Terrestrial birds
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SELENOMETHIONINE | no effect | chick mass and size at hatch, and chick survival to fledging versus controls | Both Male and Female | Adult, Juvenile | 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | decrease at 125, 625 mg/kg bw (47-57%) | brain delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | decrease at 125, 625 mg/kg bw (71-79%) | kidney delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | decrease | eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DDE (4,4'-) | decrease | Calcium ATPase activity of shell gland | Female | Adult | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEPHATE, DDE (4,4'-) | decrease for both treatments | median serum cholinesterase activity 24 hr post-dose | Not Reported | Adult | 5-6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | decrease at 3 ppm | mean eggshell thickness | Female | Adult | 18 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | 0.24 ug/g at study area, 0.087 ug/g at reference area |
mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 30 (study area) 22 (reference) |
Coeur D'Alene River | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| LEAD COMPOUNDS | 0.46 ug/g at study area 0.25 ug/g at reference area |
mean lead concentration in blood (wet wt) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 3 (study area) 6 (reference) |
Coeur D'Alene River | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased with PCB 105 | aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in liver | Female | Adult | 5-6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory | |
| PCB 105 (2,3,3',4,4'-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased with PCB 126 | 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and aldrin epoxidase activities in liver | Female | Adult | 5-6/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | 1 yr | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYANIDE, SODIUM | 4.0 mg/kg bw | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5/dose | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PARAQUAT | 51% @ 60 mg/kg | percent increase over controls in kidney to body weight ratio | Not Reported | Juvenile | 11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| PARAQUAT | no effect | percent increase over controls in lung to body weight ratio | Not Reported | Juvenile | 11/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DICOFOL | increased @ 5 mg/kg | numbers of chicks or eggs lost (destroyed) by breeding male and female offspring of dicofol-treated females versus controls | Female | Adult | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DICOFOL | no effect | eggshell thickness for breeding female offspring of dicofol-treated females versus controls | Female | Adult | 10/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased @ 100, 1000 ng/g | incidence of malformations or edema, and EROD activity versus controls | Not Reported | Hatchling | 24-26/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | hatchling | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, LEAD COMPOUNDS | 1.05 (0.05 SE) ppm (wet wt) | lead concentration in liver | Female | Juvenile | 2 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPN | 4.0 mg/kg bw (3.1-5.1 95% CI) | LD50 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1248 | 18.5 ug/g (5.1SD), PCBs; 0.10 ug/g (0.03 SD), dieldrin;1.02 ug/g (0.39 SD), DDE @ 3.0 ug/g | mean carcass concentrations, wet wt | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8 pairs/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254, PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 153 (2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL), PCB 77 (3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL) | increased with PCB 77 | liver weight (as percent of body weight) versus controls | Female | Adult | 4/treatment group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Range | 109.4 | average home range - breeding | ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 32 | Sagehen Creek Field Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | Nevada, Sierra |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | 28.4 | mean nestling period | d | Both Male and Female | Fledgling | 29 chicks | Exposure Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | invertebrates (10.5%), herpetofauna (2.4%), mammals (79.1%), birds (8.0%) | dietary composition (% of total biomass), 1972-1973 | Female | Not Reported | 4 | Arcata Bottoms | Exposure Factor Datasets | Humboldt |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | insects (97%), isopod (5%), birds (27%), mammals (25%) | percent occurrence in sample pellets | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | agricultural lands | Exposure Factor Datasets | Tulare |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mammal (82%), insect (16%), other (2%) | percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) | Both Male and Female | Adult | 116 pellets | agricultural lands | Exposure Factor Datasets | Yolo |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 10 | number of nesting pairs counted annually on study site | pairs/1476 sq km | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 years | Hanford Site, Benton and Franklin Counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food Ingestion Rate | averages of food amounts eaten per day | g | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 3 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | captive | Laboratory |
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOFURAN | 4 | carcass count in a treated rice field | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Lavaca Bay area | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | 639.43 and 345.95 ug/g, dry wt | lead concentration in kidneys of treated birds | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | 58.35 and 214.71 ug/g, dry wt | lead concentrations in livers of dosed birds | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | light to moderate lesions | histological exam for hemosiderin loading in liver | Not Reported | Not Reported | 2 | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | decreased at 10, 40 ppm | number of pairs nesting | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | breeding | Laboratory | |
| AROCLOR 1254 | delayed at 10 ppm | onset of nest initiation | Both Male and Female | Adult | 8/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | breeding | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | mortality in dosed birds | Female | Adult | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| LEAD (elemental) | no effect | body weight | Female | Adult | 12/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDRIN | 15-17 mg/kg | median lethal dosage | Not Reported | Not Reported | 21 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIELDRIN | 44-46 mg/kg | median lethal dosage | Not Reported | Not Reported | 20 birds | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AROCLOR 1254 | no effect | metabolic rate at a range of ambient temperatures | Male | Adult | 4/group | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Rate | see figures | growth rates of body weight, body length, wing, alar tract from hatching to fledging | Both Male and Female | Nestling | 53 nestlings | Fremont and Waterloo areas | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | mid-March to September 20 | nesting season duration (peaks in July) | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Gray Lodge State Refuge | Exposure Factor Datasets | Butte |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 90.3% | proportion of young fledged in successful nests | Both Male and Female | Adult | 123 nests | Rufus Woods Lake area | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Incubation or Gestation | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 80 | age at which birds became capable of breeding | d | Male | Yearling | 79 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Age-Specific |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | 93 | age at which birds were judged capable of reproduction | d | Female | Juvenile | 58 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | 131 days |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 86% | estimated mortality rate in the first year, based on band returns | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | Not Reported | Texas A&M College campus | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDRIN, DIELDRIN | 6.1 ppm (brain), 10.7 ppm (body remainder) dieldrin, wet wt | post-mortem concentrations | Not Reported | Not Reported | 1 bird | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIPHACINONE | 4.1-5.5 mg | doses resulting in symptoms and death in 2/3 birds within 14 days | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| DIPHACINONE | increased | time to coagulation in blood sampled 3 days after treatment ended | Not Reported | Adult | 3 owls | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRYCHNINE | increased | occurence (compared with pre-dose values) of uncoordinated movement, tremors, loss of perching ability and ability to stand on the ground | Not Reported | Adult | 1 bird | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 1,229 | mean body weight | g | Male | Adult | 4 birds | Exposure Factor Datasets | fasted | 106 | Laboratory |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Lepus californicus (0.2%), Sylvilagus spp. (6.0%), unident. lagomorphs (1.7%), Peromyscus maniculatus (69.2%), Microtus monatus (0.7%), Dipodomys spp. (0.6%), unident. rodents (0.4%), Myotis spp. (1.1%), unident. chiropteran (0.2%), unident. mammal (3.9%), Larus californicus (1.3%), unident. large bird (7.1%), unident. medium bird (1.1%), unident. small bird (0.9%), unident. vertebrate (4.3%), insects (1.5%) | percent occurence of prey items in pellets | Not Reported | Not Reported | 188 pellets, 536 remains | Negit Island, Mono Lake | Exposure Factor Datasets | Mono |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 64% | percent of nests known to fledge young | Not Reported | Fledgling | 11 nests | south-central Montana | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Neotoma fuscipes (7.9%), Thomomys bottae (20.7%), Mus musculus (25.0%), Microtus californicus (14.9%), Reithrodontomys megalotis (1.7%), Perognathus sp. (4.1%), Dipodomys agilis (4.3%), Peromyscus sp. (3.8%), Notiosorex crawfordi (0.3%), Sylvilagus sp. (0.8%), Sorex ornatus (0.1%), Scapanus latimanus (0.7%), Stenopelmatus sp (2.1%), Elgaria multicarinata (0.1%), unident. birds (4.3%) | percent of total number of specimens identified in pellets | Not Reported | Not Reported | 25 lbs of pellets | Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles campus | Exposure Factor Datasets | Los Angeles |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 1-4 | brood size at the time of banding | young/nest | Not Reported | Juvenile | 906 nests | near Cincinnati | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | significantly increased (138.5% +/- 86.1 SD) | percent increase in breeding territory size post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | significantly earlier | timing of nesting season termination in pairs post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| AMMONIUM NITRATE | increased | loss of eggs, nestlings, fledglings and adults post-spray vs. unsprayed controls | Both Male and Female | Both Adults and Juveniles | 4 control, 8 treatment territories | MacArthur Agroecology Research Center, Archbold Biological Station | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 13.0 | estimated probability of an egg surviving to hatch in fenceline areas | % | Not Reported | Embryo | 39 clutches | Archbold Biological Station | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.2 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | 1 | clutches/yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 77 pairs | Pawnee National Grassland | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | clutches/yr | Both Male and Female | Adult | 122 pairs | Lawton, Comanche County | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.8 | mean clutch size | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 24 clutches | Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.9 SD |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutches or Litters per year | review | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, USA |
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | review | concentrations in eggs associated with reduced productivity (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory | |
| POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS | review | concentrations in brain associated with mortality (various raptor species) | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | Laboratory |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIELDRIN | review | mortality in conjunction with pesticide use and residues in birds | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA, UNITED KINGDOM, USA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 0.9-7.2 (DDT); 10.4-41.8 (DDE); 0.9-3.4 (DDD); 0.3-2.0 (dieldrin); 0.2-1.2 (heptachlor epoxide) | range of concentrations in eggs (ppm, wet wt) | Female | Adult | 7 eggs | Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA | |
| DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 37.3 (DDT), 284 (DDE), 39.5 (DDD), 3.3 (dieldrin), 4.4 (heptachlor epoxide) | mean residue concentrations in fat (ppm, wet wt) | Female | Adult | 9 birds | Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers | Toxicity Factor Datasets | nesting | CANADA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 16% | percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-1947 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 13 eggs | South Australia | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | 7.4-8.3% | percent eggshell thinning compared with pre-1946 reference eggs | Female | Adult | 3-7 eggs/year | Amchitka | Toxicity Factor Datasets |
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE (4,4'-) | eggshell thickness index = 1.888 - 0.281(log DDE) | linear regression of eggshell thickness index and DDE content of eggs | Female | Adult | 137 eggs | Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia | Toxicity Factor Datasets | AUSTRALIA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 17 | pairs/172 miles of river | Both Male and Female | Adult | 17 pairs | Yukon River | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding | |
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.09 | average number of eggs or downy chicks per pair | eggs or downy chicks/nest | Both Male and Female | Adult | 11 pairs | Yukon River | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | review | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | brood survival; increase to 60% in 1991, due to protective measures | % | Not Reported | Fledgling | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | GERMANY |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | review | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | range for two sites over two yrs | eggs/nest | Female | Adult | 4 | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
| Chemical | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIMETHOATE | 34% (27% SD) | mean reduction in blood serum cholinesterase activity compared to untreated | Male | Adult | 15-20 sparrows | Christmas tree farms; Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| DIAZINON | 27% (43% SD) | % reduction of blood serum cholinesterase compared to untreated | Not Reported | Not Reported | 20-29 sparrows | Christmas tree farms; Sherbrooke, Quebec | Toxicity Factor Datasets | CANADA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 3.14 | eggs/nest | Both Male and Female | Adult | Not Reported | San Pablo Marsh; San Francisco Bay | Exposure Factor Datasets | Contra Costa |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | 11.1 | numbers of eggs laid | Female | Adult | 79 females | Mandarte Island | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.76 |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival/ Mortality | 20 | known minimum survival rates of juveniles; 1966-69 | % | Both Male and Female | Juvenile | nr | Point Reyes National Seashore | Exposure Factor Datasets | Marin |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory Size | 0.21;0.26 | rural; suburban | ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 10 territories | Amherst MA, 42 deg.22' N., 72 deg. 30' W | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia formerly Speotyto cunicularia)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | based on number of young observed at burrow | % | Both Male and Female | Hatchling | 4 burrows | Umatillo and Morrow counties | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | mammals (18.9%), birds (3.9%), insects (29.9%), vegetation (71.3%) | mean percent occurrence in pellets | Both Male and Female | Not Reported | 209 pellets | Oakland Airport | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | nesting density based on nearest-neighbor test | pairs/km2 | Both Male and Female | Adult | 23-29 pairs | Mapimf Biosphere Reserve, Durango (1,000-1,350 m) | Exposure Factor Datasets | MEXICO |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Sexual Maturity | review | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA, MEXICO, USA |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatching Success | 2.2 | mean hatching success in natural burrows | eggs hatched/eggs laid | Not Reported | Juvenile | 59 nests | New Mexico State University | Exposure Factor Datasets | 1.9 SE |
Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clutch or Litter Size | range of mean clutch sizes measured among auratus ssp., cafer ssp., and auratus/cafer hybrid flickers | eggs/clutch | Female | Adult | 10-32 clutches per subspecies or hybrid group | Lincoln, Morrill, Scottsbluff Counties, NE; Platte County, WY | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Nesting | mid-April to early May | time of nest excavation starts | Both Male and Female | Adult | 40 pairs | near New Concord | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Hatching or Parturition | June 30 | time by which first eggs hatched | Both Male and Female | Adult | 11 nests | Perazzo Meadows, Lacey Valley (32 km NW of Truckee) | Exposure Factor Datasets | Sierra |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Condition | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory Size | 3,009 | mean territory size based on observed perch sites and territorial disputes | m^2 | Male | Adult | 61 observation periods | Badenoch Swamp, 14 km SE of Guelph (69 deg, 32'N, 80 deg, 13' W) | Exposure Factor Datasets | breeding | CANADA | 153 SE |
Bushtit (Psaltriparus minumus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Error | Lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Weight - Mean | 5.5 | mean body weight | g | Not Reported | Adult | 6 birds | captured at Occidental College, Los Angeles | Exposure Factor Datasets | 0.2 SE | Laboratory |
Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning | period from hatching to leaving nestd | d | Not Reported | Fledgling | 6 birds | Bloomington | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Composition | Sturnella sp., Colaptes, sparrows, Lepus californicus, Sigmodon hispidus, Sylvilagus sp., Felis domesticus | species observed to be scavenged by meadowlarks | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | Countries | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fledging or Weaning Rate | 2.32 | number of young fledged per female | young/female | Female | Adult | 38 females | near Delta, Manitoba | Exposure Factor Datasets | CANADA | 0.06 SE |
Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii ssp. extimus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territory Size | 0.5 | territory size of unpaired male | ha | Male | Adult | 1 | Colorado River | Exposure Factor Datasets |
San Clemente Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus ssp. mearnsi)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | range in density of pairs, 4 years | pairs/km | Both Male and Female | Adult | 5-13 pairs/year | San Clemente Island | Exposure Factor Datasets |
Least Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii ssp. pusillus)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | review | historical and recent population data | Not Reported | Adult | Not Reported | Exposure Factor Datasets |
San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia ssp. samuelis)
| Exposure Endpoint Type | Endpoint Value | Endpoint Description | Units | Sex | Life Cycle Stage | Sample Size | Location | Type | California Counties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population Density | 24.5; 15.4; 5.4 | depending on habitat type | nesting pairs/ha | Both Male and Female | Adult | 4 (nesting pair density) | Petaluma marsh | Exposure Factor Datasets | Sonoma |
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