in natural burrows fledglings/nest Not Reported Juvenile 59 nests New Mexico State University Exposure Factor Datasets 1.9 SE

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Suisun Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. maxillaris), San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. samuelis)

Citation:

San Francisco Bay Region Salt Marsh Song Sparrow Survey, 1974

Author(s)
Walton, Brian James
Pages
19
Publisher
California Fish and Game, Special Wildlife Investigations
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Population Density see table 1 Both Male and Female Adult 64 sites San Francisco Bay region Exposure Factor Datasets Alameda, Contra Costa breeding
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