Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi)

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Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizi)

Citation:

Reproduction of Gopherus agassizii in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona.

Author(s)
Averill-Murray, R.C.
Issue
2
Volume
4
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 5.7 Mean clutch size Number of eggs 12 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 1.49
Time of Mating/ Laying 42929 Oviposition date Date Adult 13 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 9 d
Clutch or Litter Size 4.6 Mean clutch size Number of eggs 5 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 1.5
Time of Mating/ Laying 42941 Oviposition date Date Adult 7 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 21 d
Clutch or Litter Size 5.7 Mean clutch size Number of eggs 7 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 2.43
Time of Mating/ Laying 42913 Oviposition date Date Adult 8 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 14 d
Clutch or Litter Size 3.8 Mean clutch size Number of eggs 4 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 1.26
Time of Mating/ Laying 42917 Oviposition date Date Adult 4 Sugarloaf Mountain, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets USA 7 d
Citation:

Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) thermal ecology and reproductive success along a rainfall cline.

Author(s)
Sieg, A.E., Gambone, M.M., Wallace, B.P., Clusella‐trullas, S., Spotila, J.R. and Avery, H.W.
Issue
3
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries Error
Clutch or Litter Size 3.4 Clutch size Number of eggs Embryo 15 Ivanpah Valley Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA 0.2
Clutch or Litter Size 3.3 Clutch size Number of eggs Embryo 19 Ivanpah Valley Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA 0.2
Citation:

Survival during early life stages of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the south-central Mojave Desert.

Author(s)
Bjurlin, C.D. and Bissonette, J.A.
Issue
4
Volume
38
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Hatching Success 73.7 % normal neonate produced % Neonate 28 Marine Corps Air Ground Combat
Center, Twentynine Palms, CA 		Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA
Hatching Success 67 % normal neonate produced % Neonate 63 Marine Corps Air Ground Combat
Center, Twentynine Palms, CA 		Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA
Citation:

Nutritional quality of natural foods of juvenile and adult desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii): calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium digestibility.

Author(s)
Hazard, L.C., Shemanski, D.R. and Nagy, K.A.
Issue
1
Volume
44
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Countries Error
Growth Rate -0.045 Voluntary consumption of A. hymenoides grass % mass change/day NR Both Adults and Juveniles 10 University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5-1.5 y old Los Angeles USA 0.038
Growth Rate -0.043 Voluntary consumption of S. barbatus grass % mass change/day NR Both Adults and Juveniles 10 University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5-1.5 y old Los Angeles USA 0.025
Growth Rate 0.139 Voluntary consumption of M. glabrata forb % mass change/day NR Both Adults and Juveniles 10 University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5-1.5 y old Los Angeles USA 0.128
Growth Rate 0.162 Voluntary consumption of E. cicutarium forb % mass change/day NR Both Adults and Juveniles 10 University of California, Los Angeles Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5-1.5 y old Los Angeles USA 0.133
Citation:

Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) are selective herbivores that track the flowering phenology of their preferred food plants.

Author(s)
Jennings, W.B. and Berry, K.H.
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Dietary Composition See citation Table 6 B Adult 18 Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area,
eastern Kern County, California 		Exposure Factor Datasets Kern USA
Dietary Composition See citation Table 8 B Adult 18 Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area,
eastern Kern County, California 		Exposure Factor Datasets Kern USA
Citation:

Climatic variation affects clutch phenology in Agassiz’s desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii.

Author(s)
Lovich, J., Agha, M., Meulblok, M., Meyer, K., Ennen, J., Loughran, C., Madrak, S. and Bjurlin, C.
Issue
1
Volume
19
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Location Type California Counties Condition Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying See citation Figure 2 Clutch phenology F Adult Mesa wind farm near Palm Springs, CA Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside Gravid USA
Citation:

Relative abundance and demographic structure of Agassiz’s desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) along roads of varying size and traffic volume.

Author(s)
Nafus, M.G., Tuberville, T.D., Buhlmann, K.A. and Todd, B.D.
Volume
162
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Home Range See citation Burrow location relative to roadways B Both Adults and Juveniles 149-253 Mojave National Preserve Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA
Citation:

Head-started desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii): movements, survivorship and mortality causes following their release.

Author(s)
Nagy, K.A., Scott Hillard, L., Tuma, M.W. and Morafka, D.J.
Issue
1
Volume
10
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Countries
Survival/ Mortality See citation Figure 6; predation, exposure Cause of death relative to body length B Both Adults and Juveniles 53 Fort Irwin National Training Center Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino USA
Citation:

Longevity and age-size relationships of populations of desert tortoises

Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Pages
367-374
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1992
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity age estimated from scute annuli; oldest individual measured yr Not Reported Adult 574 Mojave, Sonoran and Sinaloan deserts Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Accelerated growth rate and early maturity in Gopherus agassizi (Reptilia: Testudines)

Author(s)
Jackson, Crawford G., Jr., John A. Trotter, Thomas H. Trotter and Mary W. Trotter
Pages
139-145
Year
Issue
2
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 413 g Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets 1 yr post-hatch 25.3 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1128 g Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr post-hatch 57.6 SE Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean 1452 g Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr post-hatch 99.4 SE Laboratory
Growth Rate 715 g/yr Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets 2 yr post-hatch Laboratory
Growth Rate 324 g/yr Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets 3 yr post-hatch Laboratory
Citation:

Seasonal reproductive cycle of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the eastern Mojave desert

Author(s)
Rostal, David C., Valentine A. Lance, Janice S. Grumbles and Allison C. Alberts
Pages
72-82
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Clutch or Litter Size 4.68 eggs/female eggs/female Female Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.3 SE Laboratory
Clutches or Litters per year clutches/yr Female Adult 19 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Changes in desert tortoise populations at four study sites in California

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H., Lori L. Nicholson, Steve Juarez and A. Peter Woodman
Pages
60-80
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of 95% confidence intervals #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2 yrs Colorado desert, Chuckwalla Bench Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 2.3 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults from 1973 and 1982 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Colorado desert, Chuckwalla Bench Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 2 yrs western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak Exposure Factor Datasets
Survival/ Mortality 4.8 annual mortality rate for subadults and adults between 1973 and 1985 %/yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported western Mojave desert, Fremont Peak Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Egg production by the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Page Hayden, Betty L. Burge and Jan B. Roberson
Pages
93-104
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying May - June egg laying Female Adult 20-26 animals Ivanpah Valley, Goffs Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Studies of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Woodbury, Angus M. and Ross Hardy
Pages
145-200
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity yr Female Adult Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope, Washington County (elev., 3200-3500 ft) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changes in a desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population after a period of high mortality

Author(s)
Germano, David J. and Michele A. Joyner
Pages
190-198
Publisher
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-166
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 59 #/km2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets 19-173 (95% CI)
Survival/ Mortality range of per capita mortality rates (k) for 2 time periods /yr Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 115-130 animals/time period Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean BW = 0.000505(CL)^2.826 regression of carapace length (CL; 80 - 260mm) to body weight (BW; g) g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 53 Piute Valley Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population ecology of the desert tortoise at Goffs, San Bernadino County, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Kristin H. Berry, Betty L. Burge, Page Hayden, Lori Nicholson and Jan Bickett
Pages
68-81
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Clutch or Litter Size 4.17 estimated by x-ray examination eggs/clutch Female Adult 35 clutches Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.22SE
Clutches or Litters per year 1.9 Female Adult 19 animals Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.1SE
Time of Mating/ Laying July - Oct. mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Time of Hatching or Parturition autumn hatching Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Survival/ Mortality 97.8 annual survival rate for subadults and adults % Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 732m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Estimated density and distribution of the desert tortoise at Fort Irwin, National Training Center and Goldstone Space Communications Complex

Author(s)
Woodman, A. Peter, Stephen M. Juarez, Eugene D. Humphreys, Karen Kirtland and Lawrence F. LaPre
Pages
81-99
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of population densities in % of area (800 mi2) surveyed #/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Fort Irwin National Training Center and Goldstone Space Communication Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Hibernaculum use by a population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the Sonoran desert

Author(s)
Bailey, Scott J., Cecil R. Schwalbe and Charles H. Lowe
Pages
361-369
Year
Issue
3
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Oct. - Dec. (begin), Mar.-June (end) Both Male and Female Adult 9 San Pedro River Valley, Pinal County [lat., 32^o38'N; long., 110^o34'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Desert tortoise population of the Beaver Dam Slope in northwestern Arizona

Author(s)
Sheppard, George Pat
Pages
25-47
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density #/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Beaver Dam Slope Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The distribution and abundance of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) on the Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H., A. Peter Woodman, Lori L. Nicholson and Betty L. Burge
Pages
47-65
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density population density ranges in % of area (605 mi2) surveyed #/mi2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported Chocolate Mountains Aerial Gunnery Range Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Desert tortoise (Mojave population) recovery plan

Author(s)
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Pages
73
Publisher
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Population Density review Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range and habitat of the desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizi) in the Picacho mountains of Arizona

Author(s)
Barrett, Sheryl L.
Pages
202-206
Year
Issue
2
Volume
46
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Home Range 19 ha Both Male and Female Adult 14 Picacho Mountains, Pinal County Exposure Factor Datasets 4.6 SE
Citation:

Effects of incubation conditions on sex determination, hatching success, and growth of hatchling desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii

Author(s)
Spotila, James R., Linda C. Zimmerman, Christopher A. Binckley, Janice S. Grumbles, David C. Rostal, Albert List Jr., Eva C. Beyer, Kelly M. Phillips and Stanley J. Kemp
Pages
103-116
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 125 (26C); 89 (28.1C); 72 (30.6C); 68 (32.8C); 73 (33C); 85 (35.3C) incubation time at various temperatures (26-35.3C) d Not Reported Embryo 10-29 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Hatching Success 50% (26C); 96% (28.1C); 93% (30.6C); 90% (33C); 29% (35.3C) hatching success at various temperatures (26-35.3C) Not Reported Embryo 10-29 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean range estimated from figure g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
Body Weight - Mean egg mass g Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets egg Laboratory
Citation:

Physiological ecology of desert tortoises in southern Nevada

Author(s)
Nagy, Kenneth A. and Philip A. Medica
Pages
73-92
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Langloisia setosissima (39.5%); Camissonia munzii (34%); Oryzopsis hymenoides (14.5%); Bromus rubens (11.5%); other (0.5%) % total fresh volume (weighted annual mean) estimated from observations of feeding animals % Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 35.9 field metabolic rate, annual weighted mean kJ/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Nov. - Mar. (151 d) hibernation period Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Water Ingestion Rate 2.2 annual weight mean for water drinking rate ml/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Food Ingestion Rate 4.52 annual weighted mean g dry matter/kg/d Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles 11 animals Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Aspects of the ecology of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, in Joshua Tree National Monument, Pinto Basin, Riverside County, California

Author(s)
Barrow, John
Pages
105-131
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density #/mi2 Both Male and Female Both Adults and Juveniles Not Reported South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 161 - 243 mm kg Female Adult 18 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 169-279 mm kg Male Adult 19 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Body Weight - Mean maximum carapace length range = 60 - 145 mm kg Not Reported Juvenile 9 South West Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument Exposure Factor Datasets Riverside
Citation:

Field studies of natality in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi

Author(s)
Hampton, Anne M.
Pages
128-138
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Clutch or Litter Size 3 estimated from eggshell fragments in nest eggs/nest Female Adult 15 nests Fremont Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Population Density 300 #/mi2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Fremont Valley Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) relocation: implications of social behavior and movements

Author(s)
Berry, Kristin H.
Pages
113-125
Year
Issue
1
Volume
42
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range 53 ha Male Not Reported Not Reported Argus Exposure Factor Datasets
Home Range 21 ha Female Not Reported Not Reported Argus Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Gopherus agassizi longevity

Author(s)
Jennings, Mark A.
Pages
81-82
Year
Issue
3
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 52 yr Male Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Foods of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, in Arizona and Utah

Author(s)
Hansen, Richard M., Mark K. Johnson and Thomas R. Van Devender
Pages
247-251
Year
Issue
3
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Dietary Composition Threeawn (Aristida spp., 22 +/- 6%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 21 +/- 6%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 20 +/- 7%); Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 19 +/- 3%); Red grama (Bouteloua trifida, 6 +/- 3%) and Sedge (Carex spp., 3 +/- 1%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 66 fecal pellets Lower Grand Canyon, Mohave County (elev. 450 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Threeawn (Aristida spp., 16 +/- 5%); Globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp., 6 +/- 3%); Slim tridens (Tridens muticus, 50 +/- 8%); Bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri, 17 +/- 7%); and Slender janusia (Janusia gracilis, 11 +/- 5%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 18 fecal pellets New Water Mountains, Yuma County (elev. 490 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Dietary Composition Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens, 64 +/- 4%); Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium, 23 +/- 5%); Common winterfat (Eurotia lanata, 6 +/- 4%) and Vetch (Astragalus and Oxytropis, 4 +/- 2%) % of each food item in fecal pellets (mean +/- SD) % Not Reported Not Reported 30 fecal pellets Beaver Dam Wash, Washington County (elev. 1000 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Incubation temperature affects sexual differentiation, incubation time, and posthatching surivival in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizi)

Author(s)
Lewis-Winokur, Vanessa and Robert M. Winokur
Pages
2091-2097
Year
Volume
73
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 124.7 (25C); 103.8 (27C); 87.1 (28C); 84.2 (29C); 78.2 (31C) mean incubation times at various temperatures (25-31C) d Not Reported Embryo 10-37 eggs/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Hatching Success 53% (25C); 89% (27C); 83% (28C); 100% (29C); 85% (31C) hatching success rates at various temperatures (25-31C) % Not Reported Embryo 13-46 eggs/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Survival/ Mortality 20% (25C); 33% (27C); 81% (28C); 84% (29C); 73% (31C) % survival from hatching to >277 d post-hatch at various temperatures (25-31C) % Not Reported Embryo 18-46 eggs/temperature Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Reproduction and survival of the desert tortoise (Scaptochelys agassizii) in Ivanpah Valley, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and Craig L. Lyons
Pages
811-820
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1984
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Dietary Composition grasses (3.6-33%); cacti (37.0-86.9%); annuals (5.0-18.6%); perennials other than cacti (0.8-2.7%); seeds (3.3-16.0%); other (0.4-2.6%) relative frequency of material in fresh scat, range for 2 sampling periods over 2 years % Both Male and Female Adult 189-195 scat samples/yr Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Body Weight - Mean 2.29 kg Female Adult 51 animals Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.05SE
Body Weight - Mean 3.17 kg Male Adult 24 animals Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 0.12SE
Clutches or Litters per year range of means for 2 yr period clutches/yr Female Adult 15-40 animals Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Survival/ Mortality range of annual mortality rates from 1980 and 1981 % Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Gopherus agassizii (Cooper), Desert Tortoise

Author(s)
Auffenberg, Walter and Richard Franz
Pages
1-2
Year
Volume
212
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

A comparison of populations of desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi, in grazed and ungrazed areas in Ivanpah Valley, California

Author(s)
Turner, Frederick B., Philip A. Medica and Craig L. Lyons
Pages
139-162
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Home Range 22 ha Both Male and Female Not Reported 55 Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Body Weight - Mean g Both Male and Female Not Reported 24 Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Clutch or Litter Size range of mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Not Reported 7-15 Ivanpah Valley [lat., 35^o23'N; long., 115^o18'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Young desert tortoise survival: Energy, water and food requirements in the field

Author(s)
Nagy, Kenneth A., David J. Morafka and Rebecca A. Yates
Pages
396-404
Year
Volume
2
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Metabolic Rate FMR (ml CO2/d) = 2.2 g^1.02 field metabolic rate during active seasons as a function of body mass ml CO2/d Not Reported Juvenile 4-22/sampling Fort Irwin National Training Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets < 2 yr San Bernardino
Body Weight - Mean range of mean body weight measured over 2 years during different seasons g Not Reported Juvenile 4-22/sampling Fort Irwin National Training Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets 1-2 yr San Bernardino
Food Ingestion Rate 160 estimated amount fresh food consumed during first year of life (average body mass = 35 g) g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Fort Irwin National Training Center, Barstow Exposure Factor Datasets 1 yr San Bernardino
Citation:

Health studies of free-ranging Mojave desert tortoises in Utah and Arizona

Author(s)
Dickinson, Vanessa M., Timothy Duck, Cecil R. Schwalbe and James L. Jarchow
Pages
1-70
Publisher
Arizona Game and Fish Department Research Branch, Technical Report No. 21
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Body Weight - Mean 3.28 median carapace length = 254.3 mm kg Male Adult 55 City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets 0.56 SD
Body Weight - Mean 2.65 median carapace length = 237.6 mm kg Female Adult 20 City Creek and Paradise Canyon, Washington County, UT and Littlefield, Mohave County, AZ Exposure Factor Datasets 0.39 SD
Citation:

Seasonal and annual energy budgets of female desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Henen, Brian T.
Pages
283-296
Year
Issue
1
Volume
78
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 1578 annual, time-weighted body mass g Female Adult 9 Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 244 SD
Body Weight - Mean 32.9 egg weight g Not Reported Embryo 6 Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino 5.1 SD
Body Fat (total or %) 6.13 % lipid content of fresh egg mass % Not Reported Embryo 6 Fenner Valley, Goffs (elev., 680m) {lat., 34^o51'N; long., 115^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
Citation:

Growth of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizi) in Nevada

Author(s)
Medica, Philip A., R. Bruce Bury and Frederick B. Turner
Pages
639-643
Year
Issue
4
Volume
1975
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Error
Growth Rate 9.1 average annual growth rate estimated from plastron length mm/yr Both Male and Female 22 Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets 3.3 - 10.1 yr 0.4 SE
Body Weight - Mean BW = 0.000258(PL)^2.98 Body weight (BW; 30-3000g) to plastron length (PL; 30-300 mm) relationship g Both Male and Female Not Reported 83 Rock Valley, Nye County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Home range size and movements by desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in the eastern Mojave desert

Author(s)
O'Connor, Michael P., Linda C. Zimmerman, Douglas E. Ruby, Susan J. Bulova and James R. Spotila
Pages
60-71
Year
Volume
8
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Home Range minimum convex polygon home ranges determined from telemetered tortoises recaptured at least 17 times, corrected for # of sightings ha Both Male and Female Not Reported 15 animals Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, Las Vegas (elev., 800 m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Growth and age at maturity of North American tortoises in relation to regional climates

Author(s)
Germano, David J.
Pages
918-931
Year
Volume
72
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Age at Sexual Maturity determined from ages at which females exceeded the minimum carapace length for tortoises with eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets
Growth Rate mean yearly growth rates using calculated carapace lengths over 4 yr intervals; range of 4 site-specific means mm/yr Both Male and Female 33 - 101 animals/site Western and Eastern Mojave, Sinaloan and Sonoran deserts Exposure Factor Datasets 0-4 yrs
Citation:

Growth in captive Gopherus agassizi

Author(s)
Patterson, Robert and Bayard Brattstrom
Pages
169-171
Year
Issue
2
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Growth Rate 45.6 (0-hatching); 78.2 (0-5 yrs); 122.6 (5-10 yrs); 164.2 (10-15 yrs); 232.0 (15-20 yrs); 257.3 (20-25 yrs); 274.0 (25-30 yrs) mean carapace length for tortoises aged 0 - 30 yrs. mm Not Reported 1-6 animals/age group Exposure Factor Datasets 0 - 30 yrs Laboratory
Citation:

Size-specific fecundity of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

Author(s)
Mueller, James M., Kamila R. Sharp, Katherine K. Zander, Danny L. Rakestraw, Kurt R. Rautenstrauch and Patrick E. Lederle
Pages
313-319
Year
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutches or Litters per year 8.2 mean annual fecundity for tortoises with mean carapace length of 247.4 mm eggs/yr Female Adult 30 Yucca Mountain, Nye County (elev., 1000-1500m) [lat., 36^o51'; long., 116^o25' W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0.5 SE
Citation:

Impact of military activities on the desert tortoise at the Mojave "B" ranges

Author(s)
Nicholson, Lori, Michael J. O'Farrell and John F. Westermeier
Pages
109-112
Publisher
Desert Tortoise Council
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Population Density #/km2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported China Lake Naval Weapons Center Exposure Factor Datasets San Bernardino
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